UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 1 Prof.

Steven Errede

LECTURE NOTES 1
CONSERVATION LAWS

Conservation of energy E, linear momentum p , angular momentum L and electric charge q
are of fundamental importance in electrodynamics (n.b. this is also true for all fundamental
forces of nature the weak, strong, EM and gravitational force, both microscopically (locally),
and hence macroscopically (globally - i.e. the entire universe)!
Electric Charge Conservation
Previously (i.e. last semester in Physics 435), we discussed electric charge conservation:
Surface area element,

free

Enclosing
Volume, v surface, S

Electric current flowing outward from volume v

through closed bounding surface S at time t: I free t J free r , t da Amperes
S

Electric charge contained in volume v at time t: Q free t free r , t d Coulombs
v

An outward flow of current through surface S corresponds to a decrease in charge in volume v:

dQ free t dQ free t dQ free t

I free t Amperes Coulombs sec i.e. 0 , I free t 0
dt dt dt
dQ free t
Global conservation of electric charge: I free t J free r , t da
S dt

dQ free t d free r , t
But: free r , t d d
dt dt v v t
Use the divergence theorem on the LHS of the global conservation of charge equation:

free r , t
v J free r , t d v t d Integral form of the continuity equation.
This relation must hold for any arbitrary volume v associated with the enclosing surface S;
hence the integrands in the above equation must be equal we thus obtain the continuity

equation (in differential form), which expresses local conservation of electric charge at r , t :

free r , t
J free r , t Differential form of the continuity equation.
t

n.b. The continuity equation doesnt explain why electric charge is conserved
it merely describes mathematically that electric charge is conserved!!

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 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 1 Prof. Steven Errede

Poyntings Theorem and Poyntings Vector S r , t

We know that the work required to assemble a static charge distribution is:
o 1
WE t E 2 r , t d o E r , t E r , t d 2 D r , t E r , t d
SI units:
Joules
2 v 2 v v

Linear Dielectric Media

Likewise, the work required to get electric currents flowing, e.g. against a back EMF is:
1 2 1 1
WM t
2 o v B r , t d 2o B r , t B r , t d 2 H r , t B r , t d
v v
SI units:
Joules

Linear Magnetic Media

Thus the total energy, UEM stored in EM field(s) is (by energy conservation) = total work done:

1 1
U EM t Wtot t WEM t WE t WM t o E 2 r , t B 2 r , t d uEM r , t d SI units:
2 v o
v Joules

1 1 2
U EM t u EM r , t d o E 2 r , t B r , t d
SI units:
o
Joules
v 2 v

1 1 2
where uEM = total energy density: u EM r , t o E 2 r , t B r , t (SI units: Joules/m3)
2 o

Suppose we have some charge density r , t and current density J r , t configuration(s)

that at time t produce EM fields E r , t and B r , t . In the next instant dt, i.e. at time t + dt, the
charge moves around. What is the amount of infinitesimal work dW done by EM forces acting
on these charges / currents, in the time interval dt ?

The Lorentz Force Law is:
F r ,t q E r ,t v r ,t B r ,t
The infinitesimal amount of work dW done on an electric charge q moving an infinitesimal

distance d vdt in an infinitesimal time interval dt is:

n.b. to v !!!


dW F d q E v B d qE vdt q v B vdt qE vdt

(n.b. magnetic forces do no work!!)

But: q free r , t free r , t d and: free r , t v r , t J free r , t

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 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 1 Prof. Steven Errede

The (instantaneous) rate at which (total) work is done on all of the electric charges within the
volume v is:
dW t
dt v
v

F r , t d r , t dt F r , t v r , t q free r , t E r , t v r , t
v

free r , t d E r , t v r , t using : q free r , t free r , t d
v


E r , t free r , t v r , t d but : J free r , t free r , t v r , t
v

dW t

dt v

E r , t J free r , t d P t = instantaneous power (SI units: Watts)

The quantity E r , t J free r , t is the (instantaneous) work done per unit time, per unit volume
i.e. the instantaneous power delivered per unit volume (aka the power density).

dW t
Thus: P t
dt v

E r , t J free r , t d (SI units: Watts =
Joules
sec
)

We can express the quantity E J free in terms of the EM fields (alone) using the Ampere-

Maxwell law (in differential form) to eliminate J free .

