University of salahaddin

College of engineering
Civil department

Method of excavation

prepared : zhvan kareem tahr

Subject : structures construction
Lecturer : dr. sherzad qadir hakkari
Date of applying : 17/11/2016
 Outline

1- Introduction
2- Method of excavtion
3- Discussion
4- References
 introduction

Excavation is the first step of construction. It refers to the

process of removing soil or rock from its original location,
typically in preparation for constructing foundations,
basements,
and underground utility lines and for grading of the
ground surface. Excavated material required for backfill
or.grading fill is stockpiled on the site for subsequent
use.Unneeded material is removed from the site for
appropriate disposal. Excavations are generally
classified as
Open excavations
Trenches
Pits
Open excavations refer to large (and often deep)
excavations, such as for a basement.Trenches generally
refer to long, narrow excavations, such as for footings
under a wall or utilitypipes. Pits are excavations for the
footing of an individual column, elevator shaft, and so
on.The depth of excavation depends on the type of soil
and the type of foundation. For aslab-on-ground, the
depth of excavation is small, whereas the depth of
excavation for a basementis directly related to the
number of basement floors. For trenches and pits, the
excavation must reach soil with sufficient bearing
capacity to support the load. If the soil with the required
bearing capacity and stability is not present at a
reasonable depth, deep foundation elements, which do
not require conventional excavation are used.
 Method of excavation

This invention relates to a method of excavation which

includes progressively advancing and retracting a drill
stem having an open type reamer thereon into a bored
hole, and the successive injection of water under
pressure and then a fluid under pressure into the
successive spaces provided by retraction, whereby the
fluid under pressure acts to eject the formation cuttings
from the bored hole as such ejection is abetted by the
water which has earlier been injected outwardly of the
fluid.It is an object of this invention to provide a method
of excavation including the drilling of a bored hole with a
drill stem having an open type reamer afl'ixed thereto
and in such method the drill stem is first rotated and
advanced, and then rotated in retraction to compact the
cutting outwardly thereof, then advanced inwardly and
through water in the space provided by retraction, and
then further advanced in drilling; then the drill stem is
again retracted in rotation to further compact another
mass of cuttings therebehind, and a compressed fluid is
then injected into the inner space to force the cutting
masses outwardly abetted by the water which has
previously been injected.It is also an object of this
invention to provide a method of this class in which the
water injected into the water filled space serves also to
tend to seal against the outward escape of the
compressed fluid employed, as air.It is a further object of
this invention to provide a method which employs an
inexpensive fluid, as water, and an even less expensive
fluid, as compressed air, to excavate a bore, whereby
excavation is accomplished without withdrawing the drill
stem from the bore, and without the use of an
excavation plug or disc.It is still a further object of this
invention to provide a method of this class which is
especially adapted for the excavation of horizontally
extending bores.It is yet a further object of this invention
to provide a method of this class which is adapted for the
excavation of bores which extend vertically or at angles
to the horizontal. A method of earth excavation
comprising the steps of, drilling a pilot bore, reaming the
pilot bore with an open type reamer for a distance,
continuing rotation of the drill stern in the direction of
reaming while withdrawing the drill stem outwardly to
compact a mass of formation cuttings behind the
reamer, injecting water through the drill stem and
reamer into the space provided inwardly of the
withdrawn reamer, advancing the reamer through the
space and continuing reaming for another distance,
continuing rotation of the drill stem in the direction of
reaming while withdrawing the drill stem outwardly to
compact another mass of formation cuttings behind the
reamer, and injecting compressed air through the drill t 6
stem and reamer into the space inwardly of the reenter
against the inner compacted mass and move the masses
to force against the inner compacted mass an move the
outwardly. masses outwardly. d A mgthodfof exgavation
cotrlnprising the steps of, 5 References Cited in the file of
this patent ri ing a ore or a 'istancc wit an open type
cutter, withdrawing the drill stem outwardly to compact
a mass UNITED STATES PATENTS of formation cuttings
behind the cutter; injecting water 1,346,939 Carmichael
July 20, 1920 through the drill stem and cutter into the
space provided 2,122,099 Jeffrey June 28, 1938 inwardly
of the withdrawn cutter, advancing the cutter 2,126,576
Ranney Aug. 9, 1938 through the space and continuing
drilling for another dis- 10 2,234,451 Ransome Mar. 11,
1941 tance, withdrawing the drill stem outwardly and to
com- 2,514,585 Natland July 11, 1950 pact another mass
of formation cuttings behind the cut- 2,664,273 Merrick
Dec. 29, 1953 ter, and injecting compressed air through
the drill stern 2,693,345 Martin et a1 Nov. 2, 1954 and
cutter into the space inwardly of the cutter to force
 discussion

Archeological excavation involves the removal of soil,

sediment, or rock that covers artifacts or other evidence
of human activity. Early excavation techniques involved
destructive random digging and removal of objects with
little or no location data recorded. Modern excavations
often involve slow, careful extraction of sediments in
very thin layers, detailed sifting of sediment samples, and
exacting measurement and recording of artifact location.

About the time of the American Revolution, the then-

future U.S. president Thomas Jefferson began excavating
Indian burial mounds that had been constructed on his
property in Virginia. His technique, which was to dig
trenches and observe the successive strata, or layers of
soil, anticipated the techniques of modern archaeology.

Between 1880 and 1890, General Pitt-Rivers initiated the

practice of total site excavation, with emphasis on
stratigraphy and the recording of the position of each
object found. In 1904, William Mathew Flinders Petrie
established principles of surveying and excavation that
emphasized the necessity of not damaging the
monuments being excavated, of exercising meticulous
care when excavating and collecting artifacts, of
conducting detailed and accurate surveys, and of
publishing the findings as soon as possible following the
excavation. In the same year, the archeologists R.
Pumpelly and Hubert Schmidt, working in Turkestan, had
already begun using sifting techniques to save small
objects, and were recording the vertical and horizontal
locations of even the smallest objects in each cultural
layer.

Today, archeology is still equated with excavation in the

popular mind. Most sites are no longer fully excavated
unless in danger of destruction from building or erosion.
Archaeologists leave a portion of some sites unexcavated
to preserve artifacts and context for future research.
Furthermore, there are now many alternatives to
excavation for studying an archeological site, including
surface archeology in which surface-exposed artifacts are
detected and recorded; remote sensing; and the
examination of soil and plant distributions. These
techniques are nondestructive, and permit the
archeologist to easily examine large areas. But even
today, in almost all archeological projects, there comes a
time when it is necessary to probe beneath the surface
to obtain additional information about a site.
 references

1- Lectures of structure
2- https://www.google.com/patents/US2702180