IRBR CLIO - Mdulo: Ingls Regular - Professor: Anthony Rosenberg

Class 4 - Connectives
Place the connectives in the gaps accordingly.
such as for nevertheless provided that besides
as even despite although all the same
1. Jimmy Carters intervention has sometimes produced hostility among professional diplomats;
___________________________, it has promoted transnational peacemaking.
2. There were some protests in Iraq; yet, forces invaded and toppled the government
___________________________.
3. ___________________________ foreign policy considers domestic interests, decision makers need some secrecy to
be able to work.
4. ______________________ censorship is pervasive in several countries south of the Mediterranean, it is reasonable
to suggest that censorship of the Internet has similar negative effects to the development of e- business.
5. Abu Dhabis Supreme Judicial Council called on the courts to take a tougher stance on black magic cases,
___________________________ deporting non-nationals found guilty by the criminal courts.
6. The conference focused on themes, ___________________________internationalization strategies, expanding
participation in study abroad, and building international partnerships.
7. A lot of Internet scams can be avoided, ________________________ people have the right information and advice.
8. The delegations task was to update the EU on other issues ___________________________ the interim
government's roadmap to democracy.
9. ___________________________ several years, the Economic Freedom of the World (EFW) has put together
annual reports that are published by a network of public-policy institutes.
10. Zambia still rejects GM foods ___________________________ looming famine.

whenever though therefore still so as to

supposing that unless so that so much so that moreover
11. Some countries are seriously considering how their decisions might affect their relations with China and adjusting
accordingly ___________________________ avoid any sort of upset with the emerging power.
12. The annual school play at Lahores grammar school (Pakistan) is raising many eyebrows;
___________________________ envoys have sent the script back to the US State Department.
13. The Philippines has improved its level of transparency; ___________________________, only some information is
available on the countrys 2009 budget.
14. ________________________ the war on drugs were successful, would that prevent cocaine from entering the US?
15. It involves political bargaining and conflict, or at least the potential for such. ___________________________, a
political strategy for implementation is as important as a strategy for agreeing on more technical factors.
16. Most people believe that democracy is the best form of organization, ___________________________ not all agree
on what democracy actually is.
17. ___________________________ the UN authorizes military force, any Western nation - especially the US - would
be insane to go into an Arab country again.
18. As a result, professors have been fired and students harassed. ___________________________, women are
regularly mistreated, their rights compromised by sexual abuse, harassment, and assaults.
19. ___________________________ relations have become too cozy in the past, Iran's radicals step up their anti-
American rhetoric.
20. Improving legal aid and disseminating information on legal procedures is vital ___________________________ the
poor know their rights.

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Place the connective that best suits the context of the sentence.

however as if / as though likewise in spite of once

whereas contrary to in addition to since otherwise

21. ___________________________ embassies are perceived as symbols of foreign power and alien influence in the
hosting states, they could be regarded as an opportunity to create a certain image as well as to claim a certain rank
in the delegating states.
22. The Head of State holds the position of Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Forces, bearing no rank.
___________________________, the Minister of National Defence, also bears no rank.
23. ___________________________ the Consulate processes the paperwork determining citizenship, they will issue
the respective documents.
24. ___________________________ teaching spouses of envoys how to speak the host nations primary language, the
Navy ensures that he/she is trained in the local culture and etiquette.
25. ___________________________ many subsidies are provided for this technology, most investors will shy away
from building nuclear power plants when cheaper alternatives are available.
26. The UNs member states must follow through on their commitments as a condition of membership.
___________________________, the UN will remain a toothless tiger, only making recommendations, but not
making any changes.
27. ___________________________ common beliefs, sponsoring a foreigner to be your wife or husband is a lengthy
and challenging process.
28. ___________________________ theoretical concepts understand difference as a manifestation of diversity, the
inclusion policies being formulated and partly enforced in Brazil seem to ignore difference itself.
29. ___________________________ Hungary and Romanias several similarities during the Second World War, the
punishment of war criminals in the respective nations differed both in the numbers sentenced as well as the gravity
of the sentences.
30. The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) aims to achieve open borders for trade in goods and services,
which means elimination of tariffs and trade flow ___________________________ borders did not exist.

Place the connective that best suits the context of the text.
also as as well as indeed
moreover one reason for this yet

Students' Frustrations with a Web-Based Distance Education Course

___________________________ Windschitl (1998) notes, research on the use of the World Wide Web (WWW) lacks
disciplined scholarly articles. "The vast majority of published work is description of technology implementation in
classrooms" (p. 28) or reflection of what has been done in distance education. ___________________________ is that
the WWW is relatively young and is still in a testing stage, not an evaluation stage. ___________________________,
the lack of disciplined scholarly articles characterizes the field of Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) as a whole
[2]. Romizowski and Mason (1996: p. 442) claim that "only some 10% to 15%" of the articles published about CMC by
1991 were research studies. ___________________________, they note that little qualitative research based on
observation and interviewing in CMC has been conducted. Windschitl ___________________________ suggests that
qualitative studies capture unique phenomena about WWW use. ___________________________, the research
literature on the use of WWW is short of analytical studies ___________________________ qualitative studies (Burge,
1994; McIssac and Gunawardena, 1996).

