Global Business Languages

Volume 18 Goals, Results, and Success Article 8

2013

Differences between Academic and Business

Writing
Flix S. Vsquez
College of Charleston, [email protected]

Follow this and additional works at: http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/gbl

Recommended Citation
Vsquez, Flix S. (2013) "Differences between Academic and Business Writing," Global Business Languages: Vol. 18 , Article 8.
Available at: http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/gbl/vol18/iss1/8

Copyright 2013 by Purdue Research Foundation. Global Business Languages is produced by Purdue CIBER. http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/gbl

This is an Open Access journal. This means that it uses a funding model that does not charge readers or their institutions for access. Readers may freely
read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles. This journal is covered under the CC BY-NC-ND license.
Differences between Academic and Business Writing
Cover Page Footnote
This article is derived from my presentation at the 2013 CIBER Business Language Conference in
Bloomington, IN. I would also like to express my gratitude to the anonymous readers for their suggestions.

This article is available in Global Business Languages: http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/gbl/vol18/iss1/8

Flix S. Vsquez
College of Charleston

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
ACADEMIC AND BUSINESS WRITING

Abstract
Most upper-division courses taken by foreign language majors and minors
in US colleges and universities involve some form of academic writing.
Students who transpose this writing style to the business setting risk being
unsuccessful. The purpose of this article is to highlight how these styles of
writing differ so that language instructors teaching business courses in depart-
ments of modern languages can better prepare students for the needs of the
twenty-first-century workplace. Our students need to be taught explicitly the
differences and given an opportunity to practice the business style of writing.

Keywords: Spanish for Specific Purposes, foreign language learning, busi-

ness writing, international business education

The Spanish-speaking population is a fast growing segment in the world at

large and especially in the United States.1 A report released by the US Cen-
sus Bureau shows that in 2010 the US Hispanic population was growing at
three times the rate of the overall population (Ennis, Ros-Vargas, & Albert,
2011). According to Jeff Humphreys, author of the 2012 annual Multicultural
Economy report from the Selig Center for Economic Growth at the University
of Georgia, the purchasing power of Hispanics in the United States was $1.2
trillion in 2012.
The New Yorkbased marketing analysis firm Nielsen has projected
that this number will reach $1.5 trillion by 2015, soon making the Hispanic
community the worlds ninth largest economy, which prompted Monica Gil,
a Nielsen vice-president to say Any company that wants to develop and
grow in the United States has to attract the Hispanic consumer (Hispanic
Purchasing Power, 2012). As entrepreneurs and corporate executives across
the country are awakening to the economic importance of the Hispanic com-
munity, companies serious about attracting the US and international Hispanic
population as consumers want their new employees to possess a high level
1 This article is derived from my presentation at the 2013 CIBER Business Language

Conference in Bloomington, Indiana (March 2123, 2013).

Global Business Languages (2013)

97
98 VSQUEZ

of proficiency in Spanish. They seek professionals who have solid writing

skills and mastery of a wide spectrum of company communication genres,
such as emails, memos, sales materials, contracts, training materials; profes-
sionals who can also produce professional quality presentations and reports
in Spanish.
In the world of business, if international managers and some members
of their staff do not possess strong language skills, the negative economic
impact can be serious (Economist Intelligence Unit, 2012). The real cost
of mishandling language barriers is the loss of trust that can occur if the
linguistic gap is not satisfactorily bridged and the message is distorted. Ulti-
mately, this poor communication can result in a delay or a failure to deliver
the products and services requested that causes companies to lose potential
clients as well as current customers. Some research shows that language
barriers cost companies more than the money that would be required to pay
professional translators and interpreters or trained bilingual technical writ-
ers, options some organizations choose to bridge the linguistic gap (Harzing,
Kster, & Magner, 2011).
Besides tarnishing the image of the company, deficient writing skills in
Spanish can have a negative impact on productivity when employees from
overseas branches and international clients must re-read, perhaps several
times, poorly written material to decipher the intended meaning. The outcome
can even be disastrous if the poorly drafted document deals with safety mea-
sures or proper handling of products and equipment. Referring to the training
materials that some clients require in their native language, the Language Flag-
ship organization states in a recent report on global skills needed in business
that [m]isunderstandings or mistakes in conveying that type of information
cost time, relationships, and money (Language Flagship, 2009). For these
reasons, business professionals need to be able to communicate well not only
verbally in person but also in writing.
Today most of the upper-division courses taken by foreign language ma-
jors, minors, and heritage students in colleges and universities in the United
States are centered on developing the oral communication skills and some
academic writing skills in the second language. While these are worthwhile
goals to pursue, if departments of modern languages want to play a more
significant role in forming professionals to meet the real demands of global-
ization, some changes are called for.
This article will compare and contrast both styles of writing, business and
academic, in terms of typical content, genres, structure, purposes, readership,
ACADEMIC AND BUSINESS WRITING 99