Amperes Law with Maxwells Displacement Current correction term (in differential form):

E r , t

B r , t o J free r , t J D r , t o J free r , t o o
t

1 E r , t
Thus:

J free r , t
o
B r ,t o t


1 E r , t

E r , t J free r , t E r , t
o
B r ,t o t

Then:
1 E r , t

o

E r , t B r , t o E r , t
t

Now: E B B E E B Griffiths Product Rule #6 (see inside front cover)

Thus: E B B E E B

B r , t
But Faradays Law (in differential form) is: E r , t
t

B

E B B E B
t


B 1 1 2 E 1 1 2
However: B
t 2 t
B B
2 t

B and similarly: E
t 2 t
EE
2 t
E

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 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 1 Prof. Steven Errede

Therefore:
1 1 2 1 2
E r , t J free r , t
o 2 t

B r , t E r , t B r , t o
2 t
E r , t

1 2 1 2 1
oE r ,t
o

B r , t E r , t B r , t
2 t o
Then:
dW t
P t
dt

E r , t J free r , t d
v

1 d 2 1 2 1

2 dt v
o E r , t
o
B r , t d v
o

E r , t B


r , t d

Apply the divergence theorem to this term, get:

Poyntings Theorem = Work-Energy Theorem of Electrodynamics:

dW t d 1 1 2 1
P t
dt
oE2 r ,t
dt v 2 o
B r , t d
o E r , t B r , t da
S

1 2 1 2
B r , t d = instantaneous energy stored in the EM fields
2 v
Physically, E r , t
o
o


E r , t and B r , t within the volume v (SI units: Joules)
1

Physically, the term E r , t B r , t da = instantaneous rate at which EM energy is
o S

carried / flows out of the volume v (carried microscopically by virtual (and/or real!) photons

across the bounding/enclosing surface S by the EM fields E and B i.e. this term represents/is
the instantaneous EM power flowing across/through the bounding/enclosing surface S
(SI units: Watts = Joules sec ).

Poyntings Theorem says that:

The instantaneous work done on the electric charges in the volume v by the EM force is equal to

the decrease in the instantaneous energy stored in EM fields ( E and B ), minus the energy that is
instantaneously flowing out of/through the bounding surface S .
1
We define Poyntings vector: S r , t
E r , t B r , t = energy / unit time / unit area,
o

transported by the EM fields ( E and B ) across/through the bounding surface S

n.b. Poyntings vector S has SI units of Watts/m2 i.e. an energy flux density.

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2005-2015. All Rights Reserved.
 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 1 Prof. Steven Errede

dW t dU EM t
Thus, we see that: P t S r , t da
dt dt S

where S r , t da = instantaneous power (energy per unit time) crossing/passing through an

infinitesimal surface area element da nda
, as shown in the figure below:

n n = outward pointing unit normal

vector (everywhere to surface S )

da EM energy flowing out of volume v

through enclosing surface S
z

y

x
Volume v

Enclosing surface S

Poyntings vector: S r , t 1
o E r , t B r , t = Energy Flux Density (SI units: Watts/m2)

The work W done on the electrical charges contained within the volume v will increase their
mechanical energy kinetic and/or potential energy. Define the (instantaneous) mechanical

energy density umech r , t such that:

dumech r , t
dt
E r , t J free r , t Hence:
dU mech
dt v

E r , t J free r , t d

dW t dU mech d
Then: P t
dt

dt dt v v

umech r , t d E r , t J free r , t d
However, the (instantaneous) EM field energy density is:

1 1 2
u EM r , t o E 2 r , t B r , t (Joules/m3)
2 o

Then the (instantaneous) EM field energy contained within the volume v is:

U EM t u EM r , t d (Joules)
v

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 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 1 Prof. Steven Errede

d


umech r , t uEM r , t d S r , t da S r , t d
Using the
Thus, we see that:
dt v S v
Divergence
theorem

