Linux

multi-tasking operating system that supports multiple users and multiple processors
can run on nearly any type of computers (from Desktop, Laptop, Server, and Supercomputers)
supports almost any type of software applications

UNIX

popular for high-powered workstations that are used in engineering and scientific applications
also heavily used in a mission-critical applications such as Web servers that are used for online
transactions, maintaining Internet domain names, large database servers of banks,
manufacturing companies, and pharmaceutical firms

Mac OS X

based on the UNIX operating system code (the BSD (Berkley System Distribution) UNIX)
heavily favored by graphics artists, multi-media developers, and media publishers
has highly powerful graphics features and capabilities

Palm Pilot OS and Microsoft Windows CE (Embedded Operating System)

another kind of operating system that is not popular to us but usually through some of our
electronic gadgets
directly built into the circuitry of an electronic device such as in our PDAs (Personal Digital
Assistant), cell phones, medical equipments, bar-code scanners, and electronic devices found in
automobiles
Microsoft Windows CE.NET and Windows XP Embedded
Palm Pilot OS ( found in Palm PDAs and Sony PDAs)
Microsoft Pocket PC OS
Symbian OS (found in smart phones of Nokia and Sony-Erricson)

Cisco Internetwork Operating System (IOS)

Used by routers and switches

The Four Categories of Operating System

Workstation OS
Network Operating System (NOS)
embedded operating system
Internetwork Operating System
Workstation OS

used primarily by computers that are not connected to the networks

usually the type of operating system that we use at home or installed in our laptops

Network Operating System (NOS)

specifically designed for network servers

Embedded operating system

used for PDAs, cell phones, bar-code readers, and electronic devices found in automobiles

Internetwork Operating System (IOS)

specific application is in the Internet devices called routers and switches

because IOS powers up the router and switch, the computer connected to the Internet can
communicate to each other regardless of distance or time

Utilities Software

perform system maintenance, repair, enhance or extend the capabilities of the operating system
used when damaged system files happened during the time we forget to shutdown our
computer properly

Norton Utilities

diagnose and repair damaged disk, recover files that have been accidentally deleted, resurrect a
crashed hard disk, and optimize hard disk drive performance by defragmenting the disk

Antivirus software, backup utilities, and firewalls

also classified as utilities software

enhance or extend the capabilities of the operating system

Antivirus utility

examine or check the contents of the hard disk, USB drive, and RAM for hidden viruses that
might be lurking on these storage devices

Firewall software or hardware (or a combination of both)

examine or block traffic coming from or going to the Internet

detects if you are being attacked by a hacker or simply an intruder that violates your right to
privacy
 Type Examples
Backup Utilities Nero
Antivirus software Norton, McAfee, AVG
Firewalls Cisco, 3COM, CheckPoint FireWalls
Compresssion Utilities WinZip, WinRAR

Word Processor

makes it possible to enjoy typing effectively

typist will no longer suffer the agony of retyping the text to produce clean and a net draft
allows a user to concentrate on thinking about the ideas and let the computer handle the details
of laying out the words and spacing neatly on the page

Desktop Publishing Software

Desktop publishing

process of producing magazines, newspapers, books and other publication materials

modern desktop publishing system includes a computer, a laser printer, and a desktop
publishing software

Electronic Spreadsheet Software

allows the user to easily compute repetitive calculations in a fast and accurate manner

Worksheet

spreadsheet document composed of numbered rows and alphabetically lettered columns

intersection that forms a highlighted box is called a cell
features automatic replication of values and formulas, automatic recalculations, predefined
mathematical functions and macros

Other Application Software of Microsoft Office 2007

Microsoft Office Groove 2007

collaboration software that enables a team to work together of a particular project effectively,
efficiently and dynamically

Microsoft Office Outlook 2007

personal information manager software that is used mainly for e-mail application and shared
mailboxes, contact management, meeting time allocation and calendar, and web browsing
Microsoft Office OneNote 2007

tool for taking notes, gathering information and data, and collaborate with other computer
users