format, tone, style, as well as ownership and typical life span. Business lan-
guage instructors in departments of modern languages must recognize that the
writing their majors and minors will be required to do on the job is different
from most academic writing they are practicing in humanities classes. They
must understand that effective business writing is essential for their students
individual career advancement as well as success in business operations. With
this greater awareness and understanding, business language instructors are
better equipped to propose curricular changes at the program level or make
adjustments to the course(s) they teach to better prepare their students.
In modern language departments in the United States, it is still often the
case that after much grammar instruction, majors and minors are required
to take a core composition course. This is generally the one and only course
students take that is centered on writing skills per se. In such a course, foreign
language instructors often assign topics that incorporate rhetorical devices,
such as description, narration, exposition, definition, analysis and classifica-
tion, comparison and contrast, and cause and effect (Reichelt, Lefkowitz,
Rinnert, & Schultz, 2012). Students are taught to construct an argumentative
essay. The models provided typically come from the literary world: texts
by famous poets, short story writers, novelists, and essayists. After all, great
poets often express their feelings in their descriptions, while short story writ-
ers entertain us with their narrations, and essayists express their viewpoints
on profound issues. Students are asked to write multiple drafts and obtain
ample feedback before the final product is due.
Most workplace writing is primarily transactional in nature: it affects all
those involved; it seeks to inform and often recommend a course of action
(Severson, n.d.). Thus, it must be clear, complete, coherent, concise, and
compelling. Furthermore, it must be well organized and visually effective so
that reading will be quick and easy. For much of written communication in
business, employees do not have the time or luxury of writing multiple drafts.
Mastery of grammar is taken for granted by the employer. The opportunity
to fix errors under the patient guidance of a colleague seldom exists. Recent
graduates are expected to know how to write well and get it right the first
time, with little supervision.
What does it mean for us as instructors? We need to rethink how we teach
writing. Spanish for business textbooks on the market typically introduce
students to the terminology associated with companies, products, services,
human resources, marketing and trade, banking and finance, international
business, import and export, etc. For each of these content areas, the same
100 VSQUEZ

