MILLER COMMITTEE REPORT

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE APPOINTED TO CONSIDER STEPS

NECESSARY FOR THE ADEQUATE REPRESENTATION OF
COMMUNITIES IN THE PUBLIC SERVICE.

Our committee was constituted under Government Order No. E. A. G.

308, dated 23rd August 1918, in which it was desired that a report should be
submitted to the Government in two months from the date of the order. We
held meetings on the 3rd September 1918, 11th and 12th March and 24th
and 25th June 1919. At the first meeting it was due to the length of time
required for their compilation that an extension of the period allotted to our
deliberations had to be obtained. After the meetings in March at which some
members of the Committee were absent, it became necessary to circulate a
draft of the resolutions arrived at those meetings, and this produced some
fresh suggestions and opinions, it then became necessary to hold another
meeting and this could not be held before June owing to the absence of the
President of the Committee from the State. Our best thanks are due to the
Government for the information supplied to us. The tables containing the
information are printed at the end of this report as appendices.
2. Terms of reference :- The Government Order states that there is at
present a large preponderance of the Brahmin Community in the public
service, and that it is the desire of the Government that the other
communities in the State should be adequately represented therein. Our
committee was appointed to investigate and report on the question as to what
steps should be taken to encourage the members of the important
communities other than the Brahmin Community to seek employment under
the Government in larger numbers. The specific questions we are required to
consider are the following.