The integrands of LHS vs. {far} RHS of the above equation must be equal for each/every space-

time point r , t within the source volume v associated with bounding surface S. Thus, we obtain:

The Differential Form of Poyntings Theorem: umech r , t uEM r , t S r , t
t

Poyntings theorem = Energy Conservation book-keeping equation, c.f. with the

Continuity equation = Charge Conservation book-keeping equation:

The Differential Form of the Continuity Equation: r , t J r , t
t

u r , t
Since mech E r , t J free r , t , we can write the differential form of Poyntings theorem as:
t

uEM r , t
E r , t J free r , t S r , t
t

uEM r , t
Or: E r , t J free r , t S r , t 0
t

Poyntings Theorem / Poyntings vector S r , t represents the (instantaneous) flow of EM

energy in exactly the same/analogous way that the free current density J free r , t represents the
(instantaneous) flow of electric charge.
In the presence of linear dielectric / linear magnetic media, if one is ONLY interested in FREE
charges and FREE currents, then:

free 1
uEM
2

r , t E r , t D r , t B r , t H r , t D r ,t E r,t o 1 e

S r , t 1 E r , t B r , t E r , t H r , t B r ,t H r ,t o 1 m

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 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 1 Prof. Steven Errede

Griffiths Example8.1:
Poyntings vector S , power dissipation and Joule heating of a long, current-carrying wire.
When a steady, free electrical current I ( function of time, t) flows down a long wire of
length L a (a = radius of wire) and resistance R L a 2 C , the electrical energy is
dissipated as heat (i.e. thermal energy) in the wire.

Electrical power dissipation: P V I I 2 R

I

Long wire of S 1
o EB
resistance R
V a S E z
z
I B
I
Battery La
(or power supply) V1 V V2

Free Current Density: J free C E I a 2 z Amps m 2 V

J free V
E
z Volts m
L
Longitudinal Electric Field: E
C L
Potential Difference: V V1 V2 0 Volts
0 a

n.b. The {steady} free current density J free ( C E I a 2 ) and the longitudinal electric field

E V L z are uniform across (and along) the long wire, everywhere within the volume of
the wire a . Thus, this particular problem has no time-dependence
I
From Amperes Law: B inside a o 2 x 2 y 2 in cylindrical coordinates
2 a
outside o I
C B r d
o I encl
B a
2
(Tesla)

n.b. for simplicitys sake, we have approximated the finite length wire by an -length wire.
This will have unphysical, but understandable consequences later on.
o I
1
Poyntings Vector: S r E r B r B 2 a
o

inside
V I V I
S a z
2 a L
2
2 a 2 L

Poyntings vector S oriented radially inward for a . 0 a
in
B a varies B out a
S outside a 0 {because E a 0 !!!}
linearly with varies as 1
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 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 1 Prof. Steven Errede

Note the following result for Poyntings vector evaluated at the surface of the long wire, i.e. @ a :
V I
S inside a (SI units: Watts/m2)
2 aL

Since E outside a 0 : S outside a 0 a discontinuity in S at a !!!

V I V I V I
S Slong a
2 aL wire 2 a L
2
2 a 2 L

0 a
Now let us use the integral version of Poyntings theorem to determine the EM energy flowing
through an imaginary Gaussian cylindrical surface S of radius a and length H L :

dW t dU mech d
P t
dt

dt dt v v

umech r , t d E r , t J free r , t d
dU EM t

dt
d
S r , t da u EM r , t d S r , t d
S dt v v

Since this is a static/steady-state problem, we assume that dU EM t dt 0 .
da2
, n2 , da2

a x

z, n3 , da3

z, n1 , da1 S Gaussian Surface S z

da1 H da3 y
V1 V V2

Then for an imaginary Gaussian surface taken inside the long wire ( a ):


0

0

Pwire S wire da LHS S da1 cyl S da2 RHS S da3
S

endcap surface endcap



da1 da1 z da2 da2 da3 da3 z

S is to da1 z ; S is anti- to da2 ; S is to da3 z

Only surviving term is:

z H 2 V I V I 2
Pwire cyl S da2 H 2

2 2
0
d dz H V I
2 a H 2 a H
z 2 2
surface 2 a

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 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 1 Prof. Steven Errede

2 2

Thus: Pwire V I (Watts) Pwire V I
a a

And: Pwire a V I (Watts)

0 a
This EM energy is dissipated as heat (thermal energy) in the wire also known as Joule
heating of the wire. Since Pwire 2 , note also that the Joule heating of the wire occurs
primarily at/on the outermost portions of the wire.