format is adopted: a reading is followed by a series of activities aimed at

checking comprehension and practicing new terms. Cultural information
is often added as supplemental, not always fully integrated, and at times
overgeneralized. The chapter then concludes with a model business letter
that students are instructed to rewrite, changing a few facts, a name and a
date, or substituting, for example, an order of office paper for one of pens
and staples. In other cases, students are told to write a letter very different
in content, purpose, and tone from the sample business letter in the chapter,
without further guidance. A third type of activity commonly found is to ask
students to translate a letter from English to Spanish, overlooking the fact
that accurate translation is a combination of skills that takes years to develop.
Thus, the different genres of business writing are not closely examined. In
the end, the process of communicating in writing in the business environment
is hardly discussed.
It would be incorrect to argue that business writing shares nothing with
academic writing. Indeed, they have several characteristics in common: both
need clarity, purpose for writing, and familiarity with the reader, for instance.
Other fundamentals are organization in a logical and convincing manner, and
using the amount of space appropriate to adequately cover their points. Also,
both forms of writing have in common the use of the same general vocabulary
and grammatical rules, with the exception that ads sometimes intentionally
break rules to create a desired effect.
As mentioned earlier, academic writing in advanced-level courses in many
departments of modern languages consists of essays and research papers,
as well as exams, often related to civilization and literature. These are the
most common genres. The main purposes for such writing are for students
to explore topics related to cultural issues and literary topics discussed in
these upper-level courses, present their personal views, or demonstrate that
they understood the concepts taught. The reader is the instructor, who is an
expert in the field or, at the very least, knows more about the topic than the
student does. He or she evaluates the work and returns the assignment with
a grade that reflects how well the student has understood the material, argued
a viewpoint, or researched a topic. Such exploratory writing focused on the
development of thought is often described as a writing to learn. Organization
is important, but somewhat flexible, allowing for some individual expression.
Business writing encompasses different genres: e-mails, memos, let-
ters, work orders, contracts, company brochure, sales materials, manuals,
proposals, presentations, reports, and business and marketing plans. While
ACADEMIC AND BUSINESS WRITING 101

in academic writing, at the undergraduate level, many essays share a similar

structure (introduction with thesis, body, and conclusion), business writing in
each of these genres has its own structure and often a somewhat rigid format,
and readers expect those to be followed closely.
Because it arises in response to a different set of problems and needs,
business writing serves different purposes. This form of writing frequently
focuses on conveying concrete facts, offering recommendations, and instruct-
ing the audience on a specific course of action. Generally business writers do
not write to learn, to demonstrate that they have acquired some knowledge
(Severson, n.d.).
Business writing may need to convince others, but the context and style
are unlike those of the argumentative essay. A resume and a letter of presen-
tation have to persuade a potential employer to offer an interview. A report
has to persuade employees to follow certain procedures in order to improve
performance or correct errors or problems in the company. A letter may try
to persuade a customer to purchase a product or service.
Readership in the business environment may be managers, employees,
customers, technicians and engineers, regulatory agencies and lawyers,
stockholders, even the media, i.e., persons inside or outside of the organi-
zation (Severson, n.d.). There can be one single type of reader or multiple
readers addressed simultaneously in the same document. On the other hand,
in academic writing, students are seldom expected to target multiple audi-
ences, particularly concurrently, and instructors seldom share undergraduate
students writing with others.
The format in the academic papers second language learners produce
in civilization and literature courses typically follows the requirements
prescribed by the instructor, usually one-inch margins, double-spaced,
twelve-point font, with the minimum or maximum number of words or pages
specified. Usually visual appeal is not given much consideration or value.
In contrast, Severson (n.d.) observed that professional business writers
often design their documents to be easily scanned and skimmed, allowing for
readings at different paces. Empty space is strategically incorporated to help
focus the readers attention. With the use of headings and subheadings as well
as bullet points, they also deliberately make the structure of their documents
more apparent. Tables, graphs, pictures, and other visual elements facilitating
reading further are more common.
Yet another aspect in which the two styles of writing differ is tone. It
expresses the writers attitude. In language programs, for several semesters
102 VSQUEZ

