Raise the Curtain for Correct Load Securing

Easily and Quickly Secure Freight and Transport it Reliably.

2 Securing Loads for Tarpaulin Trailers

Contents.
4 Securing Loads Must Be Easy.
5 The Legal Framework on the Topic of Securing Loads.
7 Physical Forces More Powerful Than You Think.
8 These Forces Work for You.
9 Acceleration and Friction in Figures.
10 Frictional Coefficient The Pratical Values.
11 The Technical Regulations as Firm Establishment of the Laws.
12 The Statements of the Technical Regulations.
13 VDI 2700: General Cargo.
14 VDI 2700: Beverage Transport.

7 10
15 VDI 2700: Paper and Steel Transport.
16 Lashing Equipment and Eyes the Right Equipment for Every Purpose.
17 Identifying the Correct Equipment.
18 Handling the Lashing Equipment.
19 Forced Locking Lashing Down at the Correct Angle. Physical Forces. Coefficients of Friction.
20 Positive Locking Movement of the Load Prevented by the Body.
More Powerful Than You Think. Practical Values.
23 Combined Security Forced and Positive Locking.
24 Securing Loads of Non-Stable Goods.
25 Load Distribution.

Practical Examples.
26 Heavy Point Loading, Paper Transport.
28 High Point Loads When Transporting Coils.
30 Automotive Pallet Cages.
31 Tyre Transport.
32 Beverage Transport.
34 Piece Goods.
36 Chemical Industry.

38 Index.
39 Contact.

16 19
Lashing Equipment. Positive Locking.
Types and Properties. Preventing Movement.

Content
Inhalt
3 Securing Loads for Tarpaulin Trailers

11 14 15
Technical Regulations. Beverage Transport. Paper and Steel.
Detailed Specifications. Securing Beverages. When Things Get Really Heavy.

20 24 26
Forced Locking. High Centre of Gravity. Practical Examples.
Increasing Contact Pressure. Key Challenges. Solutions from Various Industries.

Content
Inhalt
4 Securing Loads for Tarpaulin Trailers

Impossible Securing loads prevents

Without You. material or personal damage.

Securing Loads Must Be Easy.

According to the German Federal Motor

Transport Authority, in 2014 German trucks
delivered a total of almost 3 billion tonnes of
goods. Drivers had to pay attention to load
security on around a quarter of billion journeys.

Schmitz Cargobull is part of the freight traffic

on the road system, just like all the drivers
out there. We all make a major contribution
to ensure that this system functions.

With this brochure, we would like to remind

you of things which may be otherwise forgot-
ten during your stressful work day, namely
the awareness that, in the event of an emer-
gency, securing your semi-trailers load not
only protects it, but also protects human life
above all your own, but also all other road
users.

Content
Inhalt
5 Securing Loads for Tarpaulin Trailers

Use and Uphold the Law. The personal legal conse-

The Legal Framework on the Topic of Securing Loads. quences due to inadequate
load securing can be serious.
Load securing is a freight hauling issue, for The reverse side of the coin is that those who
which the legislative authority and profes- violate the statutory regulations must not only
sional associations define regulations from compensate damage caused, but also face
their respective perspectives, so as to ensure penalties. In accordance with the Road Traffic
that freight transport will neither damage the Act or road registration regulations (StVO/
load, the vehicle or the traffic involved, nor StVZO), this can range from a fine, a driving
injure the driver. Even though compliance ban and points in the central traffic register
with them creates work, the laws and direc- up to dangerous behaviour in road traffic
tives are intended to protect you, from the (315 b German Penal Code/StGB), or even
vehicle, the load and other road traffic. manslaughter ( 222 German Penal Code).
In any case, non-adherence to the laws
costs energy, time and money. All of this
could be more sensibly invested elsewhere.

Legal Consequences of Inadequate Load Securing*

Occupational Safety
Civil law
and Health Act
Public law Penal law
(ArbSchG) Contractual
Non-contractual claims and acting
unlawfully

Securing loads is also significant under Section 425 HGB Liability for Section 7 Para. 1 StVG Liability of
Section 49 Para. 1 No. 21 StVO
Infringement i.a.w. section 22 StVO Section 222 StGB Manslaughter
the aspect of occupational health and damage to goods and default the registered keeper of the vehicle
Loading
safety. The vehicle is work equip- Section 49 Para. 1 No. 22 StVO
Art. 17 Para. 4 c CMR Liability Section 823 BGB Liability Section 229 StGB Negligent
ment and, therefore, subject to of the carrier for damages due to unlawful acts
Infringement i.a.w. section 23 StVO
bodily injury
Standard Other obligations of the driver
occupational safety. In detailed
questions, the Occupational Safety Section 69 a Para. 5 No. 3 StVZO
Section 412 HGB Diligence of the Infringement i.a.w. section 31 Section 315 b StGB Dangerous
and Health Act is based on the Acci- carrier Para.2 StVZO Responsibility for behaviour in road traffic
operation of the vehicles
dent Prevention Regulations (UVV) of
the professional associations. Possible legal
Compensation for damages,
Fine, driving ban, entry in the Fine, imprisonment, driving ban,
Compensation for damages compensation for immaterial
consequences central traffic register divestment of the driving licence
damage

* Listed without warranty or claim of comprehensiveness.

Content
Inhalt
6 Securing Loads for Tarpaulin Trailers

Obligation of Responsibility. It is simply safer to comply

The Statutory Framework: Road Traffic Act, German Commercial with the laws.
Code and German Accident Avoidance Regulation.

