TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC MATERIALS

Vol. 14, No. 6, pp. 283-290, December 25, 2013

pISSN: 1229-7607 eISSN: 2092-7592

Regular Paper DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4313/TEEM.2013.14.6.283

Modeling of Power Networks by ATP-Draw

for Harmonics Propagation Study

Shehab Abdulwadood Ali

Department of Physics, College of Saber, Aden University, 867-10B, Sheikh Othman, Aden, Yemen

Received September 26, 2012; Revised September 10, 2013; Accepted September 13, 2013

This paper illustrates the possibilities of using the program ATP-Draw (Alternative Transient Program) for the
modeling of power networks to study power quality problems with highly detailed analyses. The Program ATP-Draw
is one of the most widespread and oldest programs. A unique characteristic of this program is its public domain and
the existence of forums and study committees where new application cases and modification are presented and
shared publicly. In this paper, to study the propagation of harmonics through a power network, a part of an industrial
power network was modeled. The network contains different types of electric components, such as transformers,
transmission lines, cables and loads, and there is a source of harmonics that injects 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th and 11th harmonic
currents into the network, causing a distortion of the wave form of the currents and voltages through the power
network.

Keywords:Harmonic propagation, Modeling of elements, Harmonic current, Harmonic voltage and THD

1. INTRODUCTION used in industrial applications in the steel, paper, and textile in-
dustries. Other applications include multipurpose motor speed
Ideally, an electricity supply should invariably shows a per- control, electrical transportation systems, and electric appli-
fectly sinusoidal voltage signal at every customer location. ances [13].
However, for a number of reasons, utilities often find it hard to The focus of this study was to model a power network using
preserve such desirable conditions. The deviation of the voltage ATP and its graphical processor ATP-Draw [3], in order to study
and current waveforms from sinusoidal is described in terms of the propagation of harmonics through the power network. This
the waveform distortion, which is often expressed as harmonic software offers many possibilities based on models [10], where
distortion. electrical components such as transmission lines, cables, and
Harmonic distortion constitutes one of the main concerns for transformers can be easily modeled. The results obtained by
engineers in the several stages of energy utilization in the power ATP such as currents and voltages can be easily drawn by PlotXY
industry. In the first electric power systems, harmonic distortion software [12], which also can calculate the Fourier transforma-
was mainly caused by the saturation of transformers, industrial tion.
arc furnaces, and other arc devices like large electric welders. The power network represents an industrial plant, which
The increasing use of nonlinear loads in industry is continuing contains different types of electric components and a har-
to increase harmonic distortion in distribution networks. Non- monic source (3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th and 11th harmonic currents). The
linear loads include static power converters, which are widely simulation of the harmonics propagation will be done to find
out the distorted curves of the currents and voltages in dif-
ferent branches of the electrical system, and will be made to

Author to whom all correspondence should be addressed: control the THD (Total Harmonic Distortion). The standards
E-mail: [email protected] established in the 1992 revision of IEEE-519-1992 must be ad-
hered to. THD for voltages and currents are calculated as fol-
Copyright 2013 KIEEME. All rights reserved.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial lows [6]:
License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0) which permits unrestricted noncommercial use,
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Copyright 2011 KIEEME. All rights reserved. 283 http://www.transeem.org