Changes needed, if any, in the existing rules of recruitment in the public

service.
Special Facilities to encourage higher and professional education among
member of the backward communities.
Any other special measures which may be taken to increase the
representation of the backward communities in the public services, without
materially affecting efficiency, due regard being paid also to the general
good accruing to the State by a wider diffusion of education and a leading of
increased status which, it is expected, will thereby be produced in the
backward communities.
 3. Definition of Backward communities :- By backward
communities, we understand generally those castes or communities coming
under a general head of caste or community as enumerated in the Census
Report of 1911, which contain less than 5 percent of literates in English. The
Indian Christian, Mudaliar and Pillay communities are also included for
certain purposes in the backward communities by view of Government
Order No-89-10-90-Edn. 96-1-1, dated 8th May 1917, and Government
letter No. 3919-Edn. 42 17, dated 13th October 1917. It will thus be seen
that the term backward classes is recognized to include all the communities
in the State other than the Brahmin. The Europeans and Anglo-Indians who
have English for their mother-tongue will of course be excluded by that fact.
We have in these circumstances dealt with the matters referred to us in
accordance with this classification. The European and Anglo-Indian servants
of the State are few in number and do not materially affect the questions
under consideration. For practical purposes, therefore we divide the
communities in to two groups only Brahmins and Others, but in fixing the
proportion of appointments between the Brahmin and the other castes, it
seems to us that the appointments held by European and Anglo-Indians
should be excluded from the total number of appointments, and that the
remaining appointments alone should form the basis for the distribution.
It will be understood therefore that in the report when we use the
expression backward classes, we mean all communities other than Brahmins
and Europeans and Anglo Indians. A third class included in the backward
classes is the depressed classes to them we refer in particular in some
places, and include them in general among the backward classes.
4. Recommendations include menial and inferior services :- We
assume, having regard to the third paragraph of Government Order No.
1069-1118-E. A. G. 247, dated 25th September 1918, that the menial and
inferior services are not to be taken in to account in compiling the returns of
appointments given to backward communities and our recommendations do
not refer to these branches of the service.
5. No need to justify our recommendations :- From the returns of
the Government Order dated 23rd August 1918, our task appears to be to
suggest some suitable means by which the object of the Government to
secure larger representation of the backward communities in the service of
the Government may be effected without materially affecting the efficiency
of the service, remembering at the same time that the efficiency of the
service as is ordinarily understood is not the only end in the view, but that
due regard should also be paid to the general efficiency of the State as
measured by the social and educational results of a proper distribution of
high offices among the different communities. We refrain from discussing
the causes which have led to the existing preponderances of Brahmins in the
services, or the effect of this preponderance on the services and the people of
the State, because we understand from the order that the Government are
convinced of the necessity of making a change in this respect and no
arguments of ours are necessary to support that conviction.
6. What is adequate representation :- proceeding then on the basis
that in the distribution of the public offices of the State, the communities
other than the Brahmin are not adequately represented, we have first to
arrive at a conclusion what is adequate representation. The Census Report
of 1911 shows that the Brahmins number 1,94,570 out of a total population
of 57,01,579. The depressed classes viz. the Panchamas, Madigas, etc. form
a population of 10,43,807 (vide G.O. dated: 8th May 1917). Even if we
exclude the depressed classes who may not be expected to enter the superior
service in any numbers for some years to come, the Brahmins from only
1-22nd of the rest of the population. These figures doubtless indicate that
there is room for a considerable dimmution in the representation of the
Brahmin community in the public services. We recognize that population is
not the only factor to be taken in to consideration, and that one important
factor is the maintenance of the efficiency of the services. Efficiency,
however, is not to be measured solely or even mainly by academic
qualifications and it will not be denied that there are many important
branches of the administration in which other qualities such as sympathy,
honesty of purpose, energy and common sense go as far to make an efficient
officer as literary superiority. We do not wish to suggest that the Brahmin
community is deficient in these qualities, but it cannot and does not claim a
greater share of them than other communities, while its superiority at present
in the capacity to obtain academic distinctions can hardly be questioned.
Again under the present system of Government, the officers of the
Government in the higher grades of the service have necessarily much
influence in shaping the policy of the administration, and the efficiency of
the services viewed as machines for securing the even and uniform progress
of the State, is likely to be increased by the presence, in their ranks, of
officers of different communities. And viewed from the point of view of the
services themselves, it is likely that their efficiency will be advanced by
promoting a greater feeling of equality among officers and by relieving those
who are in the minority of the feeling that their interests are likely to suffer
at the hands of the majority. For the fact cannot be ignored that an officer in
the exercise of his duty of making appointments and promotions finds it
easier to see the values of his own community than those of others.
 We think that a large increase in the proportion of officers drawn
from communities other than the Brahmin may safely be advocated without
any fear that the efficiency of the service as a whole will thereby be
materially reduced. We recognize that this increase cannot be suddenly made
without risk of dislocation of the Administration or injustice to present
incumbents of offices, and after giving good deal of consideration and
discussion to the matter, we have determined in to recommend to the
Government to fix a period of seven years within which to reach what, for
the time, may be regarded as adequate representation. If by the end of this
period not more than half of the higher appointments, administrative and
ministerial, be held by Brahmin and not more than one third of the
subordinate appointments, we think, that the question of adequate
representation will be answered for the time.
Our colleague, Mr. Ranga Iyengar, is of opinion that it is undesirable
to fix any definite proportion, and that it must be left to the Government to
see that the increase in the representation is fair and adequate according to
their own views of adequacy, but the majority of us think that the hands of
the Government will be strengthened if a minimum be fixed up to which
they can require all dispensers of official patronage to work. Without it, we
fear that the object in view is less likely to be gained in a reasonable time.
Mr. Ranga Iyengar, agrees with the rest of us that if any period and any
proportion have to be fixed, those which we are suggesting are reasonable
and suitable.
7. Representation to be general in all grades :- We think it essential
that the distribution of the proportion fixed should be made equally in all
grades and departments of the service, and we believe that the best, if not the
only way to secure the continuance of a proper representation of those which
are not Brahmin, in the highest offices. If that is done, there is little fear that
inequalities will be allowed to recur in the lower ranks, and what inequalities
there may be will soon adjust themselves. Moreover we are of opinion that
the proportion is maintained in the grade of Assistant Commissioners it
should be maintained also among the officers of those grades serving in the
Secretariat, and it should be maintained among Heads of Departments and
Secretaries to the Government and we venture to think it should be the rule
to maintain it in the Executive Council itself.
By the higher appointments to which we recommend the application
of the rule of equality in seven years, we mean, those whether executive or
ministerial, which carry a salary classed as Rs. 50-100 or a higher salary.
The lower appointments to which we propose the rule of 2/3 and 1/3 within
seven, years are those below that grade and also especially the subordinate
executive grades whether the pay reaches or does not reach Rs. 100, offices
such as those of Police and Excise Inspectors, Shekdars and the lower
executive officers in such departments as the Agricultural, Public Works and
Co-operative Departments it is these officers who come most frequently in
contact in their Official capacity with all classes of the people of the State
and from the point of view of general administration it seems desirable that
in these grades a full representation of all important communities should be
found.
8. Unnecessary to provide for separate representation for each
individual community: - It is not necessary at the present stage, to
complicate the problem by taking each separate community in to
consideration and trying to adjust its claims, nor could we do so
satisfactorily with the information at our disposal. For the present, is can be
seen from what is happening in Southern India, in spite of the numerical and
communal disparities of the different communities, still from the point of
common interests to be achieved, these communities fall roughly in to three
groups, 1) the Brahmins, 2) Other Caste Hindus, Mahomedans and Indian
Christians, and 3) the depressed classes. These may be taken as unitary
groups for the purposes of our report, as they are for other purposes.
In regard to the depressed classes we have suggested measures
elsewhere in the body of the report by which their interests can be promoted
and here we need say only that we are emphatically of opinion that those
among them who are qualified by education for the higher grades of service
should, for the present be preferred by to others when they are available. In
respect of the other two groups, we desire as mentioned above the
establishment of equality within the next seven years, which still leaves the
Brahmins in a position of undoubted advantage. The future will have to
determine itself on lines which we trust will be equitable and will lead to a
more harmonious and uniform developments of all classes. We believe that
our proposals represent a fair and adequate representation to which it will be
possible to work up in the case of the backward classes within the period of
seven years. We regard the period as the maximum to be permitted and the
proportion as the minimum to be achieved in the period.
9. The above is our principal recommendation and may here be
repeated. With in a period of not more than seven years not less than one-
half of the higher and two-thirds of the lower appointments in each grade of
the service and so far possible in each office are to be held by members of
communities other than the Brahmin community, preference being given to
duly qualified candidates of the depressed classes when such are available.
10. Measures to achieve this end : - We now discuss particular
means to be adopted by the Government to reduce the disparity between the
representation of the Brahmin and the other classes in the service and to
bring about the equalization within the fixed period. The measures which the
Government Order shows are at present adopted with a view to ensure the
larger employment in the public service of persons belonging to the
backward communities are :-
the grant of exemption from qualifying educational tests.
Preferential selection in the case of equal or nearly equal qualifications.
Relaxation of the severity of prescribed tests, and
Requiring the selection of a minimum proportion of the backward classes in
making appointments.
11. The statements appended in Part III of this report show that these
rules and measures, though not without value, have not as they are worked,
fulfilled the purpose they were expected to serve. The reservation of a fixed
or of the appointments as in the case of Probationers, etc., may not achieve
the object of equalizing the representation of communities and may even
produce contrary effect. We need only take two instances to show how the
reservation of a fixed proportion of appointments intended to equalize the
representation has in its working borne out the above assertion. Firstly the
order passed during the Commission days in 1874 and reiterated without any
modification in Circular No. 2138-98 dated 21st January 1895, during the
time of Mr. V.P. Madhava Rao, reserved 10th of the appointments in the
grades of Inspectors, SubInspectors, Head constables and other Hindus. In
Spite of this long-standing order, we find from a table in the appendices
about the officers in the Police Department that in 1918, out of 361 Officers,
191 were Brahmins, Secondly, since 1914 though the number of men
nominated by Government to the grade of Assistant Commissioner was
increased with a view to increase the representation of backward classes in
the civil service, the number of men selected through the Mysore Civil
Service Examination has also been raised, and in the result the backward
classes continue relatively where they were. Again till 1914 the number of
men promoted to Assistant Commissionerships was 3 or 4 each year. But
since 1915, this number has gone up to 10 or more each year and there is a
large preponderance of Brahmin among them. If we take Statement II in the
appendices and calculate the percentage of non-Brahmin appointments to the
total number of appointments in each grade during the year 1916,1917, and
1918 we find that the results obtained have not shown any progressive
reduction of the inequality each year, but on the other hand have actually
aggregated it year as will be clearly proved from the following table.

Salary Community 1916 1917 1918

 Rs. Non 32 28 26
50 to 100 Brahmin 68 72 74
. .
Brahmin
. .
100 to 250 Non 18 10 .14 18
. Brahmin 82 81. 86 82
.
Brahmin
. .
250 to 450 Non 31 22 24
. Brahmin 69 78 76
.
Brahmin
. .
450 to 800 Non 38. 5 36 33
. Brahmin 61.5 64 67
.
Brahmin
. .
800 and Non 18 24 20
upwards Brahmin 82 76 71
.
Brahmin
. .

Taking the class of appointments carrying a salary of Rs. 50 to 100, it

will be seen that the percentage of members of backward communities to the
total men in service in that grade in 1916 was 32 which was reduced to 28 in
1917 and further reduced to 26 in 1918. In the grade of Rs. 250 to 450, the
corresponding percentage was 31 in 1916 which reduced to 22 in 1971 and it
was 24 in 1918. We beg to draw attention in this connection to the practice
recently adopted in Madras of appointing men from different communities
for the post of the Deputy Tahsildar on lines approaching the proportion
basis which has a real tendency to equalize the representation. In our view,
the right course is to take the existing proportion of Brahmins to other
communities in each grade of appointments together with the percentage of
those communities to the total number of appointments in each grade and
reserve as many appointments in that grade as may be necessary to secure a
progressive reduction of inequality in each year and vary it each year
according to circumstances in order to attain the goal which we have
recommended. We see that there will be difficulty in the way of applying a
similar rule in the case of promotions, but we do not think the difficulties are
insurmountable.