The German Road Traffic Act (StVO), the depends on whether you have taken all safety
Commercial Code (HGB), the Occupational measures. Needless to say, your trailer must
Safety and Health Act (ArbSchG), and Acci- be also safely constructed and equipped
dent Prevention Regulations (UVV) of the pro- (sections 22 Para. 1 and 37 Para. 4 of the
fessional associations all assign a particular UVV), so that you can correctly secure the
responsibility to you as the driver / driver of load. This is why sections 30 and 31 of the
the trailer / carrier for the correct securing of German Road Traffic Regulations also men-
loads for transportation on the semi-trailer. tion the vehicle owners obligations and why
Why you? You drive the load to its destination section 22 refers to the loading process.
and are in close contact with the load during
transportation and, therefore, have the best
direct overview of the security measures
required. Furthermore, you are the most
Accident Prevention
familiar with your trailer. In addition, you are
assumed to have a large vested interest in
Regulations (Section
good load securing, because your welfare 22 UVV)
Paragraph 1: Vehicle bodies must be
designed so that they secure the load
Commercial Code (...) against sliding, rolling, falling down Road Traffic Act Road Traffic Act
(Section 412 HGB) (...) during the intended use (...). If secu- (Section 22 StVO) (Section 23 StVO)
rity of a load is not ensured solely by
Paragraph 1: Unless otherwise stated the vehicle body, auxiliary equipment Paragraph 1: The load, including Paragraph 1: The driver is responsible
from the circumstances or common must be available to secure the load (...). devices for securing the load (...), for making sure that his vision and
usage, the dispatcher must load, must be stored and secured so that hearing is not impaired (...) by the
stow and secure (loading), and (Section 37 UVV) they cannot slip, fall down or generate load (...). The driver must also make
unload the goods for safe carriage. unavoidable noise during full braking sure that (...) the loads (...) are loaded
The carrier must ensure safe loading. Paragraph 4: The load must be or sudden evasion movements (). as specified and that the road safety
stowed and secured, as required, so Thereby, all acknowledged codes of of the vehicle is not impaired by the
that under normal traffic conditions practice must be observed. load (...).
there is no risk to persons.

All legal texts quoted are extracts from the original texts. Only the original texts without omissions are binding.

Content
Inhalt
7 Securing Loads for Tarpaulin Trailers

The Physical Our experience with physical

Forces. forces is mainly based on
human standards. However,
More Powerful Than You Think. we deal with significantly
greater forces when securing
Physical forces are constant and determine loads.
our everyday life, consciously or uncon-
sciously. Whether by gravitational force,
centrifugal force or friction force the natural
laws make no exception for the load on your
trailer. There are repeatedly situations in traffic
in which you and your load feel the effects of
these physical forces.

Acceleration Moving Off Braking the Opposite to Cornering Sideward

Acceleration is the change of speed within
Acceleration Acceleration
a specified time. It has the effect that the Slowing down braking is also a change A change of direction is also evident when
load wants to slide rearwards. in speed. It has the effect that the load cornering at exactly the same speed: the
wants to move towards the driver's cab. centrifugal acceleration. It has the effect of
moving the load towards the sidewall.

Content
Inhalt
8 Securing Loads for Tarpaulin Trailers

The Other Side. The primary objective of Friction Deceleration

These Forces Work for You. load securing is that the load
remains in its position in Each surface even if it appears
During travelling, weight, inertia and friction every situation. smooth has irregularities, small
cause the load to remain where it was placed, mountains and valleys. When two
if it were not for the acceleration of the trailer surfaces are pressed onto each other,
during moving off, during the journey, when they catch and make relative move-
braking or changing direction, such as corner- ment difficult. This resistance is
ing. They move the load from its original posi- expressed as a friction coefficient
tion. Therefore, a counteracting force is in. The smaller the value, the lower
required that at the same magnitude the resistance. When stationary, the
secures the load. resistance is greater than when the
objective is already moving.
The relationship between the normal force When securing loads, this dynamic
(weight or pressure) and the friction, known friction coefficient is taken as a basis
as the friction combination, is defined by the because, due to vibration during trav-
sliding friction coefficient () (pronounced 'mu'). elling, it cannot be presumed that the
load is stationary.

The Weight The Inertia The Friction Force

Vertically presses the load onto the loading Wants to retain the load in its present Prevents or reduces displacement of the
surface. position/movement and acts against the load. Its effect is influenced by the surfaces
acceleration, braking and changes in of the load and loading surface.
direction of the vehicle.

Micro-meshing
generates the
friction

Fg F F

Content
Inhalt
9 Securing Loads for Tarpaulin Trailers

Correctly
Estimating Forces.
Static Braking 0.8 x Fg
weight (Fg)

Acceleration and Friction Cornering 0.5 x Fg

in Figures.

Ideally, you have the opportunity to carefully

prepare the load securing, taking into account
all of the weights and dimensions. However,
an assessment must frequently be made
quickly on site in order to decide on suitable
measures. What forces must I anticipate?
The illustration on the right shows the size
of the forces that normally occur during Moving off 0.5 x Fg Cornering 0.5 x Fg
transportation. Multiply the weight (Fg)* of
the load with the relevant acceleration factor
to calculate the force that attempts to move
the load away from the trailer.

* The weight is measured in deca-Newtons (daN). When rounded up,

1daN corresponds to a weight of 1 Kg.

The formula for estimates: Example when braking: What is the counteracting force? Summary:
Use this formula for the calculation so The acceleration of the load when With a frictional coefficient = 0.3, 800 daN acceleration minus 300daN
that the load remains in its position: braking is 0.8 (see illustration) the following counteracting force is equals: 500 daN
anticipated:
Weight x Acceleration factor Load 1000 daN x 0.8 = 800 daN This means:
= Force acting on the load. Load 1000 kg daN 0.3 = 300 daN load securing is required which can
This means: withstand at least 500 daN (which
This means: With 800 daN (which corresponds to This means: corresponds to approx. 500 kg) either
The minimum counteracting force approx. 800 kg), the load is pushed 300 daN (which corresponds to by increasing the friction (lashing
attained must be the same. forwards towards the driver's cab approx. 300 kg) work as a counter- down) or by blocking (supporting
during braking. acting force, preventing the load from against the body).
moving.