 284 Trans. Electr. Electron. Mater. 14(6) 283 (2013): S. A. Ali

h=2
Vh2
THD
= 100 (1)
V V1

2
h=2 h
I
THD
= 100 (2)
I I1

2. THE STUDIED CASE

The studied case (Fig. 1) corresponds to a part of a power
network, which represents a medium-size industrial plant with
10 buses. On the 110 kV bus (), the system has a short-circuit
power SK"=1,000 MVA. To 11 kV bus () is connected a synchro-
nous generator with a nominal power of about SG=100 MVA. To
the other 11 kV bus () is connected an electrical load, which in-
cludes a group of asynchronous motors with a total rated power
of about Sm=6 MVA, an electric current consumption of about
346 A, and a power factor of 0.9. To the same bus () is con- Fig. 1. Scheme of the power network.
nected the harmonic source, which injects 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th and 11th
harmonic currents. The network also contains another load at
the bus () equivalent to the load of some streets. The network Table 1. The parameters of the generator.
also has 6 transformers, two cables, and three transmission lines.
The data of the network are described in the tables below. Short-cir- Open-cir- Short-cir- Open-cir-
Power
Transformer cuit voltage cuit current cuit losses cuit losses
(MVA)
(%) (%) (kW) (kW)
T1 (110/33 kV) 40 11,5 0,4 40 25,6
3. CONSTRUCTING THE MODELS
ATP-Draw [3] has several models of transformers, cables,
transmission lines, loads, and electric components used in the Table 2. Constant values for SATTRAFO.
study of power quality. The calculations carried out and methods
Parameter Value
used to build the models to simulate the harmonic distortion of
Io Always use 0.01
currents and voltages are described.
Fo Always use 0.001
Rmag Always use 1000000
3.1 Supply network Rp Always use 0.001 on high-side
Lp Always 0.001 on high-side
The supply network is represented by voltage source with an
Vrp Peak rated in V of the primary winding
amplitude equal to equation 3 [14]. Its internal impedance (R=1.2
Rs Resistance of the secondary winding
, L=38.2 mH) is calculated from the short-circuit power SK". The Ls Leakage inductance of the secondary winding
model of the supply network by ATP-Draw was AC3ph-type 14
Vrs Peak rated in V of the secondary winding
(Steady-state (cosinus) function, 3-phase).
Lag -30 degrees on secondary side with respect to primary side
OUT Always use 0
2 RMS Checked
U
= 110 = 89.804 kV (3)
amp 3

3.2 Transformers by 3).

To use the SATTRAFO model the values Vrp, Rs, Ls, and Vrs are
ATP-Draw is able to generate the parameters of transformers the only variables. The lag variable remains at 30 degrees, be-
from the nominal label values by the built-in procedure BC- cause all transformers to be used are D-Y. Series R and L values
TRAN, but if the data about transformers is not available, a trans- must be taken at the secondary side of the transformer. As an ex-
former model SATTRAFO (3phase, Y-Y) can be used, because this ample, only the calculations for transformer T2 will be used. As
model of transformers consists of simple series R and L compo- shown in Table 3, the specifications of this transformer are 15.7
nents, which are variables, and the other values are for all of the MVA and 33/11 kV, with an impedance of 15%. All R and L values
transformer constants [1]. For better illustration of ATP-Draw, will be referenced from the secondary-side of the transformer.
the transformer T1 will be modeled by BCTRAN and regarded The secondary-side voltage is 11 kV; therefore:
as a distribution substation transformer. The rest of them are
regarded as distribution transformers [9] and will be modeled by
V 2 (11103 ) 2
SATTRAFO. Table 1 describes the parameters of transformer T1 Z
= = = 7.707 (4)
and Table 2 describes the parameters and recommended values P 15.7 106
for the use of the SATTRAFO transformer model.
The other values: number of phases: 3, windings: 2, shell core, where Z is the impedance, V is the secondary side voltage (11
test frequency: 50 Hz, connections: Wye-Wye (voltage is divided kV), and P is the power (15.7 MVA).
 Trans. Electr. Electron. Mater. 14(6) 283 (2013): S. A. Ali 285

Table 3. The recommended values of variables.

Transformer Vrp (kV) Vrs (kV) R () L (mH)

T2 (33 kV/11 kV) 15.7 MVA
46.67 8.98 0.115 3.66
15% impedance
T3 (33 kV/11 kV) 10 MVA
46.67 8.98 0.120 3.83
10% impedance
T4 (33 kV/11 kV), 10 MVA
46.67 8.98 0.120 3.83
10% impedance
T5 (11 kV/400 V) 1 MVA
15.56 3.51 0.001 0.0254
5% impedance
T6 (11 kV/400 V) 750 kVA
15.56 3.51 0.001 0.0270
4% impedance

Table 4. The parameters of the transmission line 110 kV.