Microsoft Office Publisher 2007

business publishing software that helps you design, create, and publish communication and
marketing materials, intuitively and superbly

Microsoft Office InfoPath 2007

software you use to collect business data and information from the people whom you work and
deal with

Microsoft Access 2007

is a personal database software

some company departments are using Office Access 2007 for managing departmental data and
record keeping operations

OpenOffice

counterpart of Microsoft Office 2007 in the open-source community

competes directly with Microsoft Office 2007
supports the OpenDocument standard which further means that it is compatible with Microsoft
Office document
you can open your Microsoft Word document to OpenOffice word-processor without
encountering any problems, and vise-versa

Mathematical, Scientific and Statistical Software

Accounting software

automatically adjusts the balance in every account after a transaction so that the history can be
traced later when the demand or need arises in the near future

Financial management software

can automate the generation of check writing, budgeting, and bill paying
Example of this application software is Quicken and MS Money

Mathematical processing software

used by many professional and students whose needs are beyond the capabilities of
spreadsheet software
can handle complex equations, formulas, and calculations
 can handle the calculations for matrix and linear algebra, complex trigonometry and polynomial
factoring

Statistical analysis software

can produce graphs that shows how two or more variables relate to each other

Scientific visualization software

uses location in space, shape, and color to help us understand the relationship of things and
objects that are invisible in our eyes

Computer Modeling and Simulation software

used to create abstract models of objects, organizations, processes, and organisms

Computer games

models or simulations of an actual or imaginary ideas, processes, works, or situations

Computer Simulation

Schools, military, and businesses use simulation techniques for training

User-oriented simulations allow the person to temporarily live their fantasies
Sports simulation like the world re-known athlete stars are among the favorite computer games
of the new generation today
In military application, the fighter jet pilot can simulate the right and safe landing of F14 in an
aircraft carrier using the computer

Database Management System

type of software that is used for organizing storage and retrieval of information
allows people to store, search, retrieve, process, or access data fast and easy

Basic components of the database management system:

Database
Table
Record

Database

collection of information stored in a systematic form in a computer

Table

complete collection of related records in a row and column format

Record

collection of related data about a person or object

Basic operations and uses of database

Query - an information request

Indexing - database command that allows us to arrange records in alphabetical or numerical
order

Corporate Databases

SQL Server 2008

database of Microsoft corporation and considered as the fastest-growing DBMS today

runs only in Windows operating system such as in Windows XP, Windows Vista, and Windows
Server 2003 or 2008

Oracle Database 11g

worlds first commercially-available relational database management system (RDBMS)

number one RDBS used worldwide
runs in Windows operating system, Mac OS, Linux, and UNIX Solaris
packed with a large suite of business application software, utilities, and languages that can be
used together to solve business process problems

IBM DB2 Universal Database

suite of business application software that can be used by companies for their data analysis,
integration, and data-mining, data-warehousing, and other data management tasks
has a version that will run in Windows, Linux, and UNIX operating systems
offers a superb service and technical support by its company- the IBM Corporation
stable and robust database server for high-volume activity transactions

MySQL

most popular and widely used RDBMS in the open-source community

simple to use but has less features than Oracle or SQL Server

PostgreSQL

dubbed as the worlds most advanced open-source database

originally developed in early 1970s and was formerly called Ingres

Express Edition

free software version of giant computer software companies such as Microsoft and Oracle
 has some inherent limitations but these limitations are purely more of limited storage capacity
of data to be stored and computer memory and CPU usage, not actually with software features
and capabilities

The Computer Number System (Series III)

Hexadecimal Number System

how the computer assigned memory addresses

consists of ten numbers: 0 to 9 and six letters: A to F

Memory addresses

actual memory location where each data is stored systematically for easy and fast search and
retrieval process

MAC (Media Access Control) address

physical address of the LAN-card

each and every LAN-card in a computer network has a unique MAC address that is in
hexadecimal format