Content
Inhalt
10 Securing Loads for Tarpaulin Trailers

Correctly Familiarise yourself with the

Dynamic Friction Coefficients in for Different Pairs of
Material*

Estimating Forces. values of the forces, so that

you can determine the
Sawn timber
Sawn timber laminated wood/plywood 0.45
Practical Values. securing forces and measures Sawn timber corrugated aluminium 0.40
required for the load on site. Sawn timber steel sheet 0.30
The coefficients of friction for the most com- Sawn timber shrink film 0.30
mon combination of materials indicate large Planed wood
differences, therefore it is important to have Planed wood laminated wood/plywood 0.30
an idea of the reference values. If in doubt, Planed wood corrugated aluminium 0.25
take the lower value. This is also applicable Planed wood steel sheet 0.20

when estimating the location of friction joints, Synthetic material pallet

Synthetic material pallet laminated wood/plywood 0.20
namely the connecting points between
Synthetic material pallet corrugated aluminium 0.15
materials.
Synthetic material pallet steel sheet 0.15
Steel and metal
Example: A pallet is on the bed of the trailer,
Steel box laminated wood/plywood 0.45
movement between bed and pallet can occur,
Steel box corrugated aluminium 0.30
but also between the pallet and goods and
Steel box steel sheet 0.20
between the individual parts of the load. The
A coated anti-slip floor with a sliding friction coefficient of = 0.6 makes load securing Concrete
respective weakest point is taken for the
even easier and means that you dont need anti-slip mats. Set concrete sawn timber slats 0.70
evaluation.
Smooth concrete sawn timber slats 0.55
Paper rolls
The table opposite shows the dynamic friction Laminated wood/plywood 0.25 0.4
coefficients. It is also assumed that the load Beverages
always moves a little during the journey, as a Stainless steel kegs Euro palettes 0.40 0.50
result of vibration, so that the initial adhesion PU-coated kegs Euro palettes 0.50 0.70
is irrelevant. Kegs, lying down Keg palettes 0.70 0.80
Multi-use plastic beverage cases Euro palettes 0.20 0.35
If in doubt, take the smallest coefficient of Film wrapped single-use containers Euro palettes 0.20 0.50
friction, e.g. = 0.2 for a loading surface Cardboard packaging 0.25 0.50
with no grouting. Anti-slip mat
Rubber 0.60

Source: DIN EN 12195-1, beverages: VLB logistics work group 2005

* Surface dry or wet and clean, free of oil, ice, lubricating grease
** If special materials are required for increased friction, such as anti-slipmats, certification of the
coefficient of friction is required.

Content
Inhalt
11 Securing Loads for Tarpaulin Trailers

The Recognised The acknowledged codes

Codes of Practice of practice can also be relied
upon from a legal point of
The Technical Regulations as view.
Firm Establishment of the
Laws.

In addition to the statutory civil and road traffic

conditions for correct securing of loads, there
are other ascertainments of goods e.g.
through DIN EN 12642 CodeXL, as well as
from VDI, the Daimler AG or trade associa-
tions who set out detailed specifications for
transportation of the respective goods. The
Road Traffic Act states that the recognised
codes of practice must be observed when
securing loads, as well as the sources
named.

Stickers on the trailer refer to the bodys ability to

absorb forces.

Left: Sticker to verify certified structural rigidity

according to DIN EN 12642 Code XL.

Middle: Load securing equipment is tested by

TV Nord and meets the requirements of EN
12642.

Right: Schmitz Cargobull Safety Roof increases

structural rigidity.

Content
Inhalt
12 Securing Loads for Tarpaulin Trailers

The Regulations Obtain training in order to

Are Pertinent. correctly apply the recog-
nised codes of practice
The Statements during daily work.
of the Technical Regulations.

The more pertinent the "acknowledged

codes of practice" in section 22 of the
German Road Traffic Act are, the clearer it
is that the specifications of the various organ-
isations for securing loads partially overlap.
Therefore, it is possible to receive semi-
trailers that simultaneously conform to the
regulations of the VDI Directive 2700, the
Daimler Directive 9.5 and DIN EN 12642
DIN EN 12642 Daimler 9.5
Code XL. The European standard DIN EN 12642 is The Code XL marking designates the The idea of the Daimler Directive 9.5 is
applicable in all member states of the EU, high stability of the trailer body in contrast the trouble-free transportation from
as well as Norway and Switzerland, and to the designation Code L, the super- and to the Daimler AG plants and it
specifies the minimum requirements for structure indicated with less strength. contains mandatory methods for
the body of commercial vehicles of more securing loads. The directive is based
VDI 2700
than 3.5 tonnes. It includes a fixed front Code XL with the addition suitable for on the statutory regulations for secur-
The Verein Deutscher Ingenieure wall (0.5 x payload), rear wall (0.3 x pay- beverage transport designates a trailer ing loads (Road Traffic Act and Ger-
(Association of German Engineers) load) and sidewalls (0.4 x payload), that body that is suitable for the special man Commercial Code). The equip-
has published numerous topics about due to particularly sharp cornering for demands on the transportation of well ment of a vehicle for correct securing
securing loads in its VDI 2700 series example must not bulge by more than pallets and barrels. The trailer body is dis- of loads includes a front wall, tested
of directives for recognised codes of 30cm before they return to their original tinguished by reinforced side tarpaulins with 0.5 x payload, a rear door, tested
practice. These directives are each condition, resting on the frame of the with 24 closely arranged buckles, as well with 0.3 x payload, and 2 pairs of
issued as one sheet. VDI 2700 vehicle. End-to-end lashing rings in the as a roof tarpaulin with side rail reinforce- espagnolettes, as well as a reinforced
includes sheets on lashing forces (2), external frame and reinforced versions ment. In addition, there are reinforced roof and side tarpaulins with 24 Tyride
load distribution plan (4), bulk goods for tarpaulins and stanchions, as well as beverage stanchions and 4 rows of alu- buckles, a minimum of 3 pairs of rein-
(6), combined load transport (7), a minimum of 2 rows of support laths minium support laths for the beverage forced stanchions, 4 rows of support
paper rolls (9), concrete steel (11), made from wood or aluminium are also equipment. laths made from wood or aluminium,
beverage (12), coils (19) and other part of the equipment. and a pallet stop. The Daimler Directive
issues. The publication series is being 9.5 is increasingly used for all transpor-
continuously expanded. tation in the automotive sector.

Content
Inhalt
13 Securing Loads for Tarpaulin Trailers

VDI 2700 Sheet 6 The first step always

General Cargo. consists of identifying the
unique aspects of every
Sheet 6 transport task.
Loading packaged goods.