Rin (cm) Rout (cm)

Phase Resis Horiz Vtower Vmid Fig. 2. The tower 110 kV.
Inner radius of Outer radius of
no (/km) (m) (m) (m)
the conductor the conductor
1 0.35 1.06 0.122 2.925 10.35 10.35
2 0.35 1.06 0.122 3.5 13.45 13.45 Table 6. The parameters of the transmission line 33 kV.
3 0.35 1.06 0.122 2.675 16.85 16.85
Rin (cm) Rout (cm)
1 0.35 1.06 0.122 -2.925 10.35 10.35 Phase Resis Horiz Vtower Vmid
Inner radius of Outer radius of
2 0.35 1.06 0.122 -3.5 13.45 13.45 no (/km) (m) (m) (m)
the conductor the conductor
3 0.35 1.06 0.122 -2.675 16.85 16.85
1 0.218 1.335 0.319 1.75 10 10
0 0 0.54 4 0 20.85 20.85
2 0.218 1.335 0.319 0 10 10
3 0.218 1.335 0.319 -1.75 10 10

Table 5. Dimensions of the tower 110 kV.

A1 (m) A2 (m) A3 (m) B1 (m) B2 (m) B3 (m) V (m)

110 kV 5.35 7 5.85 4 3.4 3.1 10.35

15% of 7.707 W is 1.156 W. This represents the magnitude of

Z, or R+jX. A common X/R ratio for transformers is 10 [1,7].
Using this value, it is found that X=10 R. From the equation
Z
= R 2 + X 2 [13], R=0.115 and XL=j1.15 can be calculated.
The inductive reactance is XL=jL, so using a power system fre-
quency of 50 Hz, the inductance is L=3.66 mH.
The primary voltage is 33 kV-D. Therefore, the peak primary
rated voltage [14] is Vrp=233 kV=46.669 kV. The secondary volt- Fig. 3. Placement of the conductors on the tower.
age is 11 kV-Y, so the peak Vrs=(2/3)11 kV=8.9815 kV.
Similar calculations were carried out for all transformers. Val-
ues are listed in Table 3. Table 7. The parameters of the cable 1 by RLC3 (material: Cu; length=
5 km).
3.3 Transmission lines and cables
Length (km) R (/km) X (/km) L (mH/km) placement
Usually, transmission lines and cables can be represented by 0.180 0.326 0.074 0.24 ground
a resistance R and the reactance X, which can be determined
from industrial catalogues or calculated. The ATP-Draw gives
many advantages in how to build the transmission line and cable Table 8. The parameters of cable 2 by lines/cables LCC (3 phase, PI-
model, which can be done easily by the RLC parameters, or by model, ground, =20 .m, f=50 Hz, length=3 km, total radius=0.045 m,
the built-in procedure Lines/Cables (LCC), which generates the position: vert=0.7 m, Hor=0).
parameters of the element from the input dimensions and mate-
rial constants. u

Relative
Relative Relative
- The 110 kV transmission line is made of 240AlFe6+earthing Rin (m) Rout (m) (m) permeab.
perme- permit.
185Fe, with a length of 50 km, and was modeled by the Inner Outer Resistiv- of the
ability of of the
LCC Lines/Cables procedure as an overhead line. 3-phase radius radius ity of the insulator
the mate- insulator
Bergeron type and was taken into consideration for the skin material material
rial material
effect, but the sag was not considered, so Vtower=Vmid. outside
(ground resistivity)=20 m, Freq. init=50 Hz. The param- Core 0 0.02 2.3E-8 1 1 2.7
eters are in Table 4. The placement of conductors on the Sheath 0.04 0.043 2.3E-8 1 1 2.7
tower is shown in Fig. 2, and the dimensions of the tower
are in Table 5.
286 Trans. Electr. Electron. Mater. 14(6) 283 (2013): S. A. Ali

Table 9. The parameters of the generator.