PART II.

12. Special educational facilities. --- Having dealt with the matter
referred to us in some of its general aspects, we now propose to discuss the
three questions stated in paragraph 3 of the Government Order. Education
being the basic principle which tends to the harmonious equalization of the
representation of the different communities in public service, we propose to
take up first for consideration the second question which refers to special
facilities to encourage higher and professional education among members of
backward communities.
13. Primary educationSo far as primary education is concerned, our
recommendations relate to the depressed classes in particular and to the
other backward classes in general. We fully support the recent policy of
Government declaring that the pupils belonging to the depressed classes
should be freely admitted into all schools and that grants should be refused
to such schools as decline to admit them. At the same time we believe that
for the rapid expansion of education among these classes, a system of special
schools also should be developed. Great sympathy and care are required
from the teachers, if results of any value are to be expected. A system of
special Panchama schools with the teachers drawn from the Panchamas and
a special Inspectorate seems to us to be necessary to secure speedy results.
We deem it important that the Head of the Education Department and the
supervising agency generally should be selected with reference to their
sympathies and general attitude towards the depressed classes. A large
extension of the system of distributing small scholarships or doles will be
useful to overcome to some extent the reluctance of most of the parents to
spare their children to attend schools which they are unable to do in their
present condition. Such an extension should cover both the number and
value of scholarships. We also recommend the establishment in each district
of an institute like the Central Panchama Institute in Mysore with boarding
and special facilities for general and industrial education.
As for the other backward classes we recommend a wider expansion
of primary education by the establishment of more schools with competent
and better paid teachers and by the strengthening of the supervising staff.
This is an obvious recommendation and the Government are alive to the
importance of the question, the main difficulty in the way of adopting it is
the question of the provision of the necessary funds. As to this we think that
in the provision of funds for education and in making education free,
preference may be given to those kinds of education which are resorted to by
the backward communities even at the risk of stinting for a time the
requirements of higher education.
14. Secondary education.As regards secondary education, we are
anxious to see an early increase in the number of Lower Secondary Schools
of the Anglo Vernacular type. We prefer this type to the purely vernacular
type and we think that schools of the latter type might well be converted so
as to make English a compulsory subject in order to give equal opportunities
to the rural as well as to the urban population.
We are of opinion that all secondary schools and colleges should be
remodeled on a sort of polytechnic basis, so that those whose special
aptitudes lie in that study of manual arts may be enabled to reach the stages
of higher education with the assistance of their special aptitudes, and that
proficiency in the studies certified by a diploma or degree might properly
serve as a passport to the Government services. We cannot of course set out
here details of a scheme of this kind, but we think that if preferred as a part
of the scheme of general education, it would serve as a stimulus to members
of the backward classes to pursue their studies into the regions of higher
education, and that the efficiency of the general administration would be
increased by and admixture of officers with some practical acquaintance
with the difficulties and requirements of many of the people with whom
they have to deal, officers who may be expected to render perhaps greater
help in the material development of the country than university graduates in
arts and theoretical sciences.
15. Fair proportion of teachers to be of the backward classes- It is
necessary to have in all the secondary schools and indeed in all schools
where the number of teachers is more than two, a fair proportion of teachers
recruited from the backward classes so as to ensure for their pupils a
sympathetic treatment. This goal, can, we think, be reached without any
delay and without impairing departmental efficiency either by giving
preference to qualified teachers of the backward classes or, should there be
and insufficient number of these, by exempting temporarily members of
these classes from the stringent operation of the rules restricting recruitment
to natives of Mysore, And it might be worth-while, we think, to grant special
or extra allowances to teachers of the backward classes, which should not be
less than what is allowed in case of Malnad service. We think it is essential
that the rule that a proportion of the Inspectors of Schools shall be of the
backward classes be rigorously enforced, and these officials might also be
given similar allowances, In calculation this proportion, the Inspectorate
employed for the Hindustani schools should be excluded as in the case of
European and Anglo-Indian officers and the remaining appointments should
be distributed among Brahmins and other classes.
16. Distribution of general scholarships - The question of the
distribution of the scholarships other than those awarded by competition for
merit both in schools and colleges is important in considering the facilities
for the higher education of the backward classes. Besides the scholarships
reserved for backward classes, there are general scholarships in the
University colleges and secondary schools, technical scholarships and
scholarships awarded for qualifying for some of the departments. Such as
Forest, Public Works, etc. As regards the first class, i.e., backward class
scholarships, we think that the amount of Rs, 85,000 out of the some lakh of
rupees granted for students in the University Entrance Classes, High Schools
and Secondary Schools is insufficient and requires to be doubled at least. As
regards the general scholarships, there seems to be now a danger of the
failure to recognize the fact that the backward classes are entitled to have
their adequate and fair share of those scholarships in addition to the special
scholarships reserved for them. On account of the existence of the backward
class scholarships, there seems to be a tendency in practice to regard them as
the only kind of scholarships to which those classes are entitled, and to
exclude students of these classes completely in the University grade and
largely in the other grader from the benefits of a distribution of these general
scholarships. It must, we think, be made clear by the Government that the
special scholarships are not to be taken into consideration as having any
bearing on the distribution of general scholarships except in so far as to
prevent one student form getting two scholarships. For the better distribution
of scholarships we recommend the appointment of representative sub-
committees similar to those created in paragraph 2 of the Government order
of 31st May 1919, consisting of one or two educational officers and three
non-officials representing important communities, not only for the special
scholarships but also to allot the general scholarships and free-studentships
in all grades of education including the university. This method is, we think,
preferable to leaving the matter entirely to educational officers or to the
University Council. It may be found possible to reserve a certain number of
the existing Indian and Foreign scholarships for the backward classes and we
think it should be done. We would suggest that 2/3 the number be reserved
for them for the next five years. If there are not sufficient number of
candidates of those classes in any one year, the scholarship so left over may
be awarded to Brahmin candidates. We think that advertisements for
applicants for such scholarships ought not to demand, at any rate in the case
of candidates of the backward classes with whom alone we are now
concerned, educational qualification higher than those prescribed for
admission to the course for which the scholarship is granted as is being done
now in the case of scholarships to Dehra Dun (Forest Department
Notification dated 17th February 1919) and foreign scholarships. Whatever
be the selection finally made, it is not right, we think, by such
advertisements, to exclude from candidates any one who is qualified for
admission to a course is regulated. If the course is open say to graduates, the
advertisement for candidates should not restrict application to those who
have taken a degree with honours.
17. Distribution of seats in Schools and Colleges and Hostels.A
subject which we think requires the careful attention of the Government is
the provision of sufficient accommodation for students of the backward
classes in the existing Government schools and hostels. From Statement
No.XVII, we see that out of 522 students accommodated in the Government
hostels, 435 are Brahmins and only 87 of other classes. We recommend that