In addition to the load securing methods, the

directive also describes the characteristics
of the vehicle bodies and the equipment for
transporting packaged goods. One unique
aspect of packaged goods is that the cargo
was often not uniform, especially when trans-
porting combined loads. That is why combi
ning the packages into larger loading units is
highly important. This means that the individ-
ual parts are bound together and, ideally,
transported with a load carrier such as a
pallet or a container.

The amount of pressure the individual layers

can withstand must be taken into consider
ation when vertically stacking loading units.
The overall, orderly load distribution of the
corresponding vehicle must also be complied
with. Furthermore, the vehicle body and the
transport equipment must comply with these
DIN EN 12642 Code XL and EN 283 for
swap container standards.

Content
Inhalt
14 Securing Loads for Tarpaulin Trailers

VDI 2700 Sheet 12 Forming stable load units

Beverage Transport. when transporting bever-
ages.
Sheet 12
Load securing for beverage products.

Sheet 12 of the directive addresses the load

securing for beverage products and acces-
sories (e.g. cooling units, tap systems) on
trailers with standard bodies and bodies
with especially high structural strength as
per DINEN 12642 Code XL. Additional load
securing measures can be omitted for the
latter when transporting an interlocking com-
plete load. In this case, the body is capable
of absorbing all of the forces.

Top illustration:
Securing partial loads with cross
beams or locking rods to the rear
or by lashing down. When lashing
down, the load-bearing capacity
of the lower loading units must be
observed.

Bottom diagram:
Two layers of kegs are separated
from one another by palettes.
Ideally, cases or other containers
are bound with film to form
Positive locked loads of strapped kegs. compact loading units.

Content
Inhalt
15 Securing Loads for Tarpaulin Trailers

VDI 2700 Sheet Even small details can have

9+19 major effects when trans-
porting heavy weights.
Paper and Steel Transport.

Sheet 19
Load securing for wound coils made of
steel, sheet metal panels and shaped
steel.

This directive examines the issue of load dis-

tribution and load securing in great detail due
to the very high weights which steel cargo
exerts on the trailer chassis. Schematic illus-
trations, tables and calculation formula for the
position and stability of the load, along with
a glossary defining the terms for sheet metal
panels and shaped steel, with the different- Sheet 9 Depending on the material combination, the
commercial signs in packaging, illustrate the Load securing of hard paper rolls. sliding friction coefficients for paper rolls are Bulkhead with point load
complexity of this field. It is always important between = 0.25 and 0.4. As a result, addi-
to consider that point loads or linear forces Sheet 9 of the directive only addresses tional load securing is required despite the
affecting the trailer must be avoided.The load transporting paper rolls on road vehicles and high weight and at the very least anti-slip
may need to be distributed with the help of excludes intermodal transport, namely load- materials are necessary. Only anti-slip material
wooden beams. ing the trailer onto a railway wagon or ship. approved for transporting paper rolls may be
Separate regulations apply in these cases, used. This directive also provides a very
Stanchions and heavy-duty lashing points e.g. from Deutsche Bahn. This directive also detailed description of the conditions for Bulkhead with distributed load
with lashing chains are the most important only applies to hard paper rolls and does not transporting different arrangements of rolls:
load securing equipment. cover palletised paper formats or soft rolls arranged as individual upright rolls, in a
such as toilet paper. straight group, alternating and horizontal.
In the case of horizontal rolls, both slipping
and rolling must be taken into consideration. Coil Wooden
beam

Using wooden beams to prevent point

loads.

Content
Inhalt
16 Securing Loads for Tarpaulin Trailers

Lashing
Equipment
and Eyes.
The Right Equipment
for Every Purpose.
The belts can be equipped with a variety of The hooks and lashing eyes and rings must have Tension ratchets rapidly and reliably generate the
different end fittings. The hook shown here can compatible designs. lashing forces. Depending on the design of the
be attached to a recessed lashing ring on the ratchet the force is generated by pulling or
outer frame. pressing the lever.

Always observe the trailer manufacturers specifi- Lashing chains for larger loads come with suitable Built-in winch with lashing belt underneath the
cations regarding the load capacity of the lashing lashing eyes, in this case a 5 t eye. exterior frame.
points.

Lashing Tensioning
Tensioning element Connection element
equipment equipment
Ratchet Lashing hook
Lashing strap Webbed belt Winch Last link
Clamping lock Master link

Hook
Spindle tensioner
Shackles
Lashing chain Round steel chain Turnbuckle
Last link
Chain hoist
Claw hook

The Sliding Lashing System mounted between When not used or during loading, the load Hook
the roof bars enables customised load securing. securing straps can simply be moved or pulled Winch Shackles
Lashing cable Wire cable
Movable retainers are used to fit the load up to the roof using the retainers, keeping the Chain hoist Last link
Combination link
securing straps. These can be pushed to any cargo area free.
desired position inside the cargo area. Overview of approved lashing equipment according to DIN EN 12195

Content
Inhalt
17 Securing Loads for Tarpaulin Trailers

The Lashing Strap. The lashing strap label

Identifying the Correct provides information about
Equipment. the maximum tensile loading
and material used.
The labelling on the lashing equipment is
standardised. The straps have a label which
specifies their characteristics. Load capacity is
specified in daN (deca-Newtons) which is the
same as kg for the purpose of simplicity (it Normal pre-tension
equals the weight that acts on a mass of 1kg). force (STF)
Maximum
absorbable force (LC)
Normal manual force (SHF)
This force must be applied to a clamping
Normal manual force
device (wretched) to achieve the normal
(SHF)
pre-tension force.

Normal pre-tension force (STF)

The clamping device applies this force to the
strap when used by hand only without tools
to extend the lever. The force applied to the
load when lashing down depends on the
angle at which the strap is lashed (see Estimating the required number of maximum stretch are specified. The colour of
page 19). straps: For lashing down, the overall STF the label (not the tensioning belts) indicates
values of all straps should correspond to at the type of material:
Maximum absorbable force (LC) least the weight of the load, in kg. At low Blue = Polyester (PES)
This is the maximum force which may be sliding friction coefficients the pre-tension Brown = Polypropylene (PP)
applied directly to the strap, e.g. for direct force may be multiple times the load weight. Green = Polyamide (PA)
lashing. This value doubles if the strap is White = Other materials
used as a loop. Only use permissible lashing material.
All of the straps must bear a label specifying
the low-bearing capacity and must comply
with the standard DIN EN 12 195, Part 2,
Lashing straps made of chemical fibres.
In addition, an identification code, the manu-
facturing date, the length of the strap and the

Content
Inhalt
18 Securing Loads for Tarpaulin Trailers

Available Any Time. The load securing is only as

Handling the good as the condition of the
Lashing Equipment. load securing equipment.