Angle SMOVTP
Volt Freq Poles
Phase A in (deg.) No machines in parallel=1
8980.4 50 0 4 1
SMOVTQ RMVA RkV RA
AGLINE
No machines in parallel=1 3-phase volt-ampere rating line-to-line voltage Armature resistance (pu)
1 100 11 100 0
Xd (pu) Xq (pu)
XL (pu) Xd' (pu) Xq' (pu)
D-axis synchronous Q-axis synchronous
Armature leakage reactance D-axis transient reactance Q-axis transient reactance
reactance reactance
0.13 1.79 1.71 0.169 0.228
Xd'' (pu) Xq'' (pu) Tdo' (s) Tqo' (s) Tdo'' (s)
D-axis subtransient Q-axis subtransient D-axis transient time Q-axis transient time D-axis subtransient time
reactance reactance constant constant constant
0.135 0.2 4.3 0.85 0.032
Tqo'' (s) RN (pu) XN (pu) XCAN (pu)
Xo (pu)
Q-axis subtransient time Real part of neutral Imaginary part of neutral Canay's characteristic
Zero-sequence reactance
constant grounding impedance grounding impedance reactance. unknown=XL
0.05 0.13 0 0 0.13
MECHUN
HICO DSR DSD FM
0: English units. 1: Metric
2.5 0 50 3 1

- The transmission line 33 kV is made of 2AlFe6, 95 mm2, armature voltage on the d-axis. Indirect specification of mutual
length 5 km and was modeled as the same as the previous inductance.
with PI-Model. (ground resistivity)=20 m, Freq. init=50 Hz. HICO: Moment of inertia of mass. In (million pound.feet2) if
The parameters are in Table 6 and the placement of the con- MECHUN=0. In (million kg.m2) if MECHUN=1.
ductors as shown in Fig. 3. DSR: Speed-deviation self-damping coefficient for mass.
T=DSR(W-Ws), where W is the speed of mass and Ws is the syn-
Cables can be simply modeled by RLC3 (3-phase R-L serial cir- chronous speed. In (pound.feet)/(rad/sec) if MECHUN=0. In
cuits), without parallel capacitance. Relatively short-length ca- (N.m)/(rad/sec) if MECHUN=1.
bles can be treated as pure resistances obtained from the length, DSD: Absolute-speed self-damping coefficient for mass.
area of the core, and resistivity (R=.l/S). The resistance and the T=DSD(W), where W is the speed of mass. In [(pound.feet)/(rad/
reactance are also available in different catalogues and tables. If sec)] if MECHUN=0. In [(N.m)/(rad/sec)] if MECHUN=1.
the parameters of the cable are known, such as the dimensions FM<=2: Time constants based on open circuit measurements.
and material constants, it is suitable to model the cable by the FM>2: Time constants based on short circuits measurements.
built-in procedure Lines/Cables (LCC). The parameters of two
kinds of models are shown in Tables 7 and 8. 3.5 Load

3.4 Synchronous generator In most cases, the load model does not give the real situation,
but in general, the well-known models consist of serial-parallel
SG of the generator is =100 MVA, operating on the 11 kV bus combinations of RLC ( or Y) [5,15]. The load at bus 4, which
and can be represented by the SM59 model. This model is of- includes a group of asynchronous motors, was modeled by RLC_
fered in ATP-Draw as a synchronous machine, with no TACS con- D3 (3-phase R, L and C are delta-coupled). The parameters are
trol (Transient Analysis of Control Systems), type59, balanced calculated as follows without C [14]:
steady-state, and no saturation. The parameters of the generator
are listed in Table 9. The voltage magnitude is calculated as in
U 11000
equation 1 and represents the steady-state voltage at the termi- Z
= 3 n = =55 (6)
n In 346
nals of the machine.