preference be given to the backward class pupils for admission into such
institutions. It is pointed out in the Government order of May 1917 that there
is a great falling off in the number of students after reaching the Primary
grade. This is in part due to the fact that they have to leave their villages to
pursue their higher studies in towns and cities. We deem it essential that
hostels should be constructed in all taluk headquarters to encourage parents
to send their children from the village elementary schools to the secondary
schools. It is also necessary that in all hostels there should be at least three
separate kitchens, two for vegetarians and one for non-vegetarians with a
view to meet the convenience of all communities. These may be provided as
early as possible. In the Government hostels, a certain proportion of seats
should be reserved for the backward class students, and we would fix it at
not less than 50% unless the students forthcoming are less than that number.
Private are communal hostels should receive the same grants as the
Government hostels do. This would give an added stimulus to the
philanthropy of public spirited persons and would go to satisfy a much
needed want of the student community.
A matter which is of importance and as to which we believe there
exists some dissatisfaction is the question of the allotment of seats in schools
and colleges. The refusal to admit the backward class students to a high
school or college class for want of accommodation is obviously a serious
blow which may to an appreciable degree counteract any attraction towards
higher education which the Government may provide. The discouragement
caused to his community by the refusal to admit a backward class student is
probably much higher in degree and more intense than would be caused to
the Brahmin community by the rejection of a student of that class, and it is
for this reason that the backward class students should receive a preferential
treatment in this matter. We suggest that the claims of the backward
communities should be satisfied first up to one-half of the number of seats
available in each class or section thereof. And this should be done not over
all the seats available as a whole but class by class to ensure that a member
of the backward communities shall not unnecessarily be driven to study in a
class which does not suit him. Such an even distribution is suggested as it
has been represented to us that some students of the backward classes have
had to seek admission to aided school in order to pursue studies in the
mathematics and science sections, owing to refusal of admission to those
sections in Government schools.
18. Hindustani schoolsThe existing six Anglo-Hindustani schools
in the province are certainly not enough to impart English education to
Mussalmans It is necessary that their number and efficiency should be
increased without delay. The Government may also consider the advisability
of opening Hindustani sections in some of the Taluk Anglo-Kannada
schools, as an experimental measure, in places where an adequate number of
Mahomedan boys are available to join the schools but where there is no
Anglo-Hindustani school and may employ Hindustani knowing teachers on
the staff of these institutions to teach boys in the Hindustani sections English
and other subjects through the medium of their mother tongue. The addition
to such Hindustani sections to selected Anglo-Kannada schools is likely to
bring together Hindu and Mahomedan boys under one roof and under one
management and would prove a very desirable means of giving education to
Muslim boys side by side with their Hindu brethren. After all, Mussalman
students ate in need of this arrangement only in the Lower Secondary stage
of English education.
19. Modification in the rules of recruitment - we now pass on to
question I in the Government , order, viz., the changes needed, if any, in the
existing rules of recruitment to the public service.
20..(a) As regards qualification A perusal of the existing rules of
recruitment, a copy of which is included in the appendices, suggests the
following questions, viz., (1) whether a higher educational qualification than
is necessary for the particular office has not been insisted upon in some of
the offices, (2) whether an undue preference has not been shown to
candidates possessing a knowledge of English greater than is actually
necessary, (3) whether there has not been an unnecessary insistence on the
B.A. degree qualification. (4) whether the competitive examination for the
Civil Service is desirable when the educational development of all classes of
the people is not uniform, and (5) whether too great prominence has not
been given to literary education without sufficient regard to executive or
technical efficiency or other qualities which go to make up a sympathetic
and successful officer. The crux of the matter is the English language, It is
true that the University degree marks a definite standard of general
education apart from English, and it may well be that a University life has a
good effect on the character and manners of our young men, but there seems
to be no reason why the standard of general education attainable in the high
schools, if they are properly organized and administered, should not be
sufficient to justify the admission of young men to the services, to those at
any rate which do not require special proficiency in any particular branch of
knowledge, whether it be English or Science or Philosophy.
The University degree is doubtless a mark of value, and it operates as
a standard which it is easy to fix, but it can hardly be said to be necessary
when we consider the number of eminent statesmen and successful
administrators whom we have had in Mysore and whom we may name
Dewan C. Rangacharlu, Messer, Thumbu Chetty, C. Madaiah, C,
Sreenivasiengarm K.Doraswami Iyer, Abdur Rahman and Dewan Bahadur
K.P.Puttanna Chetty, C.I.E., etc., who though un provided with university
degrees, admittedly proved not less efficient than those who had secured
such distinctions.
Most of the rules prescribing high educational qualification are of
recent origin and we cannot but think they may have had some operation in
excluding members of the backward classes from positions which they
might have filled with credit to themselves and their community. We may
here invite attention to the rules of recruitment for entry in to the Excise
Department for the post of anti Inspector as contained in pages 20 and 21 of
the same rules in both of which cases a somewhat peculiar and as it seems to
us, unnecessary preferential gradation is laid down, which we think ought to
be abolished.
We think the Government should lay down a policy for each department
of public service and fix the minimum of educational qualifications for entry
into particular grades of appointments according to the nature of their
functions; and leave the future promotions of officers to depend largely on
their general and executive efficiency. That is to say an officer deserving to
rise from a lower grade which he had entered with the minimum
qualification, should not necessarily be required to equip himself with the
qualification prescribed for the higher grade which he tries to enter but
should secure his promotion in his turn if he seems to be fit for it, apart from
prescribed tests. Officers in service may improve themselves and fit
themselves for promotion though they may be unable to study for
examinations or seek entrance to a University.
The next point of which we suggest the consideration is the
desirability of making some classification of departments and appointments
from the point of view of recruitment rules.
(1). The Educational Department and perhaps in a lesser degree the
Judicial Department require an high standard of general and literary
education in the officers entrusted with the execution of the duties of the
department.
(2) The Revenue and Police Departments do not require so high a
standard; in them energy, good sense and initiative are probably surer aids to
success than scholarships.
(3) Practical and technical services such as the Forest, Agriculture,
Mining, Electricity, Commerce and Industries, in which efficiency is
probably better achieved by early apprenticeship and by training in the
department itself under a thoroughly expert head than by a course of
University training, and (4) for clerical and ministerial officers, the standard
of general education need not be very high, and a knowledge of English,
except in a few offices, need not be regarded as essential. We suggest that it
may be possible to consider and remodel the rules of recruitment on these
lines.
21. (b) As regards age at the time of appointment.We consider also
that in regards to candidates of the backward classes, the age limit for entry
into service may, for the present, be raised from 25 to 28 years.
22. (c) Substituting competitive examination by a Board of Selection
- In regard to the selection of officers to the higher grades of services such as
appointment of Assistant Commissioners and Munsiffs in which some are
selected by a competitive examination, some others are nominated while the
rest are promoted from subordinate service, we do not see why a Board of
representative officers should not be able to select candidates without a
competitive examination in the very subjects in which a University will have