Securing the load should be a quick process.

That is why the necessary equipment needs
to be readily available and in perfect condi-
tion. A permanent, dedicated storage loca-
tion is the best option for storing all of the
lashing equipment. This allows the equip- Store the load securing equipment and a storage
box in the floor of the loading surface.
ment to be checked at any time in order to
remove any worn or damaged equipment.

Underneath the trailer in a large storage box ... ... or in the bulkhead.

Practical Tips:
-- Check the surface of the loading bed. -- When lashing down, make sure not -- Do not twist or put knots in the -- Observe the prohibition of unauthorised
Contamination by sand could result in to damage the load. If the load yields lashing straps. extension of the ratchet lever.
a reduction of the friction resistance. (carton or similar), the pre-tension force
-- Never tension lashing straps over sharp -- Before using each time, check the
If in doubt: sweep! is also lost.
edges. Always use edge protection. lashing equipment for signs of wear
-- Use a slip-resistant material, such as -- Uniformly distribute the lashing or damage. Lashing straps without
-- After driving for a while, re-tension
anti-slip mats. equipment over the load to secure. a test plate should not be used.
the straps.
-- Do not use lashing straps over the
-- Avoid lashing angles of less than 30.
tensile force.

Content
Inhalt
19 Securing Loads for Tarpaulin Trailers

Securing Using Pressure increases the

Forced Locking. friction resistance.

Lashing down
at the Correct Angle.

Forced locking or positive locking.

Fundamentally, for securing loads we differ-
entiate between two principles securing by
positive locking and securing by forced lock-
ing.
Micro-meshing
generates the fric-
Forced locking for securing loads is based on tion
intensifying the friction forces between the
load and the loading surface. The pressure
on the load is increased with the aid of lash-
Lashing down the pre-tension force. Increased friction increased security.
ing equipment, thus the load is more
When lashing down a load, the lashing equipment does not directly secure a load, but instead If forced locking securing of loads is to be
stronglypressed onto the loading surface,
increases the contact pressure. Thus, the load is exclusively secured against slipping by the attained, the minimum friction forces must
thereby retaining its position.
friction force. Thereby, two lashing straps are placed over the item of freight. The straps are have the magnitude of the driving dynamic
hooked onto lashing points on the loading surface and pretensioned using a tensioning element forces when cornering, accelerating or
Securing loads using positive locking is based
like a ratchet. braking.
on limiting the loading area. This means each
item of freight rests on another or on the limit
of the loading area, on the front, rear or side-
walls with no gap.
100%
100% 50%50% 100%
100% 50%50%
When is it beneficial to secure the load
by lashing down?
There is good reason why lashing down is
150%
150% 85 85
55%
55% 45 45
the most frequently used form of securing
loads provided that the pre-tensioning
forces can be attained. However, it must not On the opposite side, the tensioning force gener- The smaller the lashing angle, the lower the
be underestimated that this form of securing ated on the ratchet is only half as effective due to resulting contact pressure. In this example, the
the friction on the belts contact points. The tensioning force would have to be greatly
loads only functions for low weights. resulting contact pressure is therefore equivalent increased to balance out any losses.
to 1.5 times the tensioning force, even though
the angle of the belt is almost 90.

Content
Inhalt
20 Securing Loads for Tarpaulin Trailers

Securing Using Only bodies in accordance

Positive Locking. with DINEN12642 can
absorb the load securing
Movement of the Load forces.
Prevented by the Body.
Fill the storage space Secure with chocks
An optimum method to secure a load is to
position the load sections tightly against the
bulkhead, rear wall or sidewalls (impact edge
of pallet) during loading, with no gaps
between the individual parts. This requires
the walls to be of a sufficiently stable con-
struction. The individual parts of the load Positive-fit distribution
must be inherently stable, otherwise they
cannot withstand the forces exerted accel-
eration, braking, cornering. There must also Positive locking through
load space limiting*
be sufficient friction between the loading bed
and loading surface.

Gaps in the load. * The load distribution must be considered.

Gaps between the individual parts cannot be

completely prevented, however they must
not be more than a few centimetres, other-
wise they do not form positive locking. The
gaps must then be accordingly filled, or the
load must be secured using forced locking
measures lashing down.

A stable structure is the prerequisite for securing loads using positive locking. The features of a certified body are visible on
corresponding labels.

Content
Inhalt
21 Securing Loads for Tarpaulin Trailers

Aids for Positive Locking.

The Right Equipment for Every Purpose.

Each trailer provides different prerequisites to A combination of these two direct forms of
attain positive locking, even if the type of load lashing is particularly suitable for securing
does not normally permit this, such as pallets heavier loads. The head loops secure the
with sacks or that the packaging is too weak. load at the front. Therefore, the side and rear
Included in this auxiliary equipment are inertial forces are counteracted using further
perforated rails recessed into the floor of head slings or by lashing down.
the trailer for pallet rollers (e.g. Joloda rails),
inserts, transverse beams etc.
The SchmitzCargobull Speed Curtain, a tar-
paulin with integrated stanchions, is included
in this. Another option is to block the load
using the special structure of the trailer, or
using straps.

Direct lashing inclined, diagonal, with

loops.
With direct lashing, in contrast to lashing
down, the load is directly retained in position In order to absorb the forces of the positive locking of the load, an additional partitioning wall in the
by the lashing equipment. It is a form of posi- centre of the loading area should be braced towards the chassis.
tive load securing that is similar in its function
to limiting the loading area. For inclined lash-
ing, a minimum of eight means of lashing, Driving direction

two each at each corner of the load, are

directly tensioned to the loading surface at

an angle of 90. For diagonal lashing, a mini-
mum of four means of lashing are required,
diagonally tensioned from the corners of the

load (not at a right angle) to the loading sur-

face. The four corners of the load are
secured. In diagonal lashing, the straps absorb the forces Straps must be routed so that they cannot slide down. This can be achieved by using a head sling,
in all directions. anchoring points on the load or by positioning pallets.