2
U
= 11 = 8.9804 kV (5) n =Z n cos =55 0.9 =49.5
R (7)
amp 3

Z n sin 55 0.436
Explanations for Table 9 [10]: = L
n = = 76.4 mH (8)
2 f 314
SMOVTP: proportionality factor used only to split the real
power among multiple machines in parallel during initialization.
No machines in parallel corresponds to SMOVTP =1. A load can be easily modeled by a standard component RLC_3
SMOVTQ: proportionality factor which is used only to split the (3-phase, same values in all phases) if R, L, and C are known. As-
reactive power among multiple machines in parallel during ini- suming that the load at bus 9 consists of a load of some streets
tialization. No machines in parallel corresponds to SMOVTQ=1. and was measured as 1 MW and 0.3 MVAr, for 400 V, the values
Machines in parallel: requires manually input file arranging. of the model will be R=U2/P=0.16 , L=(U2/Q)/2 f=1.6985 mH,
AGLINE: Value of field current in (A) which will produce rated and C=0.
 Trans. Electr. Electron. Mater. 14(6) 283 (2013): S. A. Ali 287

Table 10. The values of the harmonic source. Table 11. The harmonic currents and voltages at T1.

Harmonic Har. order 1 3 5 7 9 11 THD

3 5 7 9 11
order Current (A)
Current (A) 400 300 200 100 50 Primary 495.2 4.65 3.15 2.13 1.12 0.65 1.31
Secondary 1651 15.510.49 7.10 3.73 2.18 1.31
Voltage (V)
Primary 88521 240 227.9 213.1 141.7 98.5 0.596
Secondary 25493 211 231 218.1 144.7 100.2 1.696

Fig. 5. The currents at T1.

Fig. 4. The network ATP-draw model.

3.6 Harmonic source

The source of harmonics injects (hypothetically) the 3rd, 5th, 7th,

9th, and 11th current (with 0 Angles) to the system. The ATP-Draw
library includes only a single-phase harmonic source, so the
calculation will be related to phase A. The model of the source Fig. 6. The voltages at T1.
is HFS_Sour (Harmonic frequency scan source, TYPE 14). The
values of the harmonic sources are usually obtained from field
testing, but for illustration, the source was modeled by the hypo-
thetical values in the table below. 4.1 Transformer T1

Transformer T1 is far from the harmonic source, so the curves

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION of the currents and voltages have to be sinusoidal, but to some
extent, they were affected by the harmonic source. Because
To start the simulation, there are some important parameters transformer T1 was connected with its windings in star-star, the
affecting the simulation. In the menu ATPSettings, for all sim- primary and secondary line currents will have the same wave
ulations, T has been set to 100 ms, and Tmax to 5s. This gives a form and the same THD. The primary and the secondary cur-
simulation time of 250 cycles. These cycles are adequate for the rents are shown in Fig. 5, the primary and the secondary voltages
simulation time to obtain an estimate of any variations in the are shown in Fig. 6, and the values of the harmonic contents are
voltage and current. The initial time for all figures starts at 4.8s, listed in the table below for both harmonic currents and volt-
and the initial time for the Fourier transformation is set to 4.98s. ages.
When Xopt is set to zero, all inductances are in mH. Copt: simi-
larly, capacitances are in F. Freq: System Frequency. This is only 4.2 Transformer T2
used if Xopt or Copt are non-zero, but it is always good practice
to set this to the system frequency of 50 Hz. The windings are connected in delta-star, so the secondary
This study investigates the harmonic voltages at the primary current is a phase current, while the primary is a line current,
and secondary side of transformers, the harmonic currents which is a combination of two primary phase currents. This
through them, and some buses and branches of concern. The changes their wave form, but not its harmonics content or its
ATP-Draw model of the network is shown in Fig. 4. THD [15]. The results are shown in Figs. 7 and 8 and the harmon-
ic contents in Table 12.
 288 Trans. Electr. Electron. Mater. 14(6) 283 (2013): S. A. Ali

Table 12. The harmonic currents and voltages at T2.