declared them to have passed.
Coupled with such educational qualification as may be prescribed, selection
by a Board ought, if properly done, to secure the admission of suitable
candidates, better than a purely literary competition like the present Civil
Service Examination. A system of selection by a Board of special officers is,
we believe, in force in Madras for the selection of Deputy Tahsildars in that
Presidency, and the Committee appointed under Government Order No. G.
9060-9102-G. M. 401-16-1, dated 2nd January 1917, is on these lines. We
are therefore in favour of the abolition of all competitive examinations. It is
desirable, at any rate at present and until education is more evenly
distributed among the various communities, to revert altogether to the
system of nomination, as experience during the last 20 years has shown that
the only candidates selected through the Mysore Civil Service Examination
who are not of the Brahmin community are three Indian Christians from
outside the State. The competitive examination for the selection of Munsiffs
may for the same reason be abolished. Provisionally until the competitive
examinations are abolished, a larger proportion, say 2 out of 3, of the total
number of appointments should be given to members of the backward
classes by nominations. For example, if six appointments of Assistant
Commissioners are to be made by direct recruitment, four of them should be
filled by candidates from backward classes and the remaining two by the
other class. If, however, one or more candidates of the backward classes
obtain a rank in the competitive, examination, the number of candidates
nominated from those classes may be reduced proportionately.
23. Substitution of English by the Vernacular in official
correspondence in the districts.In respect of the lower grades of
appointment, it will, we believe, be found possible to reduce considerably
the volume of English correspondence by extending the use of the
vernacular, particularly in all District and Taluk offices, except when such
correspondence is conducted directly with Government, and in such offices,
a knowledge of Kannada and some departmental tests in Kannada such as
Accounts, Revenue, Excise, Registration, Stamps, etc., seem to be quite
sufficient The object is to permit a larger employment of clerks who are
quite sufficiently educated in the Vernacular to perform all their duties
efficiently without pursuing their studies in English to any large extent.
Regarding the clerical staff of the District offices it may be sufficient to have
a handwriting and dictation test like that of the Local Service Examinations
to show how far the candidate is capable of dealing with the English
correspondence.
We are of opinion that for the offices such as those of Sub-Registrar,
Inspectors of Police and Excise and all appointments of higher status but
which do not belong to the gazetted ranks of the service, the minimum
qualification in English required by the present rules should be reduced, and
that no higher general educational qualification than the S.S.L.C should be
prescribed. In the case of Shekdars, the Lower Secondary certificate may be
deemed to be a sufficient qualification.
24. Shanbhogs.We have not overlooked the fact that there is one
other class of public servants in which Brahmins preponderate or may even
be said to have practically a monopoly at present, i.e., the Shanbhogs. We
note, however, that these appointments are held by hereditary succession
under the existing law and that legislative action will be necessary before a
change can be effected.
25. Special proposal for Secretariats.It will certainly tend to the
better carrying out of the policy above sketched out if steps are taken to
bring about equality in the Secretariats in three or five years instead of seven
years,. So much of the patronage passes through the Secretariats that this is
important. The remark applies alike to Secretariat officers and Secretariat
clerks.
26. Arrangements for review of progress.To enable the people to
gauge the progress made by the adoption of these reforms, it is desirable that
the administration report of each year should show the proportion of
Brahmins to all other classes in each grade of appointment together with
number of appointments and the percentage of appointments given to the
members of backward classes to the total number of appointments in each
grade showing also how the principle of progressive reduction of the
inequality in public service has worked during the particular year towards
the attainment of the goal arrived at by these recommendations. The report
may also publish what special facilities for education of the backward
classes have been provided and how far they have helped the promotion of
the even distribution of education in the State. It is desirable we think that a
standing committee consisting of official and non-official gentlemen
representing the classes for whose benefit these reforms are introduced.
Should be appointed to watch the administration of the rules. And we would
suggest that a Member of Council may be the President of the Committee.
It may be noted that the rules regarding the exclusion of outsiders
were passed between the 9th of August 1913 and the 10th of May 1918 and
the rules requiring higher educational qualifications which have in effect
excluded from the public service those who are not of the Brahmin
community, were also passed during the same period. Whatever the ideals of
the authors of these rules may have been, they have in effect worked
considerably to the detriment of the backward classes.
27. Appointment of outsiders in certain cases. In this connection,
we have considered the possibility that for a particular appointment which
according to the scheme of proportionate representation, ought to go to a
member of the backward classes, there may be no qualified candidate among
the members of those classes. With the extension of education among them
this contingently should become less and less probable, and even now, if our
recommendations are accepted, can rarely occur in the case of the lower
appointments. Should it secure when higher appointments are in question
some of us are of opinion that it is better to invite applications from
members of backward classes outside Mysore rather than to fill the vacancy
by a member of another class. It is thought by those who take this view that
not only will the attainment of our general aim of equality in seven years be
promoted, but that it is desirable in the interests of the backward classes to
secure in all grades of the service a leaven of officers of those classes who
may naturally have grater sympathy and consideration for their subordinates
of the backward classes than can be expected of officers of others classes.
Another suggestion and one which might be applied all round is that those
whom it is the fashion to style non-Mysoreans may be admitted to the
Mysore services if they are educated in Mysore schools and colleges. It is
said that students in Coorg, for instance, might be attracted by the proximity
of the Mysore University to study there, if they could hope for admission to
the service of government in Mysore, but might be deterred if they had not
that hope, by the fear that a Mysore degree may not qualify them for
admission to government service elsewhere. On these questions we have
been unable to make an unanimous recommendation, but the view set out
above has the support of all the members of the committee who represent the
backward classes and so is entitled to the sympathetic consideration of the
Government.
28. In regard to the third point which we are required to consider,
namely, any special measures which may be taken to increase the
representation of the backward communities in the public service without
materially affecting efficiency, due regard being paid also to the general
good accruing to the State by a wider diffusion of education, and a feeling of
increased status which, it is expected, will there by be produced in backward
communities, we have made certain recommendations in other parts of the
repot, such as the appointment of a standing committee, the publication of
the results of our recommendations with regard to services and education, in
the annual administration report and the exemption of non-Mysoreans of the
backward classes temporarily from the rules of exclusion from higher
offices.
29. Social legislation.-In addition to them, Messrs. Chennaiya,
Kalami and Basavaiya desire that permissive social legislation such as is
projected in British India on the lines of the Honourable Mr. Basus Bill and
the Honourable Mr. Patels Bill should be passed in Mysore to enable the
enlightened to enjoy civic and social freedom and to create an atmosphere of
greater practical liberalism and unity. Mr. Srikantesvara Aiyar, Mr.
Rangiengar and Mr. Muthanna consider that such a recommendation is
irrelevant, as not coming within the terms of the reference to us, and others
of us are not prepared to express any opinion as to the probable value of
legislation of the kind proposed to the backward classes. If there is a demand
for it, it will doubtless be considered apart from any question of its effect on
the public services.
We desire to express our gratitude to the Government for having given
us the opportunity of representing our views on the matters referred to us.