students are prompted to write primarily about themselves and their limited
perspective. This use of the first person mirrors the natural language acquisi-
tion progression. In more advanced courses, students recognize that in research
papers the tone is usually formal, authoritative, and often more detached, but
inadvertently, they occasionally incorporate informal expressions and idioms
that they have heard in a conversational context, possibly picked up during a
study abroad stay, unaware that these are more appropriate in the colloquial
oral register than in writing.
In business writing, the choice of tone varies with the content of the mes-
sage, the situation, and the target reader or readers. The tone used to inform
customers about a new product differs greatly from that used in a letter
demanding immediate payment, from that of a memo informing employees
of a new policy, or a message aimed at persuading them to adopt a new
business practice. The tone is adjusted to what the writer might perceive as
the readers attitudes and values. Achieving the right tone is very important
since this often determines whether or not a reader will be convinced to take
action. When business writers inadvertently choose an inappropriate tone for
their texts, it can lead to costly misunderstandings.
Business writing also frequently needs to be more condensed and con-
cise than academic writing (Harvard Business, 2003), particularly when the
primary purpose of the business document is to communicate hard facts.
This is a significant difference in style. Chatty texts and the inclusion of
filler sentences are more than a mere annoyance in business communica-
tions. Time is money. Simplicity and being straightforward are particularly
valued, but this does not mean that the writing is mediocre. In their writing
of business letters, our language majors tend to produce texts that are wordy,
and include much unnecessary information. Increasingly with the expansion
of digital communications, a concise style with content that is precise and
clearly presented is expected.
On the other hand, to further develop their awareness of the variety of
business genres, students should also analyze authentic ads in the second
language, to discover the salient features of the language of advertising.
This is another genre of business writing that differs significantly from the
academic writing they normally practice. In advertising each word is care-
fully selected for maximum impact, and traditional rules of syntax are often
broken, making the message more memorable. Advertisers often play with the
language and are the source of many innovations that are later incorporated
in the general lexicon.
ACADEMIC AND BUSINESS WRITING 103

Finally, our students must be aware that ownership and life span of the
text are other essential differences. At the university, undergraduate students
own their writing, but in business, the company or organization owns what is
produced by its employees, some of which may be proprietary or confidential
information that must be protected. Business documents may even end up
as evidence in legal proceedings. Also, documents with business content are
often stored on electronic databases and can be used over an indefinite period
of time with the content mined long after the document was produced for use
in long-term studies or for comparative ends.
On the other hand, college papers written by most undergraduates have a
limited life span, typically that of the duration of one course. When instruc-
tors hand the assignments back, some need to be polished and submitted a
second time after attempting to address the needs expressed by the course
instructor. Then they often find their way to the recycling bin. (Severson, n.d.)

Conclusion
Many of our students will be hired in positions where they will need to basi-
cally set aside their academic writing style and adopt a workplace style. When
we consider teaching business writing to non-native speakers and heritage
students, we need to ask ourselves not only what knowledge they need, but
also what skills these learners need to acquire to produce effective documents
within the specific business environment.
It would be ideal to create composition courses that guide students to
understand and practice how to write within their chosen major field, in our
case, a course specifically designed to prepare students of Spanish for the
demand of writing in that professional business context. Students transposing
the writing style they have learned and practiced in the traditional curriculum
risk being unsuccessful when applying those same techniques to business.
In business, poor writing skills reflect negatively not just on the person who
wrote the message, but also on the company as a whole.
Our students need to be taught explicitly the differences between academic
and business writing, and given an opportunity to practice extensively the
business style of writing used in the cultural and linguistic community with
which they will work. Business language instructors need to expose students
to a greater variety of business genres and model how to appropriately address
multiple audiences, sometimes simultaneously. They should help students
become more proficient in using different formatting, and might consider
designing activities to practice economy of words, and maintain the tone and
104 VSQUEZ

level of formality in the documents. These recommendations overlap in part

with what Reichelt, Lefkowitz, Rinnert, and Schultz (2012) have identified
as key issues in foreign language writing.
Effective written communication in business requires the development of
many skills and competencies in language learners currently not addressed in
the textbooks on the market. And, although this is not specifically addressed
in this article, culture should not be overlooked. As was pointed out by the
HuffPost Latino Voices (2012) and Llopis (2013), to successfully tap into the
Latino market, the focus should be dual: on language and culture.

Acknowledgments
I would like to express my gratitude to the anonymous readers for their
suggestions.