From Ohms Law: V I Rwire where Rwire = resistance of wire = Cwire L Awire L Cwire Awire
Power losses in wire show up / result
2
Joule Heating in Joule heating of wire. Electrical
Pwire I 2 Rwire energy is converted into heat
of current- a (thermal) energy At the microscopic
carrying wire
Pwire a I Rwire
2 level, this is due to kinetic energy
losses associated with the ensemble of
individual drift/conduction/free
electron scatterings inside the wire!

Again use the integral version of Poyntings theorem to determine the EM field energy
flowing through an imaginary Gaussian cylindrical surface S of radius a and length H L .

We expect that we should get the same answer as that obtained above, for the a Gaussian

cylindrical surface. However, for a , S outside a 0 , because E outside a 0 !!!

Thus, for a Gaussian cylindrical surface S taken with a we obtain: Pwire S wire da 0 !!!
S

What??? How can we get two different Pwire answers for a vs. a ??? This cant be!!!

We need to re-assess our assumptions here

It turns out that we have neglected an important, and somewhat subtle point...

The longitudinal electric field E V L z formally/mathematically has a discontinuity at a :

J free I a2 V
E
C C L

0
0 a

i.e. The tangential ( z ) component of E is discontinuous at a .

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 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 1 Prof. Steven Errede

Formally/mathematically, we need to write the longitudinal electric field for this situation as:

J free J free
E 1 a 1 a z
C C

0 for a
where the Heaviside step function is defined as: a as shown below:
1 for a

1
a

0
0 a
d
Furthermore, note that: x t dt and that: x x ,
x

dx
where x is the Dirac delta function.

Now, in the process of deriving Poyntings theorem (above), we used Griffiths Product Rule # 6


to obtain E B B E E B , and then used Faradays law (in differential form)

B 1 1 2 E 1 1 2
E B t and then used B
t 2 t
B B
2 t


B and E
t 2 t
EE
2 t
E

with uEM 12 o E 2 1o B 2 to finally obtain:

dW t dU mech d
P t umech d E J free d
dt dt dt v v

dU EM t d
S da uEM d S r , t d
dt S dt v v

So here, in this specific problem, what is E ???
In cylindrical coordinates, the only non-vanishing term is:


J
J a J B
Ez 1 a a
free free free
E
C t
C C

0 for a

B J free
In other words: E for a
t C


0 for a

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2005-2015. All Rights Reserved.
 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 1 Prof. Steven Errede

Thus, {only} for a integration volumes, we {very definitely} need to {explicitly} include
the -function such that its contribution to the integral at a is properly taken into account!

dW t d
P t uEM d S da
dt dt v S

d

12 o E 2 1o B 2 d S da
dt v S

d 2 d 2
12 o E d 2 1o B d S da
v dt v dt S

dE dB
o E d 1o B d S da
v dt v dt S

dE
o E d 1o B Ed S da
v dt v S

dE J free
o E d
o C v S da
B a d S
v dt

For this specific problem: dE dt 0 and for a , S a 1
o E a B a 0 .

0
Thus for a :

J free J free J free o I J free
P t B a d 2 aL B a 2 a L I L
o C v o C o C 2 a C

J free V V
But: E z , and thus, finally we obtain, for a : P t I L V I ,
C L L
which agrees precisely with that obtained earlier for a : P t V I !!!

For an E&M problem that nominally has a steady-state current I present, it is indeed curious that

J free B
E a is non-zero, and in fact singular {at a }! The singularity is a
C t

consequence of the discontinuity in E on the a surface of the long, current-carrying wire.

The relativistic nature of the 4-dimensional space-time world that we live in is encrypted into
Faradays law; here is one example where we come face-to-face with it!

