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4c4 Propagation Models

Here are some key points about how free space loss changes with frequency and distance: - Free space loss increases with frequency. Doubling the frequency results in an increase in free space loss of 6 dB. - Free space loss increases with distance. Doubling the distance results in an increase in free space loss of 6 dB. - To maintain the same signal strength at the receiver, transmission power must increase as frequency increases and/or distance increases due to the higher free space loss. - When deploying a wireless network, using higher frequencies allows for smaller cell sizes since path loss increases more rapidly with distance. However, higher frequencies also have shorter transmission ranges for the same transmit power. - To maximize coverage area

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Melania Dîmbeanu
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40 views

4c4 Propagation Models

Here are some key points about how free space loss changes with frequency and distance: - Free space loss increases with frequency. Doubling the frequency results in an increase in free space loss of 6 dB. - Free space loss increases with distance. Doubling the distance results in an increase in free space loss of 6 dB. - To maintain the same signal strength at the receiver, transmission power must increase as frequency increases and/or distance increases due to the higher free space loss. - When deploying a wireless network, using higher frequencies allows for smaller cell sizes since path loss increases more rapidly with distance. However, higher frequencies also have shorter transmission ranges for the same transmit power. - To maximize coverage area

Uploaded by

Melania Dîmbeanu
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PROPAGATION MODELING

[email protected]

4C4
http://ledoyle.wordpress.com/temp/
Classification Band Initials Frequency Range Characteristics
Extremely low ELF < 300 Hz
Infra low ILF 300 Hz - 3 kHz Ground wave
Very low VLF 3 kHz - 30 kHz
Low LF 30 kHz - 300 kHz
Medium MF 300 kHz - 3 MHz Ground/Sky wave
High HF 3 MHz - 30 MHz Sky wave
Very high VHF 30 MHz - 300 MHz
Ultra high UHF 300 MHz - 3 GHz
Super high SHF 3 GHz - 30 GHz Space wave
Extremely high EHF 30 GHz - 300 GHz
Tremendously high THF 300 GHz - 3000 GHz
SIMPLISTIC VIEW OF SITUATION WITH REGARD TO SPACE WAVES
MORE COMPLEX VIEW
MANY MORE PATHS
MOVING OBJECTS
MORE COMPLEX STILL

NOISE GETS ADDED TO THE SYSTEM [from a variety of


sources]

INTERFERENCE FROM OTHER SIGNALS THAT ARE BEING


TRANSMITTED

WE WILL NOT BE ABLE TO TAKE EVERYTHING INTO


ACCOUNT IN THE COURSE
models
what is a model

Relation between the signal radiated and signal received


as a function of distance and other variables

Different models Various dominating propagation


mechanisms
different environments (indoor-outdoor; land-sea-space; )
different applications (point-to-point, point-to-area, )
different frequency ranges
Some models include random variability
There are tonnes of
different propagation
models out there!
http://people.seas.harvard.edu/~jones/es151/prop_models/propagation.html

location 1, free space loss is likely to give an accurate estimate of path loss.
location 2, a strong line-of-sight is present, but ground reflections can significantly influence
path loss. The plane earth loss model appears appropriate.
location 3, plane earth loss needs to be corrected for significant diffraction losses, caused by
trees cutting into the direct line of sight.
location 4, a simple diffraction model is likely to give an accurate estimate of path loss.
location 5, loss prediction fairly difficult and unreliable since multiple diffraction is involved.
LARGE AND SMALL SCALE MODELS

RF propagation models generally characterize two aspects of


RF propagation: large scale and small scale fading

Large Scale propagation models predict the mean signal


strength for a given transmitter and receiver separation
distance and are used to predict RF coverage
Friis Free Space Path Loss Model
Two Ray Ground Reflection Model
Log Distance Path Loss Model with Shadowing
Small scale propagation models characterize the rapid
fluctuations of received signal strength over short distances or
a short time duration
Small-scale models are generally associated with predicting multipath
fading
Fading
Fast Fading (Short-
term fading)

Slow Fading (Long-


term fading)

Signal
Strength
(dB) Path Loss

Distance
15
MOVING OBJECT WILL EXPERIENCE FAST FADING MULTIPATH FADING
some terminology

As we are mainly interested in the more complex


environments of mobile communications we talk about the
BS = basestation, the MS = mobile station. Sometimes the
mobile station is referred to as the UE = user equipment or
just the user. Sometimes the basestation might be called an
access point!
WE ARE NOT GOING TO
GET TO LOOK AT ALL THE
ISSUES AND MODELS BUT
IT IS GOOD TO REALISE
THAT MANY EXIST!
Fading
Fast Fading (Short-
term fading)

Slow Fading (Long-


term fading)

Signal
Strength
(dB) Path Loss

Distance
19
PATH
LOSS
MODELS
Fading
Fast Fading (Short-
term fading)

Slow Fading (Long-


term fading)

Signal
Strength
(dB) Path Loss

Distance
21
path loss

Path loss is the phenomenon which occurs when the received


signal becomes weaker and weaker due to increasing distance
between mobile and base station.

A transmission via a radio channel will be affected by path loss


(average signal power attenuation), which is largely depending
on the distance between the transmitting and receiving radio
antennas.

Further, characteristics of objects in the radio channel,


particularly in the vicinity of the receiving MS, such as terrain,
buildings and vegetation may also have a significant impact on
the path loss.
path loss

PATH loss in decreasing order:

Urban area (large city)


Urban area (medium and small city)
Suburban area
Open area
FOLLOWING SLIDES TAKEN FROM GREAT THESIS
BASICS
ANTENNA GAIN
An antenna typically has a gain.

In laymens terms, antenna gain refers to the ability of the antenna to


focus scattered RF waves into a narrower, useful plane, thereby
increasing signal strength.

Normally antenna gain is expressed in dB

The letter G is used to denote it


this world is obsessed with dBs
going beyond free space
plane earth model
Okumuras Model

Okumuras model is one of the most frequently used


macroscopic propagation models. It was developed during
the mid 1960's as the result of large-scale studies
conducted in and around Tokyo. The model was designed
for use in the frequency range 200 up to 1920 MHz and
mostly in an urban propagation environment.
additional notes in the following slides taken from:

http://my.fit.edu/~kostanic/RF%20Propagation
/Old%20Notes/RF%20Propagation%20-%2007-
Okumura%20and%20Hata%20Macroscopic%2
0Propagation%20Models.pdf
Amu(f,d)
antenna gain factors to take into account the antennas are not at the
heights for the previous Amu(f,d) curves.

Figure 2
antenna gain factors to take into account the antennas are not at the
heights for the previous Amu(f,d) curves.

Figure 3
Okumuras model has a 10-
14 dB empirical standard deviation between the path loss
predicted by the model and the path loss associated with
one of the measurements used to develop the model
advancing on Okumura

The so-called Okumura-Hata curve is an approximation of


radio wave propagation characteristics based on
aggregated data obtained in actual tests of propagation
characteristics between a base station and mobile stations
in various areas, such as open land, suburbs, a medium city,
and a large city.

The electric field intensity for each area is calculated by


applying a correction value to the standard field intensity,
which is that of an urban area in quasi-smooth terrain.
Okumura Hata
exercise

Plot a series of curves comparing the functionality of the


free space and plane earth model for different distances
and frequencies.
Assume isotropic antennas
some calculations for you to do ....

what happens to the free space loss

every time the carrier frequency is doubled?


every time the separation between antennas is doubled?

what does this tell you about how you might structure a
network??

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