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Translate the connectives in the following sentences from Portuguese into English.

1. Uma vez que there are no limits, you may approach the task as you see fit.
___________________________________________________________________________________
2. Visto que the future is merely a hypothesis and only the present exists, we should reflect seriously on our habit of
postponing the task of tackling our deep-rooted fears.
___________________________________________________________________________________
3. I will go on until the end, nem que I have to pay the price of being expelled.
___________________________________________________________________________________
4. All diplomats have the right to a living allowance in Braslia desde que they do not own property in the Federal
District.
___________________________________________________________________________________
5. Your efforts are acknowledged; however, things did not work out conforme combinado.
___________________________________________________________________________________
6. Assim que you finish your essay, move on to the next task.
___________________________________________________________________________________
7. They explained the situation tanto que nobody was able to understand.
___________________________________________________________________________________
8. An injunction was granted by the courts a fim de que the companys actions would not fall under the new law.
___________________________________________________________________________________
9. Quanto mais the public complains, menos the government listens.
___________________________________________________________________________________
10. The currency is recovering medida que the external risks taper off.
___________________________________________________________________________________

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 IRBR CLIO - Mdulo: Ingls Regular - Professor: Anthony Rosenberg
Cohesive Links

Time linkers:

- Throughout (time /space) (1) in every part of a particular area; (2) during all of a particular period.
- During (time) form the beginning to the end of a period of time.
- Since (1) time: starting point; (2) to express cause (also as or because).
- Ever since from a point in the past until now

Adding to a previous idea:

- Likewise, - Moreover, - In addition, (to) - Furthermore,

- Besides, - As well as - Equally, - Also,

Argumentative phrases:

- While there are / the

- There are / the , whereas
- Even if ,
- Instead of ing
- Rather than
- Unlike,
- as opposed to
- Conversely,
- In spite of / Despite ing
- Although / Even though / Though
- Yet conjunction used to introduce a fact, situation, or quality that is surprising after what you have just
said. E.g. She was a convicted criminal, yet many people admired her.
- Apart from / Aside from (1) except for. E.g. we did not see them all day, apart from a quick glance at
the restaurant. (2) as well as. E.g. Apart from his earnings as a teacher, he also runs a
restaurant.
- However (1) used when adding a piece of information that seems surprising, or seems very different
from what you have just said. E.g. This is a simple process. However, there could be
complications. (2) used to express the idea that it does not matter how big, good, serious
something is because it will not change a situation in any way.
- Nevertheless / Nonetheless in spite of the fact that has just been mentioned. E.g. The region was
extremely beautiful. Nonetheless / Nevertheless, he could not imagine spending the rest of his life
there.
- Alas formal sentence adverb, used when mentioning a fact that you wish were not true. E.g. John,
alas, passed away last year.
- Notwithstanding in spite of something. E.g. Notwithstanding differences, there are clear similarities
between Brazil and Argentina.

* This material was provided by Professora Raphaella Serrador.

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 MEANING WORD / EXPRESSION
ADDITION in addition; in addition to; furthermore; moreover; besides; also; as well; too;
for one thing... for another thing; what is more; and; along with; neither nor;
both and; not only but (also)

TIME immediately; presently; currently; at present; nowadays; now; currently;

then; for a start; first(ly); second(ly); first of all; at first; in the
(first/second/third) place; next; then; later; after that; afterwards; finally;
eventually; last(ly); one last/final point; as; as soon as; when; whenever;
while; meanwhile; in the meantime; during; prior to; before; after; since; until;
so far; henceforth / henceforward / thenceforth / thenceforward

EXAMPLE for example; for instance; e.g.; such as

CAUSE because; due to; owing to; on account of; on account of the fact that; thanks
to; in view of; inasmuch as

CONSEQUENCE so; thus; therefore; for this reason; as a result; as a consequence;

consequently; hence; this means that; accordingly

CONTRAST but; yet; however; nevertheless; nonetheless / none the less; on the one
hand... on the other hand; even though; although; though; despite (the fact
that); in spite of (the fact that); regardless of (the fact that); irrespective of
(the fact that); whereas; while; as opposed to; in contrast with/to; by contrast;
on the contrary; even so; differently; different from; unlike; instead of;
otherwise; all the same; having said that; albeit; notwithstanding

EXPLANATION in this case; in other words; that is; i.e.; namely

CONCLUSION in conclusion; to sum up (briefly); in brief; in short

PURPOSE in order to; in order that; so; so that; so as (not) to; for; with the aim of; with
a view to; in the hope that

EMPHASIS in fact; in reality; indeed; as a matter of fact; actually; above all

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DEGREE to (a large / a certain / some) extent; as far as; insofar as

BEING overall; most; mostly; mainly; largely; predominantly; almost all; nearly all;
GENERAL
virtually all; the majority; in general (terms); generally (speaking); broadly
speaking; for the most part; by and large; on the whole

SIMILARITY likewise; similarly; similar to; in the same way; alike

ALTERNATIVE or; alternatively; either... or

CONDITION if; only if; unless; whether (or not); otherwise; in case; as long as; provided
that; providing that; assuming that; granted that; conceded that; on condition
that; in the event that