Content
Inhalt
22 Securing Loads for Tarpaulin Trailers

Aids for
Positive Locking.
The Right Equipment
for Every Purpose.

When is it beneficial to secure the load

using positive locking?
Fundamentally, it is recommended wher-
ever possible to position the load directly
on one of the four walls of the trailer. Here,
the stable trailer body secures the load,
providing that gaps in the load can be
prevented.

Stanchions inserted into the bed (top picture), or transverse beams

When is it beneficial to secure the load anchored in the support laths (left picture), enable loading with posi-
by direct lashing? tive locking despite gaps in the loading arrangement, e.g. partial
If lashing points are available on the load, it is
Practical Tips unloading.

beneficial to secure the load using inclined or Hazards arise when opening the rear door. If an additional transverse
diagonal lashing. Side slings, or the combina- beam is not placed between the door and load, the load can move
tion of side and head slings, is an excellent towards you.
method to secure the load against sliding.
Tensioned partitioning walls, or pallets placed against the direction of
the force, also secure using positive locking.

Observe the certificate that indicates the structural rigidity of the trailer
for the various levels Code L, Code XL, beverage transport.

Check to make sure that the structure of the trailer can accept the
percentage ratio of the max. payload as force: Front wall 50%, each
sidewall 40%, rear wall 30%.

For diagonal lashing, pay attention to the suitable anchoring points for
the load.
For particularly heavy loads, such as steel coils, stanchions and
struts can be used to guarantee positive locking.

Content
Inhalt
23 Securing Loads for Tarpaulin Trailers

Combined The correct measures for a

Load Securing. combination of securing the
loads is not only a technical
Forced and Positive Locking. requirement, but also a
financial one.
The easy way.
Normally, the combination of positive and
forced locking for securing loads is the easiest
and most advantageous form, because the
elements of both methods are comple-
mented. The decisive factor is that the time
required and work intensity is low, yet the
method still ensures optimum security.

This is also particularly applicable for high

cargo. In this case, the combination of posi-
tive locking and lashing down is the best
method to counter the risk of tipping.

The ideal combination for practical and

clever securing of loads includes the common
application of chocks and lashing straps, of
head slings with lashing down, or head slings
in conjunction with empty pallets.

When is it beneficial to use

combined load securing?
For the transportation of paper rolls,
heavy concrete sections, large con-
tainers, special construction sections, Chocks lock rolls of paper, while lashing belts A supporting pallet held in Positive locking on the side and at the front, with the load lashed
high goods and similar loads. increase the contact pressure. place by belts is a simple down.
solution for securing loads
with positive locking.

Content
Inhalt
24 Securing Loads for Tarpaulin Trailers

If the Centre of There is also a risk of tipping even when a

Gravity Moves load is lashed to be anti-slip.

Upwards.
Securing Loads
of Non-Stable Goods.

Stability.
If the height of the load is significantly larger
than its sides or diameter, its stability cannot
be guaranteed or at the very least will be
impaired. In this case there is a possibility
that the load can tip, therefore additional
securing is required.

Securing against tipping.

After implementation of securing against
sliding using forced or positive locking, the
second stage is to secure against tipping. Special trailers.
The lashing equipment used for this secures For the transportation of non-stable freight, Practical Tips
the load against tipping by using the tensile e.g. stacked crates of drink or barrels, trailers
This simple calculation is an option for estimating the stability:
force and not the pre-tension force. If forced specially designed for the freight are used.
The distance D (tipping edge to the centre of gravity) is divided by the height of the
locking lashing down is used to secure The reinforced body and equipment provide
centre of gravity h. If the result is less than the following values,
against sliding, this lashing equipment can positive locking and ensure security against
effective action should be taken to ensure stability.
also be used simultaneously to secure tipping. This then makes the application of Centre of gravity
Tipping
against sliding and tipping. tensioning straps dispensable. When trans-
minimum 0.8 (forwards) edge
porting beverage crates on well pallets the h
minimum 0.7 (sidewards)
Bundling. sides are interlocked using the swivelling
minimum 0.5 (rearwards)
Non-stable loads of the same format can support laths.
be encompassed into a unit using a lashing T
strap. Thereby, the relationship height to
base area is positively changed. This unit
must now only be secured by the conven-
tional means, see the sketch top right.

Content
Inhalt
25 Securing Loads for Tarpaulin Trailers

Loading Correctly. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 (m) Transporta-

Load Distribution. (t) B tion can only
25 be secure
All measures to secure the load are deter- C when the load
20 conforms to
mined by the different types of load. This
includes observing the Road Traffic Act 15
the load
(StVO). It requires a load distribution that distribution
impairs neither the safety of the traffic nor 10 A plan.
operation.
5
D

Practical Tips
1,69 m 6,39 m 1,31 m 1,31 m
-- For a fully loaded trailer, uniform
13,69 m
load distribution is attained when a
Euro pallet does not weigh more
than 750 kg. The hazards of incorrect load Special loads.
-- If a heavy load cannot be posi- distribution. For special loads, for example high Taken from the operating instructions for tarpau-
tioned against the front wall due to If the load is placed too far to the point loading, such as steel coil, lin trailers:
the load distribution, use the availa- rear on the trailer, the result can be there are specifically defined loading Commercial vehicles can only be loaded to their maxi-
ble inserts or perforated rails for insufficient semi-trailer pressure on positions with the corresponding mum payload when the complete centre of gravity of
positive locking. the tractor unit. That is important for recesses and supports. the load is in a specified area. However, loads less
-- Special securing equipment, such the driving safety of the traction than the maximum payload can also only be posi-
as head slings, can also secure a machine because, if there is insuffi- tioned in specified areas of the loading surface. Other-
load to the front wall that cannot be cient pressure on the drive axle, the wise, there is the possibility that the load on the axle
locked positively. tyres have less grip. If the load is will be exceeded or insufficient. Adherence to the axle
-- Equally beneficial are a securing placed too far forward, overloading loads is ensured if the complete centre of gravity of the
block or an additional partition that of the drive axle can occur, even if load is within this area, the so-called load distribution
forms a positive lock to the front. the overall weight is not exceeded. curve. From the load distribution plan (LVP) and with
Good awareness of the load distri- the aid of the load distribution curve, you can see the
bution plan makes it easier to adhere distance from the front wall of the semi-trailer at which
to the statutory and technical specifi- particular loads can be loaded.
cations for the axle load.

