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2.1 Introduction: Books

FIR filters are digital filters with a finite impulse response that do not have feedback. They can be designed to have a linear phase characteristic by making the impulse response symmetric or anti-symmetric. However, FIR filters typically require a higher order than IIR filters to achieve the same frequency response characteristics. While they are always stable, their higher order makes them less suitable than IIR filters when linear phase is not required, such as for speech signal processing.

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2.1 Introduction: Books

FIR filters are digital filters with a finite impulse response that do not have feedback. They can be designed to have a linear phase characteristic by making the impulse response symmetric or anti-symmetric. However, FIR filters typically require a higher order than IIR filters to achieve the same frequency response characteristics. While they are always stable, their higher order makes them less suitable than IIR filters when linear phase is not required, such as for speech signal processing.

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ThomasVictor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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4/24/2017 2.

1Introduction|DigitalFilterDesign


PRODUCTS SHOP LEARN DOCS LIBSTOCK FORUM HELP DESK


Tableof
Contents

2.1INTRODUCTION
BOOKS DigitalFilterDesign

MIKROELEKTRONIKA

FIRfiltersaredigitalfilterswithfiniteimpulseresponse.Theyarealsoknownasnonrecursivedigitalfiltersas
theydonothavethefeedback(arecursivepartofafilter),eventhoughrecursivealgorithmscanbeusedforFIR
filterrealization.

Figure211.BlockdiagramsofFIRandIIRfilters

FIRfilterscanbedesignedusingdifferentmethods,butmostofthemarebasedonidealfilterapproximation.The
objectiveisnottoachieveidealcharacteristics,asitisimpossibleanyway,buttoachievesufficientlygood
characteristicsofafilter.ThetransferfunctionofFIRfilterapproachestheidealasthefilterorderincreases,thus
increasingthecomplexityandamountoftimeneededforprocessinginputsamplesofasignalbeingfiltered.

https://learn.mikroe.com/ebooks/digitalfilterdesign/chapter/introductionfirfilter/ 1/4
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Figure212.Ideallowpassfilterapproximation
Theresultingfrequencyresponsecanbeamonotonefunctionoranoscillatoryfunctionwithinacertainfrequency
range.Thewaveformoffrequencyresponsedependsonthemethodusedindesignprocessaswellasonits
parameters.

ThisbookdescribesthemostpopularmethodforFIRfilterdesignthatuseswindowfunctions.Thecharacteristics
ofthetransferfunctionaswellasitsdeviationfromtheidealfrequencyresponsedependonthefilterorderand
windowfunctioninuse.

Eachfiltercategoryhasbothadvantagesanddisadvantages.Thisisthereasonwhyitissoimportanttocarefully
choosecategoryandtypeofafilterduringdesignprocess.

FIRfilterscanhavelinearphasecharacteristic,whichisnotlikeIIRfiltersthatwillbediscussedinChapter3.
Obviously,insuchcaseswhenitisnecessarytohavealinearphasecharacteristic,FIRfiltersaretheonlyoption
available.Ifthelinearphasecharacteristicisnotnecessary,asisthecasewithprocessingspeechsignals,FIR
filtersarenotgoodsolutionatall.

Figure213illustratesinputandoutputsignalsofnonlinearphasesystems.

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4/24/2017 2.1Introduction|DigitalFilterDesign

Figure213.Theeffectofnonlinearphasecharacteristic
Thesystemintroducesaphaseshiftof0radiansatthefrequencyof,andradiansatthreetimesthat
frequency.Inputsignalconsistsofnaturalfrequencyandoneharmonicwiththesameamplitudeatthreetimes
thatfrequency.Figure213.showstheblockdiagramofinputsignal(left)andoutputsignal(right).Itisobvious
thatthesetwosignalshavedifferentwaveforms.Thepowerofsignalsisnotchanged,northeamplitudesof
harmonics,onlythephaseofthesecondharmonicischanged.

Ifweassumethattheinputisaspeechsignalwhosephasecharacteristicisnotoftheessence,suchdistortionin
thephaseofthesignalwouldbeunimportant.Inthiscase,thesystemsatisfiesallnecessaryrequirements.
However,ifthephasecharacteristicisofimportance,suchagreatdistortionmustntbeallowed.

InorderthatthephasecharacteristicofaFIRfilterislinear,theimpulseresponsemustbesymmetricoranti
symmetric,whichisexpressedinthefollowingway:

h[n]=h[Nn1]symmetricimpulseresponse(aboutitsmiddleelement)

h[n]=h[Nn1]antisymmetricimpulseresponse(aboutitsmiddleelement)

OneofthedrawbacksofFIRfiltersisahighorderofdesignedfilter.TheorderofFIRfilterisremarkablyhigher
comparedtoanIIRfilterwiththesamefrequencyresponse.ThisisthereasonwhyitissoimportanttouseFIR
filtersonlywhenthelinearphasecharacteristicisveryimportant.

Anumberofdelaylinescontainedinafilter,i.e.anumberofinputsamplesthatshouldbesavedforthepurpose
ofcomputingtheoutputsample,determinestheorderofafilter.Forexample,ifthefilterisassumedtobeoforder
10,itmeansthatitisnecessarytosave10inputsamplespreceedingthecurrentsample.Allelevensampleswill
affecttheoutputsampleofFIRfilter.

ThetransformfunctionofatypicalFIRfiltercanbeexpressedasapolynomialofacomplexvariablez.Allthe
polesofthetransferfunctionarelocatedattheorigin.Forthisreason,FIRfiltersareguaranteedtobestable,
whereasIIRfiltershavepotentialtobecomeunstable.

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4/24/2017 2.1Introduction|DigitalFilterDesign

2.1IntroductionbyMikroElektronikaislicensedunderaCreativeCommonsAttribution4.0InternationalLicense,except
whereotherwisenoted.

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