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 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 1 Prof. Steven Errede

Lets pursue the physics of this problem a bit further and calculate the magnetic vector

potential A r inside a and outside a the long wire

o J r
In general, we know/anticipate that {here}: A r J r z since: A r
4 v r
d

where r r r r .

We dont need to carry out the above integral to obtain A r a simpler method is to use

B r A r in cylindrical coordinates. Since A r Az r z (only, here), the only non-

Az r
zero contribution to this curl is: B r .


o I 1 Az a A a 1
For a : B a o J o J z
2 a 2
2 2

I 1 1 A a A a 1 1
For a : B a o o Ja 2 z o Ja 2 z
2 2 2
Using a as our reference point for carrying out the integration {and noting that as in the

case for the scalar potential V r , we similarly have the freedom to e.g. add any constant vector

to A r }:
1 1 1 1
A a o J d z o J 2 c12 z o J 2 c12 z
2 2 2 4
1 1 1
A a o Ja 2 d z o Ja 2 ln c2 z
2 2
where c1 and c2 are constants of the integration(s).

Physically, we demand that A be continuous at a , thus we must have:

1 1
A a o J a 2 c12 z o Ja 2 ln a c2 z
4 2

Obviously, the only way that this relation can be satisfied is if c1 c2 a , because then A a 0
{n.b. ln 1 ln e0 0 }.

Additionally, we demand that A r J r z , hence the physically acceptable solution is

c1 c2 a , and thus the solutions for the magnetic vector potential A r for this problem are:

1 1
A a o J 2 a 2 z o J a 2 2 z
4 4
1 1
A a o Ja 2 ln a z o Ja 2 ln a z
2 2

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 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 1 Prof. Steven Errede

A
A 0 14 o Ja 2

0 a

Ain a Aout a
varies as 1(/a)2 varies as ln(/a)

1
Note that: A a o J ln a z has a {logarithmic} divergence as , whereas:
2
1 1
B A o Ja 2 0
2
This is merely a consequence associated with the {calculationally-simplifying} choice that we
made at the beginning of this problem, that of an infinitely long wire which is unphysical.
It takes infinite EM energy to power an infinitely long wire For a finite length wire carrying a
steady current I, the magnetic vector potential is mathematically well-behaved {but has a
correspondingly more complicated mathematical expression}.

It is easy to show that both of the solutions for the magnetic vector potential A a satisfy

the Coulomb gauge condition: A r 0 , by noting that since A a Az a z are

functions only of , then in cylindrical coordinates: A a Az a z 0 .

Let us now investigate the ramifications of the non-zero curl result associated with Faradays

law at a for the A -field at that radial location:

J free B
E a
C t

A
Since B A z {here, in this problem}, then:



B A Az J free
a or:
Az J free
a

t t t C t C

A J J A J
a d a or: a z .
free

free free
Then: z
t C C t C
a

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 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 1 Prof. Steven Errede

Now, recall that the {correct!} electric field for this problem is:

J free
E 1 a z
C

However, in general, the electric field is defined in terms of the scalar and vector potentials as:

A r , t
E r , t V r , t
t

A J free J free
Since {here, in this problem}: a z , we see that: V z
t C C

J free
and hence {in cylindrical coordinates} that: V z z , then:
C

J free J free J free
V z z z z z .
z C C z C


J free
Note that the {static} scalar field V z z pervades all space, as does A a z .
C

Explicitly, due to the behavior of the Heaviside step function a we see that the electric
0 for a
A J free A
field contribution a z is: J .
t C t free z for a
C

Explicitly writing out the electric field in this manner, we see that:

J free J free
z 0 z for a

E a V a
A a

C C

t J free J free
z z 0 for a
C C

Thus, for a we see that the A a t contribution to the E -field outside the wire

{which arises from the non-zero E of Faradays law at a } exactly cancels the

V a contribution to the E -field outside the wire, everywhere in space outside the wire,

despite the fact that A a varies logarithmically outside the wire!!!!

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 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 1 Prof. Steven Errede

The long, current-carrying wire can thus also be equivalently viewed as an electric flux tube:


E E da J free C 1 a z da I C
S S

The electric field E is confined within the tube ( = the long, current carrying wire) by the

A a t contribution arising from the Faradays law effect on the a boundary of the
flux tube, due to the {matter geometry-induced} discontinuity in the electric field at a !


