Table 1.

Total Volume of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) used to neutralize the sample

Time(min) Initial reading of Final reading of Volume of NaOH

burette(ml) burette (ml) used (ml)
0 14.00 15.50 1.50
5 15.50 17.50 2.00
10 17.50 19.30 1.80
15 19.30 21.00 1.70

20 21.00 23.00 2.00

25 23.00 24.60 1.60
30 24.60 26.30 1.70
35 26.30 28.10 1.80
40 28.10 29.90 1.80
Total 15.9

The chemical reaction equation is shown as below:

2NaOH + CO2 Na2CO3 + H2O

From the chemical reaction equation above we can conclude that each mole of CO2
will react with 2 mole of NaOH to produce 1 mole of Na2CO3 and H2O.

Calculation Part:

The average volume of NaOH used for titration to neutralize the sample is 1.77 ml
then further round off to 1.80 ml which equal to 0.0018 L

Mole of NaOH required in the reaction= volume x concentration

= 0.0018L x 0.05M

= 9 x 10-5 mol

Mole of CO2 required in the reaction = 9 105 mol 2

= 4.5 105 mol

Based on standard temperature and pressure which is STP, the molar volume of air is
22.4L/mol

Before the experiment start, the air flow rate was set to 40LPM which means 40L/min
 40 L/min
Air molar flow rate = 22.4 L/mol

= 1.79 mol/ min

Before the experiment start, the carbon dioxide (CO2) flow rate was set to 4 LPM
which is 4 L/min

4 L/ min
Molar flow rate of CO2 =
22.4 L/min

= 0.179 mol/ min

Calculate yB which is the mole ratio of bottom product in gas phase;

0.179 mol/min
yB = 0.179mol /min+1.79 mol /min

= 0.0909

Volume of H2O titrated = 50ml

Number of mole of H2O = (50ml x 0.996g/ml) x 18g/mol

= 2.77mol

5
4.5 x 10 mol
xB =
4.5 105 mol+2.77 mol

= 1.6245 x 10-5

xT is equal to 0 because it only contain fresh water with no carbon dioxide.

Calculation for LT

LT is the total liquid phase mass velocity of Top product and carry the unit of mol/min

LT = (4L/min x 1000g/L) x 18g/mol

= 222.22mol/ min

Let LT = LB
Calculation of CO2 molar flow rate absorbed by H2O:

LT x xB= 222.22mol/min x 1.6245x10-5

= 3.6099 x 10-3 mol/min

Calculation for VB

VB = CO2 molar flow rate + air molar flow rate

= (1.79 + 0.179) mol/min

= 1.969 mol/ min

VT = VB CO2 molar flow rate absorbed

= 1.969 3.6099 x 10-3

= 1.9654 mol/ min

Mass balance of the packed column

Based on the equation below, we can obtain yT

LT x xT + VB x yB = VT x yT + LB x xB

(222.22 x 0) + (1.969x 0.0909) = (1.9654 x yT) + (222.22 x (1.6245x 10-5))

0.1789 = (3.6099 10-3) + 1.9654yT

yT = 0.08919

Table 2. Mole fraction of each component of both inlet and outlet

Component Mole Fraction

yB- bottom product mole ratio in gas phase 0.09090
xB- bottom product mole ratio in liquid phase 1.6245 x 10-5
yT- top product mole ratio in gas phase 0.08919
xT- top product mole ratio in liquid phase 0.00000
G2, y2 L2,x2
 2

G1, y1 L1,x1

1- Represent bottom of column

2- Represent top of column

Assumption:

Let y2 = yT , y1 = yB , x2 = xT , x1 = xB

yB yT
Let yB* = m x xB ; yT* = m x xT ; xB* = and xT* =
m m

Below is the formula used to calculate Hoy , Noy , H.

G
Hoy =
K Y a ( 1 y ) LM

yB yT
Noy=
( y y ) LM

H = Noy x Hoy,

(yB - yB*) - the concentration difference driving force for mass transfer in the gas
phase at the bottom of column.

(yT - yT*) - the concentration difference driving force for mass transfer in the gas
phase at the top of column.

( y B y B ) ( y T y T )

( y y ) LM = ( y B y B )
ln
( y T yT )

y- concentration in gas phase

y*- gas phase concentration in equilibrium with liquid phase

Figure 4: Sample graph to show Theoretical equilibrium line of a column

The height of column is given by 1.5m

Calculation

Y B Y T 0.090900.08919
Gradient, m= =
X B X T (1.6245 x 105)0

=105.26

y B =m x B ,

5
105.26 (1.6245 10 )

3
1.7099 10

yB
x B=
m
 0.0909

105.26

4
8.6358 10

y T 0.08919
x T = =
m 105.26
4
8.4733 10

( y B y B ) ( y T y T )
( y y )LM = ( y B y B )
ln
( y T y T )

( 0.09091.7099 103 ) ( 0.089190 )

= ( 0.09091.7099 103 )
ln
( 0.089190 )

= 0.08919

yB yT
Noy =
( y y ) LM

0.09090.08919
=
0.08919

= 0.0192

H = Noy x Hoy

Hoy = 1.5/0.0192
 = 78.125 m

( 1 y B ) ( 1 y B )

(1 y ) LM = ( 1 y B )
ln
(1 y B )

(10.0909 )(11.7099 103 )

= ( 10.0909 )
ln
(11.7099 103 )

=0.953

G
Hoy =
K Y a ( 1 y ) LM

9.81
78.125 =
K Y a x 0.953

mol
K ya =0.132 3
m .min

Table 3. Calculated results of Noy, Hoy and Kya

N Oy = 0.0192 H Oy =78.125 m mol

K ya =0.132
m3 .min