REFERENCES

Blanco Canales, A., & Villarrubia Ziga, M. S. (2005). Negocios: Manual

de espaol profesional. Alcal: Universidad de Alcal.
Borrs, G. (2000). Spanish for business. Boston, MA: Heinle & Heinle.
Carney, C., & Coria-Snchez, C. (2011). Entre socios: Espaol para el mundo
profesional. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Davis, K. W. (2010). Business writing and communication (2nd ed.). New
York: McGraw-Hill.
Doyle, M. S., Fryer, T. B., & Cere, R. (2011). xito comercial (5th ed.).
Boston, MA: Heinle Cengage Learning.
Economist Intelligence Unit. (2012, April 25). Competing across borders:
How cultural and communication barriers affect business. The Economist.
Retrieved March 20, 2013, from http://www.managementthinking.eiu.
com/competing-across-borders.html
Ennis, S. R., Ros-Vargas, M., & Albert, N. G. (2011). The Hispanic popula-
tion: 2010. U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistic Ad-
ministration. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved July 28, 2013, from http://
www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-04.pdf
Harvard Business School Press (Comp.). (2003). Business communication
(Harvard Business Essentials Series). Boston, MA: Harvard Business
School Press.
ACADEMIC AND BUSINESS WRITING 105

Harzing, A.-W., Kster, K., & Magner, U. (2011). Babel in business: The lan-
guage barrier and its solutions in the HQ-subsidiary relationship. Journal
of World Business, 46(3), 27987.
Hispanic purchasing power surges in US: Study. (2012, December 12). His-
panicBusiness.com. From Agence France-Presse. Retrieved August 2,
2013, from http://www.capitol-radio.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/
Hispanic-Purchasing-Power-Surges-In-US_-Study-HispanicBusiness.
com_.pdf
HuffPost Latino Voices. (2012, March 29). Advertising to Hispanics: The
answer is in balancing language and cultural signals. The Huffington Post.
Retrieved July 28, 2013, from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/03/29/
advertising-hispanic-language-culture_n_1385353.html
Humphreys, J. M. (2012). Hispanic consumer market in the U.S. is larger
than the entire economies of all but 13 countries in the world, according to
annual UGA Selig Center multicultural economy study. Retrieved July 28,
2013, from http://www.terry.uga.edu/news/releases/hispanic-consumer-
market-in-the-u.s.-is-larger-than-the-entire-economies-of
Jarvis, A. C., & Lebredo, L. (1996). Spanish for business and finance (5th
ed.). Lexington: D. C. Heath.
Language Flagship. (2009). What business wants: Language needs in the
21st century. Washington, DC. Retrieved July 28, 2013, from http://www.
thelanguageflagship.org/images/documents/what_business_wants_re-
port_final_7_09.pdf
Lzaro, O. J., Prada Segovia, M. de, & Zaragoza Andreu, A. (2002). En equipo.
es: Curso de espaol de los negocios. Madrid: Edinumen.
Llopis, G. (2013, May 13). Capturing the Hispanic market will require
more than a total market strategy. Forbes.com. Retrieved July 28, 2013,
from http://www.forbes.com/sites/glennllopis/2013/05/13/capturing-the-
hispanic-market-will-require-more-than-a-total-market-strategy/
Pareja, M. J. (2005). Temas de empresa. Madrid: Edinumen.
Pascal, N. R., & Rojas, M. (1996). Relaciones comerciales. Lexington: D.C.
Heath.
Purdue OWL. (2010). Purdue University Writing Lab. Retrieved March 15,
2013, from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/
Reichelt, M., Lefkowitz, N., Rinnert, C., & Schultz, J. M. (2012). Key issues
in foreign language writing. Foreign Language Annals, 45(1), 2241.
106 VSQUEZ

Sallese, N. F., & Ortiz Griffin, J. (1988). Espaol prctico para negocios.
Englewood Cliffs: Prentice.
Severson, R. (n.d.). Differences between academic and business writing.
University of Oregon. Retrieved March 16, 2013, from http://darkwing.
uoregon.edu/~ddusseau/101/199/199differences.htm