The E J free C a B t effect at a also predicts a non-zero induced EMF
in a loop/coil of wire: m t . The magnetic flux through a loop of wire is:

m Ad B da B Aloop where Aloop is the cross-sectional area of a loop of wire {whose plane
C S
is perpendicular to the magnetic field at that point}. Note further that the width, w of the coil only needs

to be large enough for the coil to accept the B t contribution from the -function at a . Then, here
in this problem, since the magnetic field at the surface of the wire is oriented in the -direction, and:
loop
free A
loop
B J m B A J
a , then we see that: a
free

t C t t C

For a real wire, e.g. made of copper, how large will this EMF be is it something e.g. that we
could actually measure/observe in the laboratory with garden-variety/every-day lab equipment???
A number 8 AWG (American Wire Gauge) copper wire has a diameter D = 0.1285 = 0.00162 m
(~ 1/8 = 0.125) and can easily carry I = 10 Amps of current through it.
The current density in an 8 AWG copper wire carrying a steady current of I = 10 Amps is:
4 I 4 10
J 8 AWG
I
2
2

a D 0.001632 2
4.8 106 Amps m2

The electrical conductivity of {pure} copper is: CCu 5.96 107 Siemens m .

If our long 1/8 diameter copper wire is L 1 m long, and if we can e.g. make a loop of ultra-
fine gauge wire that penetrates the surface of the wire and runs parallel to the surface, then if we
approximate the radial delta function a at a as ~ a narrow Gaussian of width
w ~ 10 1 nm 109 m (i.e. ~ the order of the inter-atomic distance/spacing of atoms in the copper
lattice { 3.61 }), noting also that the delta function a has physical SI units of inverse length
(i.e. m-1) and, neglecting the sign of the EMF, an estimate of the magnitude of the induced EMF is:

J 8 AWG Aloop J 8 AWG L w J 4.8 106 Amps m 2

Cu a w 8 AWG L 1 m 80 mV !!!
CCu CCu C
Cu
6 107 Siemens m

This size of an EMF is easily measureable with a modern DVM

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2005-2015. All Rights Reserved.
 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 1 Prof. Steven Errede

Using Ohms Law: V I R , note that the voltage drop Vdrop across a L 1 m length of
8 AWG copper wire with I 10 Amps of current flowing thru it is:

V 1m
drop I R1m I
CCu L
A wire


J 8 AWG Awire Cu
C
L
A wire


J 8 AWG
CCu
L Cu !!!

In other words, the induced EMF, J free Aloop C a in the one-turn loop coil of

length L {oriented as described above} is precisely equal to the voltage drop Vdrop J free C L
along a length L of a portion of the long wire with steady current I flowing through it, even though
the 1-turn loop coil is completely electrically isolated from the current-carrying wire!!!

This can be easily understood... Using Stokes theorem, the surface integral of E can be

converted to a line integral of E along a closed contour C bounding the surface of integration S ;

likewise, a surface integral of B t A t can be converted to a line integral of A t along
a closed contour C bounding the surface of integration S:

m B A A

E da E d
t

S t
da da
t C t
d

S C S

n.b.: V d 0
C

Then for any closed contour C associated with the surface S that encloses the Faraday law

E -function singularity at a , e.g. as shown in the figure below:

the induced EMF can thus also be calculated from the line integral C
E d taken around
the closed contour C. From the above discussion(s), the electric field inside (outside) the long


current-carrying wire is Ein J C Eout 0 , respectively {n.b. tangential E is
discontinuous across the boundary of a {volume} current-carrying conductor!}. Then:

16 Professor Steven Errede, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois

2005-2015. All Rights Reserved.
 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 1 Prof. Steven Errede

2 3 4 1
E d Ein12 d 12 E 23 d 23 Eoutside
3 4
d 34 E 41 d 41 E V12
C 1 2

3

4
J C E V12 0 0 0

The presence of a non-zero Faradays law E B t J free C a term at the surface


of the long current-carrying wire implies that the induced EMF J free Aloop C a can also
be viewed as arising from the mutual inductance M Henrys associated with the long wire and the coil
{oriented as described above}, and a non-zero I t :

I J free A
loop
m B Aloop
M a
t t t C

We can obtain a relation between B t and I t using the integral form of Amperes law:

C Bd o I encl . Taking the partial derivative of both

sides of this equation with respect to time:
B

t
C
B d

C t
I
d o encl
t
The contour of integration C needs to be taken just outside the surface of the long wire, along

the -direction, since B at a , i.e. d in order to include the non-zero Faradays law
effect at the surface of the long wire.

