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Ellllip Curvs09tyz

In mathematics, an elliptic curve is a plane algebraic curve defined by an equation of the form that is non-singular; that is, it has no cusps or self-intersections. Formally, an elliptic curve is a smooth, projective, algebraic curve of genus one, on which there is a specified point O. An elliptic curve is in fact an abelian variety – that is, it has a multiplication defined algebraically, with respect to which it is an abelian group – and O serves as the identity element. Often the curve itself, without O specified, is called an elliptic curve. The point O is actually the "point at infinity" in the projective plane.

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58 views2 pages

Ellllip Curvs09tyz

In mathematics, an elliptic curve is a plane algebraic curve defined by an equation of the form that is non-singular; that is, it has no cusps or self-intersections. Formally, an elliptic curve is a smooth, projective, algebraic curve of genus one, on which there is a specified point O. An elliptic curve is in fact an abelian variety – that is, it has a multiplication defined algebraically, with respect to which it is an abelian group – and O serves as the identity element. Often the curve itself, without O specified, is called an elliptic curve. The point O is actually the "point at infinity" in the projective plane.

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Jacecosmoz
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Elliptic curve cryptography, winter 2009

M ICHAEL N SKEN , D ANIEL L OEBENBERGER

4. Exercise sheet

Exercise 4.1 (j-invariant). b - t


Hand in solutions until Monday, 23 November 2009, 2359
i (11 points)

Consider the elliptic curve E : y 2 = x(x 1)(x ) over any field k whose

ity
characteristic is neither 2 nor 3.

(i) Put the curve E in Weierstra form and show that its j invariant is 5

ur
r
j(E) = 28
C
(2 + 1)3
2 ( 1)2
.
ute

(ii) Show that if j 6= 0, 1728 then there are six distinct values of giving this 3

C
j and that if is one such value then the six are
C ose
e
mp

 
1 1 1
, , , , ,1 .
1 1
S

(iii) Show that if j = 1728 then 1, 21 , 2 and if j = 0 then 2 1 = 0. 3



Co

Exercise 4.2 (Get your Legendre). (8 points)

Consider the elliptic curve E : y 2 = x3 7x + 6 over the field F17 .

(i) Factor the polynomial x3 7x + 6 over F17 . 3

(ii) Take the three roots e0 , e1 and e2 , apply the transformation u = xe0
e1 e0 2
32
and v = (e1 e0 ) y and write down the resulting equation. You should
obtain a curve in Legendre form.

(iii) Of course, we have selected one particular ordering of the three roots. 3
Compute the corresponding for each of the other permutations of the
roots.
2 Michael Nsken, Daniel Loebenberger

Exercise 4.3 (A special case of Fermats last theorem). (17 points)

Fermats last theorem states, that the equation xn + y n + z n = 0 has no non-


trivial integer solutions for n 3. In this exercise we consider the special case
n = 3. Thus consider the cubic x3 + y 3 + z 3 = 0 with xyz 6= 0.
-it
(i) Check that 0 : 1 : 1, 1 : 0 : 1 and 1 : 1 : 0 are flex points and the
tangent at 1 : 1 : 0 goes through 0 : 0 : 1.
b 4

4 (ii) Check that for the map

ity
P2 k P2 k,
:
(x : y : z) 7 (u : v : w)
1 1
with (u, v, w) := z, 3x + 3y, 12 we have

x 12 y

ur
r
C
(0 : 1 : 1) = 12 : 36 : 1
ute

(1 : 0 : 1) = 12 : 36 : 1
(1 : 1 : 0) = 0 : 1 : 0

C
(0 : 0 : 1) = 1 : 0 : 0
C ose
e
mp

2 (iii) Determine the transformed equation.

3 (iv) It can be proven that this curve has only three rational solutions, namely
S

12 : 36 : 1 and 0 : 1 : 0. Show that the point 12 : 36 : 1 implies for the


point x : y : z that y = 0, the point 12 : 36 : 1 implies x = 0 and that the
point 0 : 1 : 0 implies z = 0.
Co

4 (v) Conclude that Fermats theorem for n = 3 is indeed true.

Exercise 4.4 (Elliptic curves in characteristic 2). (5 points)

5 In the lecture we usually excluded the case that the base field has characteristic
2 or 3. In this exercise we explore elliptic curves over fields of characteristic 2.
Determine the addition formula for two points P 6= Q on the curve

y 2 + xy = x3 + a2 x2 + a6 .

Note (and prove) that negation here is given by (x, y) = (x, x + y).

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