LESLIE C. MILLER.
 * C . S R I K A N T E S VA R A
AIYAR.
H. CHENNAIYA.
M. BASAVAIYA.
GULAM AHMED KALAMI.
M. MUTHANNA.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------
*Subject to this note of qualification appended.
 Note of Qualification by Rajasabhabhushana, Dewan Bahadur
C. Srikantesvara Aiyar.

My own views being in entire accord with the principles enunciated in

Government Proceedings No. E. A. G. 308, dated 23rd August 1918, the
aspirations of the backward communities for a larger share in Government
appointments of all grades and for further advancement in education have
my warmest and most active sympathies. It is therefore with extreme regret
that I have to qualify my assent to the Report, as it has eventually emerged. I
have to do so, not because any of the important conclusions in it lack my
hearty approval but because I cannot subscribe to many of the arguments by
which it seeks to support its recommendations. I shall, therefore confine
myself to stating the points in regard to which I regret to have to differ with
the views of some of my colleagues.
2. Although I am fully conscious of the grave drawbacks of the system
of recruitment for public service by means of competitive examinations, I
am no for its total abolition in that it is the only effective safeguard against
official jobbery. In a form modified to ensure more satisfactory, its
continuance is, to my mind, indispensable.
3. Earmarking a certain number of appointments for members of the
backward communities and filling them up by promotions from lower grades
superseding better men for no fault except that of not belonging to the class
of community for which the vacancy is earmarked, is not only incorrect in
principle but also unworkable in practice without detriment to the purity and
efficiency of public service as a whole. Further an undue lowering of
educational qualifications as a means of securing a larger proportion of the
backward classes for higher appointments is a retrograde step and is
inconsistent with the objects for which we have established a University.
One of the most powerful incentives to higher education will have thus been
taken away.
4. The proposal of importing men merely for the purpose of increasing
the representation of the backward communities is contrary to the spirit of
the Government Order constituting our Committee. We have only to suggest
steps for encouraging the members of such communities in the State, to
seek employment under Government in larger numbers. And it is difficult to
understand how the bestowal of appointments on outsiders could be and
encouragement to local citizens,
5. Shanbhogs do not come under the category of regular Government
servants and any reference to them in this Report is irrelevant. Their
appointment is governed by principles totally different from those obtaining
in the case of the rest.
 6. Social legislation is likewise a matter altogether outside the scope
of this Committees work.
7. Lastly, the recommendations as a whole tend to perpetuate the very
evil that this order of Government is seeking to remove. It is the
Preponderance of a community in public service, with its consequences,
that is sought to be checked. By lumping together all the backward classes,
we but actively help the pushful ones among them to tread on the toes of the
others. That this is not an imaginary piece of criticism is amply borne out by
the facts and figures furnished by the reports of the Scholarship Committees
of the backward classes, which we have but boldly to face. They bear
incontestable testimony to the universal tendency to overlook the claims of
the unrepresented or more backward communities. I am, therefore, strongly
opposed to the lumping together of all such classes. Each of them should
have its due share of attention paid to it separately, and its interests properly
safeguarded.
8. Barring these exceptions, I generally agree to the recommendations in the
report. Only, I should like to emphasize that whatever may be done for the
advancement, of any community, the utmost care should be taken to see that
the motive to better them is not impaired, the incentive to make themselves
competent is not taken away.

MYSORE.
30th July 1919. C. SRIKANTESVARA
AIYAR.
Note of dissent by Rao Bahadur M.C Ranga Iyengar on the subject matter
of the reference under G. O. No. E. A. G. 308, dated 23rd August 1918.