Har. order 1 3 5 7 9 11 THD

Current (A)
Primary 613 7.32 4.976 3.32 1.701 0.948 1.624
Secondary 1839.9 42.13 30.22 20.22 10.44 5.547 0.106
Voltage (V)
Primary 88521 240 227.9 213.1 141.7 98.5 0.596
Secondary 25493 211 231 218.1 144.7 100.2 1.696

Fig. 9. The currents at T3.

Fig. 7. The currents at T2.

Fig. 10. The voltages at T3.

Table 14. The harmonic currents and voltages at T5.

Har. order 1 3 5 7 9 11 THD

Current (A)
Primary 24.30 0.15 0.093 0.067 0.039 0.03 1.11
Secondary 621.3 3.308 2.335 1.617 0.967 0.64 1.061
Voltage (V)
Fig. 8. The voltages at T2. Primary 8943 169.6 213.2 204.01 136.97 90.379 4.246
Secondary 344.94 3.77 5.442 5.337 3.677 2.367 2.822

Table 13. The harmonic currents and voltages at T3.

Har. order 1 3 5 7 9 11 THD

Current (A)
Primary 519.1 4.16 2.737 1.820 0.954 0.57 1.13
Secondary 1552 26.33 19.10 12.80 6.625 3.54 2.32
Voltage (V)
Primary 26318 235.73 257.39 242.59 161.03 112 1.83
Secondary 8961.3 169.64 213.27 204.1 137.05 90.4 4.24

4.3 Transformers T3 and T4

Transformers T3 and T4 are similar, so the results will be simi-

lar too. Therefore, for both of them, the same explanations apply
Fig. 11. The currents at T5.
as before (T2), and the results are shown in Figs. 9 and 10 and in
the table below (just for T3).

4.4 Transformer T5 4.5 Bus 4 (11 kV)

The same explanations as before are applied. The results are in This bus is affected by the harmonic source, which is clearly
Figs. 11 and 12 and in the table below. seen from the wave forms in Figs. 13(a)-(c). The current which
 Trans. Electr. Electron. Mater. 14(6) 283 (2013): S. A. Ali 289

Table 16. The harmonic currents and voltage at bus 4.

Har. order 1 3 5 7 9 11 THD

Current (A) 5421.6 290.61 222.30 150.71 77.379 40.54 7.498
Voltage (V) 8961.3 169.64 213.27 204.14 137.05 90.427 4.24

(a)

Fig. 12. The voltages at T5.

Table 15. The harmonic currents and voltage at bus 4.

Har. order 1 3 5 7 9 11 THD

Current to load 1 (A) 498 5.52 4.476 3.15 1.664 0.904 1.73
Current to network (A) 488.1 384.7 290.6 196.5 101.0 53.12 109.28
Voltage (V) 8759 211.7 261.5 249.14 166.57 109.31 5.313 (b)

(a)

Fig. 14. The currents and voltage at bus 7 (a) the current flows from
the generator and (b) the voltage at bus 7.
(b)

flows to load 1 is a little distorted, but the harmonic currents

continue to the network (INet - Fig. 4), and this affects the whole
power system and causes a waveform distortion, which is seen in
the previous figures. The voltage at this bus is distorted, too. The
results are in Table 15.

4.6 Bus 7 (11 kV)

The current that flows from the generator (IG-Fig. 4) has a high
(c) distortion, and the voltage at this bus has a high distortion too
(Figs. 14(a) and (b)). The results are in Table 16.