Content
Inhalt
26 Securing Loads for Tarpaulin Trailers

Practical
Examples:
Heavy Point Loading,
Paper Transport.

The measures previously mentioned are an

indication of the most important aspects of
securing loads. Of course, in practice each
case must be individually considered.
Meanwhile, there are many special forms of
transport for which specific standards have
been developed. Some of these solutions
are indicated here.

Upright paper rolls, secured through direct Horizontal paper rolls positioned perpendicular to the driving direction. The Joloda rails with perforation grids and sturdy
lashing with the head strap and lashing down. Lashed down with two straps and secured at the front with aluminium corner stanchions are easy to clean
securing chocks. and simplify both handling and securing the load.

Content
Inhalt
27 Securing Loads for Tarpaulin Trailers

Practical
Examples:
Transporting Hard Paper Rolls.

Chocks are important equipment for securing

horizontal paper rolls and prevent them from
rolling away. All of the surfaces must be fitted Positive locking blockade of the roll using special
with anti-slip mats specifically designed for chocks, in combination with anti-slip mats.
paper transport. Directly lashing paper rolls
with a head strap can prevent them from
tipping over.

The securing chocks can be inserted into the

perforated rails in four directions and exactly
positioned.

The weight optimised metal chocks secure the

horizontal rolls at an angle of 90, longitudinally or
laterally to the driving direction. Upright rolls are
lashed down.

Transportation of paper rolls using positive and forced locking. The head strap of the standing rolls also Storage cases built into the bulkhead in this
secures against tipping. case make sure that the necessary parts are
available at any time.

Content
Inhalt
28 Securing Loads for Tarpaulin Trailers

Practical
Examples:
High Point Loads When
Transporting Coils.

Heavy steel coils cannot be transported with-

out installing special equipment in the trailer.
It is paramount that the chassis is designed
for high point loading. A recessed well auto-
matically defines the correct position during
loading. At first glance, all other measures are
dimensioned on a larger scale than the
standard equipment for securing loads:
stanchions to insert in the recess, tensioning
chains and heavy-duty lashing eyes.

The coil well defines the ideal loading position. Positive locking of a steel coil using special recess, inserted stanchions and chains anchored in heavy-duty lashing eyes.

Content
Inhalt
29 Securing Loads for Tarpaulin Trailers

Practical
Examples:
Steel and Coil Transport.

The necessary design details for coil trans-

port cannot always be retrofitted These are
specially designed trailers which are config-
ured correspondingly during production.
Chassis with integrated coil well.
It is important to ensure that the geometry
of the coil well is compatible with the dimen-
sions of the load.

Shaped steels, such as panels and profiles,

can also be secured using standard general
cargo load securing equipment, provided
that units packaged with steel strapping
ideally on pallets are loaded.

The loads centre of gravity is marked on the

l-beam.

For transporting profiles and bar materials addi- Finding the right position for the coil in the trailer is crucial for transport safety. The manufacturers speci-
tional stanchions and steel support slats with fications must be taken into account.
horizontal beams are included.

Content
Inhalt
30 Securing Loads for Tarpaulin Trailers

Practical Examples.
Automotive Pallet Cages.

Pallet cages allow different goods to be In addition to structural stability, these bene-
secured quickly, because the uniform dimen- fits include pallet stops for side fixing, trans-
sions enable perfect positive locking loads. verse beams and telescopic bars to secure
However, this advantage is only applicable the gaps in the load and, despite the height
when the trailer features specific conditions. of 3meter, an elevating roof to enable quick
loading of 3 boxes placed on top of one
another.

Vertical supports which are anchored in the floor The narrow grid in the perforated rails allows for
and roof in order to secure pallet cages with maximum flexibility when positioning the
positive locking. supports.

Lashing rings along the outer frame and the bolted on pallet stop rails simplify the lashing down of the If the raised elevating roof is lowered for loading, the pallet cages are exactly enclosed on all sides by the
freight at virtually every point, meaning the load can also be secured against moving sideways. body.

Content
Inhalt
31 Securing Loads for Tarpaulin Trailers

Practical
Examples:
Tyre Transport.

For certified tyre transport, the equipment

must be complemented by 6 rows of support
laths and 2 rows of steel slats on each side,
in accordance with the certificate Code XL.
This provides strong side support. A crossed
set of tension belts for each set of stanchions Tarpaulin with diagonal reinforcing straps and
ensures stability. Additional retention is pro- load securing beams for partial loads.
vided by side, steel laths with a narrow perfo-
rated grid. Here, engaged transverse beams
establish a positive locking for a partial load.
Quick, effective and easy.

Loose tyres in a laced arrangement tend to settle during transport and exert strong sideways pressure.
The structural stability of the sides must be ensured.

The necessary diagonal restraints are anchored Ideally, documentation covering the key points
in the side steel slats using perforated grids and for transporting tyres should be attached inside
the lashing points in the trailer frame. the trailer doors.

Content
Inhalt
32 Securing Loads for Tarpaulin Trailers

Practical
Examples:
Beverage Transport.

The requirements for the transportation of

beverages are demanding. There are various
size containers for bottles and barrels. Free
space to the limits of the loading area must
be avoided. If flexible loading of these ver-
sions is required, the corresponding equip-
ment must be available. If in doubt, the
positive locking must be supplemented
by positioning pallets and lashing down.

Barrels, with and without strapping, can be safely transported without lashing down when using the appropriate equipment.

Content
Inhalt
33 Securing Loads for Tarpaulin Trailers

Practical
Examples:
Beverage Transport.