1. I desire to express my cordial sympathy with the legitimate

aspirations of not only the so-called backward communities but of all
backward persons the community they may belong. In a progressive State
like Mysore, the ideal conditions to be aimed at for attainment should be
perfect harmony among all the subjects of the State, equal enjoyment of
social and political privileges and equal opportunities for battering their
moral, social and economic condition. Unfortunately for reasons which it is
not necessary here to discuss, the rate of progress varies with each individual
and with each class of individuals. Wise statesmanship consists in making
earnest, continuous and intelligent efforts to uplift laggards without retarding
the progress of those classes or persons who, having taken full advantage of
the existing facilities, have risen and have demonstrated their capacity for
rising yet higher. I recognize that the number of backward and depressed
persons in the State is unduly large, that every effort should be made to
enable them to rise higher and that no stigma or disability should attach to
any person merely on the score of his caste. In the attempt to devise methods
of remedying existing evils the effects should be distinguished from the
causes and attention should be concentrated upon the elimination of the
causes-the effects too being dealt with as far as practicable. In my opinion,
the root cause of the present lamentable inequalities is the want of the right
kind of education. Educate the people properly, and the evils will gradually
vanish.
2. The Government rightly desire to ascertain and provide special
facilities to encourage higher and professional education among the
members of the backward communities. I take it that such education will be
based upon natural aptitude, instinctive preference and social environment of
the pupils, and shaped accordingly. No amount of money which the
Government can set apart for this purpose will be too much. While
expressing my general agreement in the recommendations made by the
President of the Committee under question II, I regret to have to respectfully
dissent from-
 (a) The exclusion of the backward persons belonging to communities
styled forward. The number of such persons is very large and they are as
much entitled to participate in the benefits of a liberal and enlightened policy
as their fellow-subjects designated as backward communities ;
(b) The inclusion of the pupils of the backward communities in the
distribution of general scholarships (not merit scholarships), while special
scholarships, substantial in value and generous in number are and are going
to be, provided for them exclusively ;
(c) The principle of refusing grants to primary schools which decline
to admit pupils of depressed classes;
(d) The recommendations for the compulsory appointment of local
sub-committees for the distribution of the special and general scholarships
and freeships depriving the heads of schools and colleges of their discretion
and powers of discrimination in the matter. The delegation of the work to a
sub-committee will not be satisfactory and it is not right to distrust the heads
of the institutions. The local committee, if appointed, may advise the
headmaster or principal. The grant of a scholarship or freeship depends upon
considerations, such as poverty, character, fair progress and regular
attendance. The teachers are the best judges of most of these points;
(e) The reservation for the backward classes of 2/3 of the number of
Indian, Foreign and Technical scholarships. My objection is to the
reservation of a definite proportion of scholarships of each of these kinds
and earmarking them as exclusively for the backward communities. I do not
object to every eligible student of a backward community being given a
scholarship. In respect of industrial and commercial education and technical
education, all the communities in the State are backward and there ought to
be no discrimination of students by community in the allotment of such
scholarships. The reservation of a definite proportion of scholarships for any
particular community has an inevitable tendency to lead to the grant of
scholarships to even ineligibles of the community, when there are more
scholarships than eligible applicants. If however the ineligibles are excluded,
the undisposed of scholarships will lapse even while quite eligible
candidates of the so-called forward classes are forthcoming and are ready to
benefit themselves and the State by successfully prosecuting their studies in
British India or abroad. I would therefore submit that the number of such
scholarships may be fixed and available for all communities,
backward as well as forward, and that while awarding the scholarships,
preference may be given to eligible candidates of backward communities.
This will serve the purpose intended without denying the advantages to
candidates of the forward classes. But if reservation of a proportion of
scholarships is necessary, the proportion should be based not upon the
relative strength of populations but upon the numbers of eligible applicants
for scholarships belonging to the different communities. Such proportion
will necessarily vary from year to year;
(f) The preferential admission into schools and colleges of the pupils
of the backward communities. This presupposes that more students apply for
admission that accommodation can be found for. The point I wish to
emphasize is that in view of the general backwardness of the country, the
government is under a moral, if not legal, obligation to find accommodation
for every student applying for admission to a school or college. If for want
of accommodation boys of the forward communities are denied admission,
it will lead to woeful waste of excellent material.
3. With the spread of education, the existing differences between class
and class, individual and individual will gradually decrease, and no
department of human activities will long continue to be more or less a
monopoly of any particular class. If Government service was, until recently,
chiefly manned by members of one community, the spheres of trade,
agriculture, industry, etc., were being monopolized by the members of the so
called backward communities. The former by reason of heredity,
environment and purely literary education had to resort to the public service
as their only means of earning a livelihood. The latter by reason of their
heredity, environment and training, adopted the more lucrative vocations,
grew wealthy and influential. The economic activities inaugurated in the
State only a few years ago have already begun to bear fruit and we find
today the barriers between the forward and the backward classes breaking
down. Members of the forward classes are readily taking to trade,
agriculture, industry and other independent walks of life while those of the
backward classes are joining the public service in steadily increasing
numbers. In the years to come, the general commingling with undoubtedly
be more pronounced.
4. It may be that the sparseness of the backward classes in the public
service is due to the very limited spread of English education amongst them.
I venture to submit that the real reason for the sparseness is that the members
of the backward communities have been finding extremely profitable
avocations ready to hand and have been taking them up in preference to a
clerkship or other similar post under Government where they could only eke
out a bare subsistence or a little more, with no small amount of drudgery. I
cannot subscribe to the proposition that for securing the esteem of ones
fellows and the feeling of increased status, service under Government is
necessary. The claim of the backward classes for Government appointments
ought to be pat on a broader and higher basis, viz., the right of every subject
to serve the State in the capacity for which he is by nature and training best
fitted. In order that he may exercise and enjoy such right he should be
properly educated and suitable opportunities afforded. No one should be
denied the benefits of such education and opportunities of serving the State
Communities and individuals who are unwilling or unable to participate in
the benefits of educations should be induced and encouraged to overcome
their reluctance and difficulties and take their proper places in the economy
of the State. To the subjects the Government owes the positive duty of
affording every suitable educational facility and the negative duty of not
debarring any subject on the ground of his case from choosing any
occupation best suited to his lasts and capacity. The patronage of the state
must be regulated in the main by public competition and by the reward of
merit; and the true law of progress is not the depression of the educational
standard to humor the limitations of the individual, but the elevation of the
individual to the level of modern competition. Lord Curzon.
5. With these general observations, I proceed to offer my humble
opinion on questions I and III of their reference.
(a) The public service ought not to be based upon communal or
proportional representation of the different communities existing in the
country. The service is designed primarily to be efficient in the discharge of
public duties for the benefit of the country as a whole. The only
considerations that ought to govern the selection of men for public service
are :-
(1) Whether the applicant is a native of the country,
(2) Whether he possesses the necessary physical and intellectual
qualifications, and
(3) Good character.
For posts for which eligible men cannot be found in any community
within the State, importation from outside the State is justifiable but the men
imported ought to be entertained in the service only for limited periods steps
during such period being taken to train up suitable young men who are
natives of the State to fill such posts.
The number of important communities in the State is more than 20.
Each of these communities cannot be proportionately represented in the
public service and in every grade and department of it consistently with
efficiency. Such representation is not even thought of or encouraged in
British India where conditions similar to ours obtain.
(b) No definite proportion of appointments should be allotted to the
different communities. It seems to me, and I write subject to correction, that
the idea underlying the recommendations of some members of the
Committee is to gradually reduce the number of Brahmin employees and
increase the number of non-Brahmin employees. The division of employees
into Brahmin and non-Brahmin classes and the lumping together of all the
non-Brahmin communities into one class is neither warranted by the
reference nor is it just and equitable to each of the communities styled
backward. The services of the Brahmin community to the State and to the
Royal House of Mysore have been graciously and publicly acknowledged
and appreciated by His Highness the Maharaja so recently as September
1918 when a deputation of certain members of a few communities waited
upon His Highness with a prayer for communal representation on local
bodies. His Highness was pleased to advise all his subjects to live in mutual
amity and concord, hoped that the Brahmins would extend sympathy and
help to their less-advanced brethren and assured the public that the Brahmins
would not be penalized for being educated and cultured. If communal
representation is deprecated in the constitution of local bodies, how can
communal representation be justified in filling up posts under the
Government? In every department and in every grade of service, whether
you take them singly or in combination, how can the posts be
proportionately allotted to the different communities which number over
twenty? If the non-Brahmin communities are all lumped together and a
proportion of appointments is allotted to them as a whole, will not
inequalities arise by reason of the over representation of the more vocal and
the non-representation or under-representation of the less vocal backward
communities ? In this connection it will be useful and interesting to ascertain
the effects on communal representation which have flowed from the
operation of the twenty-five per cent rule.
(c) If communal representation in Government service is insisted upon
then I submit that each of the important communities should have its
adequate proportion of representatives; and in regard to the determination of
what is adequate proportion, I agree that the proportion of a communitys
successful candidates to its total candidates for service ought not to be less
than the proportion of success to candidature achieved by another
community.
(d) In determining the eligibility of a candidate for a Government post
regard should be had for his being a native of Mysore, his good character,
his physical fitness and for his having successfully passed the prescribed
tests. The tests, I agree, should be of the minimum standard, just necessary
for securing the required qualifications for an efficient discharge of duties.
The tests should be the same for all candidates to whatever community they
may belong. The English language should be insisted upon only in the case
of those appointments in which the knowledge of the language is absolutely
necessary. There should be no differentiation of equal and nearly equal
qualifications with preferential rights for appointment of those possessing
only nearly equal qualifications. Where the candidates are of equal merit,
those of the backward classes may be preferred until a satisfactory
proportion of them are admitted into the service.
In granting promotions, passing the tests prescribed for the higher
posts may not be insisted upon in every case, provided that in the opinion of
the authority making the promotion, there are good reasons for exemption.
(e) I am strongly opposed to the abolition of the Mysore Civil Service and
other competitive examinations and to making more appointment by
nomination than by competition.
(f) I am not in favour of fixing a higher age limit for entry into Government
service in the case of candidates of the backward classes. The age limit is
fixed for a variety of reasons conducive to efficiency.
(g) I emphatically protest against the recommendation the that where eligible
candidates of backward communities are not available in the state men of
backward communities outside the State should be invited and given
appointments in the State. This crude and unpatriotic proposal is made to
surmount difficulties arising from the adoption of the recommended
communal proportionate representation, and owes its formulation to the
unworthy and undeserved distrust of the sympathy of the forward
communities. After a long and arduous struggle the benign Government have
openly and repeatedly decided that as a rule no one should be appointed to a
place in the Government service unless as in a native of Mysore.
On the question of the permissive Social Legislation I agree with Mr.
Srikantesvara Aiyar.
In view of the importance of the questions offered by the Government
and on account of the differences of opinion among the members of the
committee on important points. I would beg to move that the Government
may be respectfully requested to publish the reports of the Committee and
invite public opinion thereon.