5. CONCLUSIONS
The modeling of power system elements can help engineers
to find solutions for problems related to harmonics, even with
complications about how to find an accurate model for some
elements of the power system. With this simple example, the
helpfulness of ATP has been demonstrated for harmonics propa-
gation analysis . It is important carefully enter data into the pro-
Fig. 13. The currents and voltage at bus 4 (a) current to load 1, (b) gram, because the desired results depend on this data.
current to network, and (c) voltage at bus 4. The different figures show the propagation of harmonics
through the whole electric system, starting from the source of
harmonics via different buses to the far end of the network.
Some transformers and buses are affected more, and some of
them less. The THD of the primary current of all transformers
 290 Trans. Electr. Electron. Mater. 14(6) 283 (2013): S. A. Ali

did not exceed 2%, and the secondary current was 3%. The main pp. 43-46.
harmonic was the 3rd harmonic with an amplitude that reached [6] C. Francisco, and De La Rosa, Harmonics and Power Systems
1.19% on the primary side of T2 and 2.29% on the secondary (Taylor & Francis Group, Hazelwood, Missouri. U.S.A., 2006)
side. The THD of the voltages reached 4.246% on the primary pp. 1-8, 59-68, 149-167.
side of T5 and 5.313% on the secondary side of T2. The main [7] J. J. Grainger, and W. D. Stevenson, 1994: Power System Analysis
harmonic was the 5th harmonic with an amplitude that reached (McGraw Hill, New York, 1994) pp. 470-527.
2.38% on the primary side of T5 and 2.84% on the secondary side [8] Hans K. Hidalen, Bruce A. Mork, Laszlo Prikler, and James L.
of T2. Both buses 4 and 7 were affected. The voltage at bus 4 had Hall, Implementation of new features in ATPDraw version 3
5.313% THD, and bus 7 had 4.24% THD. The main harmonic was (Paper to the International Conference on Power Systems Tran-
the 5th harmonic with an amplitude of 2.99% at bus 4. sients - IPST 2003 in New Orleans, USA, 2003).
From the knowledge of harmonics propagation, it should be [9] James J. Burke, Power Distribution Engineering - Fundamen-
kept in mind that the electromagnetic radiation generated by the tals and applications, Vol. 7 (Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York,
sources has to be minimized, and it is advisable to strictly follow June1994) pp. 36-53, 270-303.
the manufacturers recommendations, or suitable filters should [10] Lszl Prikler, and Hans Kristian Hidalen, ATP-Draw version
be installed to reduce the harmonics. 3.5 for windows 9x/NT/2000/XP, User's Manual (October 2002).
[11] V. Mach (2006). ATP 2006, Manual, Retrieved 2012 from http://
homen.vsb.cz/~mah30/menu.html.
REFERENCES [12] Massimo Ceraolo, PlotXY program (University of Pisa, Italy, Oc-
tober 2005).
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29. 2006) pp. 14-20.
[2] J. Arrillaga, D. A. Bradley, and P. S. Bodger. 1985. Power System [14] Milan Mikulec and Vclav Havliek, Fundamentals of electro-
Harmonics. Vol. 5 (Chichester West Sussex and New York Wiley, magnetic circuits 1 (VUT, Prague-Czech Republic, 1999) pp.
1985) pp. 110-123. 159-161, 213-220.
[3] ATP-Draw. PC software for windows, version 5.7p2. [15] Norberto A. Lemozy, and Alejandro Jurado, ATP Modeling of
[4] Alfred Bodor, Harmonic analysis for distribution and industrial Distribution Networks for The Study of Harmonics Propaga-
networks (II-konference ERU 96. Brno, Czech Republic, 1996) tion (18th International Conference on Electricity Distribution,
pp. 44-51. Turin, 2-9 June 2005) Retrieved 2012 from http://www.cired.be/
[5] Alfred Bodor, Harmonic analysis for distribution and industrial CIRED05/papers/cired2005_0693.pdf.
networks, version 3.0. User's Manual (Czech Republic, 1999) [16] M. A. Pesonen, Electra, CIGRE. No. 77 (July 1981) pp. 43-54.