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Me 2560 Statics: Chapter VIII. Internal Forces

This document discusses internal forces in structural members like beams. It introduces the method of sections, which can be used to determine the internal normal forces, shear forces, and bending moments in a beam when it is subjected to external loads. The normal forces act perpendicular to the beam's cross-section, the shear forces act parallel to the cross-section, and bending moments cause the beam to bend. Shear and bending moment diagrams can be created to show how these internal forces vary along the length of a beam based on the external loads applied.

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Travis Shivley
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75 views

Me 2560 Statics: Chapter VIII. Internal Forces

This document discusses internal forces in structural members like beams. It introduces the method of sections, which can be used to determine the internal normal forces, shear forces, and bending moments in a beam when it is subjected to external loads. The normal forces act perpendicular to the beam's cross-section, the shear forces act parallel to the cross-section, and bending moments cause the beam to bend. Shear and bending moment diagrams can be created to show how these internal forces vary along the length of a beam based on the external loads applied.

Uploaded by

Travis Shivley
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ME2560 Statics Fall 2014

ME 2560 STATICS
Chapter VIII. Internal Forces

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Chapter VIII. Internal Forces
ME2560 Statics Fall 2014

1.Internal Forces Developed in Structural Members


Designing any mechanical member requires an investigation of the loads
acting within the element to ensure that the material will be able to
support such loads.

The determination of these internal loads can be achieved by using the


method of sections.

Determination of the internal forces in a beam.


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Chapter VIII. Internal Forces
ME2560 Statics Fall 2014
Segments AC and CB were in equilibrium before the beam was
sectioned. Thus, the equilibrium of each segment is maintained provided
the rectangular force components NC and Vc and the resultant couple
moment MC are developed at the section.
These loadings must be equal in magnitude and opposite in direction on
each of the segments. The magnitude of each of these loadings can be
calculated by applying the three equations of equilibrium to either
segment AC or CB.
The force components N, acting normal to the beam at the cut section,
and V, acting tangent to the section, are the normal or axial force and
the shear force. The couple moment M is the bending moment.

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Chapter VIII. Internal Forces
ME2560 Statics Fall 2014
In 3-D, a general internal force and couple moment resultant will act at
the section. The x, y, z components of these loadings are shown below.
Ny is the normal force, and Vx and Vz are shear force components. My is
a torsional or twisting moment, and Mx and Mz are bending moment
components. For most applications, these resultant loadings will act at
the geometric center or centroid (C) of the sections cross-sectional area.

Normal and shear forces and torsional and bending moments.


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Chapter VIII. Internal Forces
ME2560 Statics Fall 2014
FreeBody Diagrams
Trusses are composed of two-force members that only support normal
loads.
Frames and machines are composed of multiforce members, and so
each of these members will generally be subjected to internal normal,
shear, and bending loadings.
In order to determine the internal loadings in the frame shown below at
the sections cut by the line H, G, and F, the initial step would require to
draw a freebody diagram of the top portion of this section.

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Chapter VIII. Internal Forces
ME2560 Statics Fall 2014
At each point where a member is sectioned there is an unknown normal
force, shear force, and bending moment, thus, it is impossible to apply
the three equations of equilibrium to this section in order to obtain these
nine unknowns.
To solve this problem it is necessary to disassemble the frame and
determine the reactions at the connections of the members. After this,
each member may then be sectioned at its appropriate point, and the
three equations of equilibrium can be applied to determine N, V, and M.

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Chapter VIII. Internal Forces
ME2560 Statics Fall 2014

2.Shear and Moment Equations and Diagrams


Beams are structural members designed to support loadings applied
perpendicular to their axes.
Beams are usually long, straight bars with constant cross-sectional area.
Beams are usually classified as to how they are supported:
Simply supported beam. Pinned at one end and roller-supported at the
other
Cantilevered beam is fixed at one end and free at the other.

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Chapter VIII. Internal Forces
ME2560 Statics Fall 2014
Why we need to know shear force and bending moment in a beam.
The design of a beam requires a detailed knowledge of the variation of
the internal shear force V and bending moment M acting at each point
along the axis of the beam.
After the force and bending-moment analysis is done, the theory of
mechanics of materials and an appropriate engineering design code can
be used to determine the beams required cross-sectional area.

How to obtain a relation between V and M in terms of x


The variations of V and M in terms of the position x along the beams
axis are obtained using the method of sections.
To apply this method we section the beam at an arbitrary distance x
from one end rather than at a specified point.
The plots will show graphical variations of V and M as functions of x
and are named shear diagram and bending-moment diagram.

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Chapter VIII. Internal Forces
ME2560 Statics Fall 2014

Shear force and bending moment diagrams.

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Chapter VIII. Internal Forces
ME2560 Statics Fall 2014
Sign Convention
The choice of a sign convention is arbitrary. However, we will adopt
the following convention:

Normal Force (N) will be considered


positive when generates tension.

Shear Force (V) will be considered


positive when causes the beam segment
where it acts to rotate clockwise .

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Chapter VIII. Internal Forces
ME2560 Statics Fall 2014

Bending Moment (M) will be


considered positive when the segment on
which it acts tends to bend in a concave
upward manner.
A positive bending moment creates
compression at the top of the beam and
tension at the bottom of the beam.

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Chapter VIII. Internal Forces

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