MYSORE
M. C. RANGA
IYENGAR
18th July 1919
SUMMERY OF COMMITTEES RECOMMENDATIONS
--------
 PUBLIC SERVICE
1. Within a period of not
more than seven years, not less than
half of the higher, and two thirds of
the lower appointments in each
grade of the service and so far as (Messrs. Srikantesvara Iyer and
possible in each office, are to be Ranga Iyengar disagree)
held by members of communities
other than the Brahmin community,
preference being given to duly
qualified candidates of the
depressed classes when such are
available. (Para 9)
2. The right course to ensure
the larger employment in the public
service of persons belonging to
backward communities is to take the
existing proportion of Brahmins to
Do do
other communities in each grade of
appointments together with the
percentage of those communities to
the total numbers of appointments
in each grade and reserve as many
appointments in that grade as may
be necessary to secure a progressive
reduction of inequality in each year
and vary it each year according to
circumstances in order to attain the
goal which has been recommended
above. (Para 11).
 EDUCATION.
Primary Education (among
depressed classes).
1. A system of special
Panchama schools with teachers
drawn from the Panchamas, and a
special inspectorate seems to be
necessary. The Head of the
Education department and the
supervising agency generally should
be selected with reference to their
sympathies and general attitude
towards the depressed classes. (Para
13).
(2). A large extension of the
system of small scholarships or
doles will be useful to overcome the
reluctance of the parents to spare
their children to attend schools
which they are unable to do in their
present condition. (Para 18).
(3) We also recommend the
establishment in each district of an
institution like the Central
Panchama Institute in Mysore, with
boarding and special facilities for
general and industrial education.
(Para 13).

Primary Education (among other

backward classes)
(4) For the other backward
classes, we recommend a wider
expansion of primary education by
the establishment of more schools
with competent and better paid
teachers and by the strengthening of
the supervising staff. (Para 13).

Secondary Education.
(12) For the better distribution of
scholarships, we recommend the
appointment of representative sub
committees consisting of one or two
educational officers and those non-
officials representing important Do do
communities not only for special
scholarships but also to allot general
scholarships and free studentships
in all grades of education including Do do
University. (Para 16)
(13) Two-thirds the number of
existing Indian and Foreign
scholarships should be reserved for
backward classes for the next five
years. (Para 16)

HOSTELS.
(14) Hostels should be
constructed in all taluk headquarter
towns and there should be at least
three separate kitchens in all
Hostels, two for vegetarians and one
for non-vegetarians. (Para 17).
(15) In Government Hostels,
a certain proportion (not less than
50 percent) of seats should be
reserved for pupils of backward
classes. (Para 17).
(16) Private or communal Do do
hostels should be given the same
grants as Government Hostels. (Para
17)
(17) The claims of backward
classes should be satisfied first up to
one-half the number of seats
available in cuch class or section in
all schools and colleges. (Para 17).
 MAHOMEDAN EDUCATION
(18) The number and
efficiency of Anglo-Hindustan
Schools should be increased. (Para
18)
(19) In places where an
adequate number of Mahomedan
boys is forthcoming to join the
schools Hindustani sections may be
opened in some Taluk Anglo-
Kannada Schools. In others,
Hindustani-knowing teachers may
be employed on the staff. (Para 18)

RECRITMENT TO PUBLIC
SERVICE
(1) Government should lay
down a policy for each department
of the public service and fix the
minimum educational qualifications
for entry into particular grades of Mr. Ranga Iyengar disagree
appointments according to the
nature of their functions. (Para 20).
(2) In the case of candidates
of the backward classes, the age
limit for entry into the service may
be raised from 25 to 28 years. (Para
21).
(3) All competitive examinations
including Munsiffs examination)
should be abolished, and until this is
done, a larger number of the
appointments in the higher grades Messrs. Srikantesvara Iyer and
should be given to members of the Ranga Iyengar disagree
backward communities by
nomination. A board of
representative officers may be
appointed for the selection of
candidates instead of the
competitive examinations. (Para 22)
(4) For non-gazetted appointments,
no higher general educational
qualifications than S.S.L.C should
be prescribed, and Lower Secondary
for Shekdars. (Para 23)
(5) Steps may be taken to
bring out equality in the Secretariats
in three or five years. (Para 25)
(6) The administration report
of each year should show the
proportion of Brahmins to all other
classes in each grade of
appointment, together with the
number of appointments and the
percentage of appointments given to
members of backward classes to the
total number of appointments in
each grade showing also how the
principle of progressive reduction of
the inequality in public service has
worked during the particular year.
The report may also publish what
special facilities for the education of
backward classes have been
provided and how far they have
helped the promotion of even
distribution of education in the
State. (Para 26).
(7) A standing committee
consisting of official and non-
official gentlemen representing the
classes for whose benefit the above
reforms are introduced should be
appointed to watch the
administration of the rules. A
Member of Council may be the
president of the Committee. (Para
26)
(8) Non-Mysoreans educated
in Mysore Schools and Colleges
may be admitted to the Mysore
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