B o I J I
2 a B 2 a J
a or: a
free free
Then:
t 2 a t C t o t o C

I J free A
loop
m B Aloop
Then: M a
t t t C
Aloop
Solving for the mutual inductance, we obtain a rather simple result: M o Henrys
2 a

Note that the mutual inductance, M involves the magnetic permeability of free space
o 4 107 Henrys m {n.b. which has SI units of inductance/length} and geometrical
aspects {only!} of the wire (its radius, a) and the cross-sectional area of the loop, Aloop .

What is astonishing {and unique} r.e. the induced Faradays law EMF J free Aloop C a
associated with a long, steady current-carrying wire is that normal induced EMFs only occur in electrical
circuits that operate at non-zero frequencies, i.e. f 0 Hz . However, here, in this problem, we have an
example of a DC induced EMF i.e. an induced EMF that occurs at f 0 Hz , arising from the non-zero


Faradays law effect E B t J free C a due to the longitudinal E -field discontinuity
at the surface a of a long, steady current-carrying wire!!!

Professor Steven Errede, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 17

2005-2015. All Rights Reserved.
 UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 1 Prof. Steven Errede

Instead of using a long wire to carry a steady current I to observe this effect, one might instead
consider using e.g. a long, hollow steady current-carrying pipe of inner (outer) radius a, (b) respectively.
Following the above methodology, one can easily show that for such a long, hollow current-carrying

pipe, two opposing non-zero Faraday law E radial -function contributions occur one located at
the a inner surface, and the other located at the b outer surface of the long hollow current-
carrying pipe:



E B t J free C a b
The E -field is:


E V A t J free C 1 a b z

1 for a
where: a is the complement of the Heaviside step function, such that:
0 for a
d x dx x and: x t dt where: x is the Dirac delta-function.
x

Hence, a 1-turn coil {oriented as described above} enclosing the a inner surface .and.
the b outer surface of a current-carrying hollow pipe will have a null induced EMF, i.e.
0 due to the wire loop simultaneously enclosing the two opposing non-zero Faraday law

E radial -function contributions, one located at a , the other at b :

B Aloop J free A
loop
m

t

t

C
a b 0
In general, any penetration/hole made into the metal conductor of a long, steady current-

carrying wire will result in a non-zero Faraday law E -function on the boundary/surface of

that penetration/hole! Since the current density J free 0 in the penetration/hole, E 0 there and

thus a discontinuity in E exists on the boundary of the penetration/hole, hence a non-zero

Faraday law E -function exists on the boundary of the penetration/hole!
This fact {unfortunately} has important ramifications for the experimental detection /
observation of the predicted non-zero DC induced EMF in a coil {oriented as described above},
Embedding a portion of a physical wire loop inside the long, steady current-carrying wire
requires making a penetration/hole {no matter how small} into the wire, which will result in a

non-zero Faraday law E -function on the boundary/surface of that penetration/hole in the

wire! Thus, the wire loop will in fact enclose not only the Faraday law E radial singularity at
a on the surface of the wire, but will also enclose another, opposing singularity located on
the boundary/surface of the penetration/hole made into the long wire {which was made to embed
a portion of the wire loop in a long, steady current-carrying wire in the first place}, thus
experimentally, a null induced EMF, i.e. 0 is expected/anticipated, because of this
Hence, in the real world of experimental physics, it appears that embedding a portion of a real wire
loop in a long, steady current-carrying wire in an attempt to observe this effect is doomed to failure

18 Professor Steven Errede, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois

2005-2015. All Rights Reserved.