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Belayneh Tadesse3458 1
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Belayneh TadessePower system
protection
Zones of Protection
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Zones of protection
Zone of protection of a relay is the place or the distance
that the relay can protect easily.Fig.1 shows an example
of protection zones for three circuit breakers. It is to be
noted that the protection zones are overlapped.
Fig.1
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In power systems, all power system elements must be
encompassed by at least one zone
The more important elements must be included in at
least two zones.
Zones must overlap to prevent any element from being
unprotected.
The overlap must be finite but small to minimize the
likelihood of a fault inside this region.
A zone boundary is usually defined by a CT and a CB.
The CT provides the ability to detect a fault inside the
zone
The CBs provide the ability to isolate the fault.
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CLOSED AND OPEN PROTECTION ZONES
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Primary Zones of protection
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Primary protection in power systems
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Backup protection
It is essential that provision be made to clear the fault by
some alternative protection system in case of the
primary protection fails to operate. These are referred to
as backup protection systems.
Ideally primary and backup are independent ( relay,
breaker , CT,PT).
Slower than primary.
Sometimes backup protection opens more circuit
breakers than absolutely necessary to clear the fault.
Provide primary protection when usual primary
equipment out of service.
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Two Types of Backup Protection:
Back up relaying may be installed locally, in the same
substation, or remote in other substations or places:
Local backup : Clears fault in the same station where the
failure has occurred
Remote backup : Clears fault on station away from where
the failure has occurred
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Primary and Back up protection at the same location
( Local Backup)
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Local backup protection at differente locations
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Remote back up protection
Selectivity and zones of protection
Selectivity is defined in terms of regions of a power
system (zones of protection) for which a given relay is
responsible.
The relay will be considered secure if it responds only to
faults within its zone of protection.
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Examples of Backup Protection:
Example .1:
The figure shows the one-line diagram of a power system and helps
illustrate the concept of backup protection. The tie circuit breaker (T)
is assumed to work normally closed. For a fault at CD, Line Breakers
5 and 6 should operate as the primary protection. If Protection 5 fails
to operate, with existing technology, we have two possibilities for
cutting the fault current contribution from A, B, and F: open Breakers
1, 3 and 8; or open
Breakers 2 and T. In any case, backup protection needs time delay.
The primary protection needs to be given an opportunity to operate
before using the decision of a backup operation
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Remote Backup
Breakers 1, 3 and 8 are located in a remote substation. This is the remote
backup protection. An advantage of remote backup protection is low cost:
the remote backup protection comes from protection equipment that is
needed for primary protection functions of adjacent system elements.
Therefore, there is no need for additional investment.
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Local Backup
Breakers 2 and T represent local backup protection, which is located
in the same substation as the primary protection. Local backup
protection is more expensive than remote backup because additional
equipment is needed. Advantages of local backup over remote
backup are greater sensitivity, greater selectivity, and faster
operation speed.
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Example 2: Consider the following simple power system:
Discuss the local and remote backup protection for two fault locations
as follows:
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Case 1: Local Backup
For fault at F1: Suppose that breaker J operate and breaker H failed
to operate. Therefore:
G and I must operate as local backup protection
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Case 2: Local Backup
For fault at F2: Suppose that breakers P and Q operate and breaker M failed
to operate. Therefore:
L must operate as local backup protection and I should tripped by
communication signal (Transfer Trip
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Case 3: Remote Backup
For fault at F1: Suppose that breaker J operate and breaker H failed to
operate. Therefore:
E, F, L and M must operate as Remot backup protection
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Case 4: Remote Backup
For fault at F1: Suppose that breakers P & Q operate and breaker M failed to
operate. Therefore:
I, B, and C must operate as Remot backup protection
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