Trailers with the body certified to Code XL are

capable of absorbing all of the forces via the
body. This requires the pallets to be loaded
without gaps. Spacer slats are utilised to
compensate for any gaps, as are securing
systems anchored between the roof and the
floor.

Spacing slats are folded so that they interlock along the sides for
the transportation of well pallets.

Transverse beams at the front and rear of the freight secure partial loads against Beverage cases with positive locking can be safely transported
sliding longitudinally. without lashing down when using the appropriate equipment.

Content
Inhalt
34 Securing Loads for Tarpaulin Trailers

Practical
Examples:
Piece Goods.

Suitable equipment must be used to achieve

form fitting loading when transporting pack-
aged goods where the cargo is often different
sizes. Creating loading units with standard-
ised dimensions on pallets is one of the most
important measures in this regard. Stan-
chions, vertical supports and locking bars
which can be freely distributed throughout
the loading area are a perfect option.

A system of supports and locking bars for free Here is an example of an easily secured loading unit. Horizontally used support slats provide the side interlocks for palletised
positioning. octabins. Clamping beams secure the load longitudinally.

Content
Inhalt
35 Securing Loads for Tarpaulin Trailers

Practical
Examples:
Piece Goods.

Double-decker loading is an elegant means

of perfectly securing packaged goods while
still enabling rapid, partial unloading. This
decouples the cargo while the individual units
can be loaded in a form-fitting fashion or
securely lashed down on the second level.

Variable loading space usage combined with uncomplicated load securing.

Cross beams can be mounted on the stanchions The I-beams and the telescoping cross beams are simply attached at the Lashing straps can be firmly secured to the l-beams on the second level.
and in the double-decker side support beams for right height.
positive locking of partial loads.

Content
Inhalt
36 Securing Loads for Tarpaulin Trailers

Practical
Examples:
Chemical Industry.

The chemicals industry has very high

standards and is subject to additional safety
regulations. In addition to ADR equipment
for transporting hazardous goods, equipment
for securing loads must always be up-to-date
and, above all, flexible. Non-slip floors and
a system of cross beams are a must if you
wish to transport various types of cargo
safely.

The non-slip floor means you dont have to deal Steel laths with a tight grid for attaching cross beams and belts allow the trailer to be arranged any way you like while aluminium laths can be used to create a
with non-slip mats, making it the first choice for stable gate at the side.
amorphous loads like big bags.

Content
Inhalt
37 Securing Loads for Tarpaulin Trailers

Practical
Examples:
Chemical Industry.

Some loads are not suited for being lashed

down as the packaging would not withstand
the pressure. In this case, positive locking
has to be ensured on all sides.

Ideally, octabins on palettes are secured using positive locking and cross
beams.

Using suitable adapters, belts can be hooked into Gaps to the side of the load can be filled quickly and safely using folding Positive locking for pliable big bags: Our aluminium and tarpaulin side laths
the side grid in the steel laths. laths. with lashing belts.

Content
Inhalt
38 Securing Loads for Tarpaulin Trailers

Index.
A Acceleration 7, 9 E End fittings 16 M Manual force 17 T Technical regulations 11
Accident prevention regulations 6 Eyes 16 Material code (straps) 17 Tension ratchets 16
Anti-slip floor 10 Material combinations 10 Tip securing 24
Anti-slip material 15 Transverse beams 31, 33, 34
F Forced locking 19
Assessment 9 Tyre transport 31
Friction 8, 9 O Occupational Safety
Automotive 30
Friction coefficient 8, 10 and Health Act 5
Octabins 34 V VDI Directive 2700 12, 13
B Beverage transport 14, 32
G Gaps in the load 20, 33
Brakes 8
General cargo 13 P Packaged goods 34 W Weight 8
Bundling 24
German Penal Code 5 Pallet 10, 14 Wire ropes 16
Pallet cages 30
C Cargo floor 18
H Head sling 21, 23
Panels 15, 29
Chocks 27 Paper rolls (hard) 15, 26
Heavy-duty lashing eyes 28
Code XL 11, 14, 31, 33 Partial unloading (gaps) 20
Hook 16
Coil 15, 29 Partition wall 21
Coil well 28 Perforated rails 21, 27
Combined load securing 23 I Inertia 8 Physical forces 7
Commercial Code 6 Point loads 25, 26, 28
Complete centre of gravity 25 L Lashing angle 18, 19 Positive locking 20, 21
Cornering 7 Lashing down 18, 19 Pre-tension force 17
Lashing equipment 16 Professional association 5

D Daimler 9.5 11, 12 Lashing material 17

Diagonal lashing 22 Lashing rings 16, 30 R Road Traffic Act 5, 6
DIN EN 12642 12 Lashing strap 16, 17
Direct lashing 21, 22 Lashing strap label 17
Legal consequences 5
S Shaped steel 15, 29
Double-decker system 35
Stability 24
Dynamic friction coefficients 10 Limiting the loading area 19
Stacking (cargo) 13
Load centre 29
Stanchions 22, 28
Load distribution plan 25
Steel transport 15
Loading units 14, 29, 34
Storage box 18
Strapping 29
Straps, number 17

Content
Inhalt
39 Securing Loads for Tarpaulin Trailers

Schmitz Cargobull Sales Your success

Schmitz Cargobull AG Schmitz Cargobull Trailer Engineering is our mission.
Bahnhofstrae 22 Untermli 6
D-48612 Horstmar CH-6302 Zug Securing loads must be easy to handle. Our S.CS semi-trailer
Germany Switzerland curtainsider provides you optimum security for the load with
Tel.: +49 2558 81-0 Tel.: +41 41 769 19 00 little effort and, thus, unlimited travel!
Fax: +49 2558 81-500 Fax: +41 41 769 19 01
www.cargobull.com E-mail: [email protected]
Would you like more detailed information about our tarpaulin
trailers? Get in touch with us!

Find out more at:

www.cargobull.com

Content
Inhalt
 S.CS-BRO-DE1GB-7576-3616 We reserve the right to make changes. Some illustrations with special fittings.
Schmitz Cargobull AG Bahnhofstrasse 22 D-48612 Horstmar Telephone +49 2558 81-0 Telefax +49 2558 81-500 www.cargobull.com

Content