Chapter 2.

Technical Mathematics

Signed Numbers

2-1. +7 2-8. -17 2-15. +2 2-22. +12

2-2. +4 2-9. +6 2-16. -2 2-23. +8

2-3. +2 2-10. -32 2-17. -4 2-24. -4

2-4. -2 2-11. -36 2-18. -3 2-25. 0

2-5. -10 2-12. +24 2-19. +2 2-26. +220

2-6. -33 2-13. -48 2-20. -4 2-27. +32

2-7. -5 2-14. +144 2-21. -3 2-28. -32

2-29. (a) -60C; (b) -170C; (c) 360C

2-30. L = 2 mm[(-300C) (-50C)] = 2 mm(-25) = -50 mm; Decrease in length.

Algebra Review

2-31. x = (2) + (-3) + (-2) = -3; x = -3 2-32. x = (2) (-3) (-2) = +7; x = +7

2-33. x = (-3) + (-2) - (+2) = -7; x = -7 2-34. x = -3[(2) (-2)] = -3(2 + 2) = -12; x = -12

b c 3 ( 2 ) 3 + 2 1 2 + ( 3) 2 3 1
2-35. x = = = ; x = 2-36. x = = ; x=+
a 2 2 2 2 2 2

b ( 3) 3 3
2-37. x = (-3)2 (-2)2 = 9 4 = 5; x = 5 2-38. x = = = ; x=
ac (2)( 2) 4 4

2 1 4
2-39. x = 2 ( 2) = (4); x = 2-40. x = (2)2 + (-3)2 + (-2)2; x = 17
( 3)( 2) 3 3

2-41. x = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 17 2-42. x = (2)(-3)[(-2) (+2)]2; x = -6(-4)2 = -96

b + c 3 2 5
2-43. Solve for x: 2ax b = c; 2ax = b + c; x= = ; x=
2a 2( 2) 4

1
 4c 4 ( 2 )
2-44. ax + bx = 4c; (a + b) x = 4c; x = = ; x = +8
a + b 2 + ( 3)

2ab 2b 2( 3)
2-45. 3ax = ; 3cx = 2b; x = = ; x = +1
c 3c 3( 2)

4ac 2 x 4ac + 16b 4(2)( 2) + 16( 3)

2-47. 5m 16 = 3m 4 2-48. 3p = 7p - 16

5m 3m = -4 + 16 3p 7p = -16

2m = 12; m=6 -4p = - 16; p = +4

2-49. 4m = 2(m 4) 2-50. 3(m 6) = 6

4m = 2m 8 3m 18 = 6

2m = -8; m = -4 3m = 24; m = +8

x p 2 1
= (4)(3) = 12; x = 36 = = ; p =1
2-51. 3 2-52. 3 6 3

96 96
2-53. = 48; x = =2 2-54. 14 = 2(b 7); 14 = 2b 14; b = 14
x 48

1 1 1 6p 6p 6p
2-55. R2 = (4)2 + (3)2 = 16 + 9 2-56. = + ; = +
2 p 6 2 p 6

R 2 = 25 R=5 3p = 6 + p; p=3

V PV
2-57. V = IR; R = 2-58. PV = nRT ; T =
I nR

F
2-59. F = ma; a = 2-60. s = vt + d; d = s vt
m

mv 2 mv 2 2s
2-61. F= ; FR = mv 2 ; R = 2-62. s = at2; 2s = at2; a=
R F t2

2
 v 2f v02 Q2 Q2
2-63. 2as = v v ; a =
2
f
2
0
2-64. C = ; V=
2s 2V 2C

1 1 1 mv
2-65. + = ; R2 R + R1 R = R1 R2 2-66. mv = Ft ; =t
R1 R2 R F

R1 R2 mv
( R1 + R2 ) R = R1 R2 ; R= t=
R1 + R2 F

PV PV
2-67. mv2 mv1 = Ft ; mv2 = Ft + mv1 2-68.
1 1
= 2 2; 1 1T2 = PV
PV 2 2 T1
T1 T2

Ft + mv1 PV
2 2 T1
v2 = T2 =
m PV
1 1

2-69. v = vo + at; v v0 = at 2-70. c2 = a2 + b2 ; b2 = c2 - a2

v v0
a= b = c2 a 2
t

Exponents and Radicals

2-71. 212 2-72. 3523 2-73. x10 2-74. x5

2-75. 1/a 2-76. a/b2 2-77. 1/22 2-78. a2/b2

2-79. 2x5 2-80. 1/a2b2 2-81. m6 2-82. c4/n6

2-83. 64 x 106 2-84. (1/36) x 104 2-85. 4 2-86. 3

2-87. x3 2-88. a2b3 2-89. 2 x 102 2-90. 2 x 10-9

2-91. 2a2 2-92. x + 2

Scientific Notation

2-93. 4.00 x 104 2-94. 6.70 x 101 2-95. 4.80 x 102

2-96. 4.97 x 105 2-97. 2.10 x 10-3 2-98. 7.89 x 10-1

2-99. 8.70 x 10-2 100. 9.67 x 10-4 2-101. 4,000,000

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2-102. 4670 2-103. 37.0 2-104. 140,000

2-105. 0.0367 2-106. 0.400 2-107. 0.006

2-108. 0.0000417 2-109. 8.00 x 106 2-110. 7.40 x 104

2-111. 8.00 x 102 2-112. 1.80 x 10-8 2-113. 2.68 x 109

2-114. 7.40 x 10-3 2-115. 1.60x 10-5 2-116. 2.70 x 1019

2-117. 1.80 x 10-3 2-118. 2.40 x 101 2-119. 2.00 x 106

2-120. 2.00 x 10-3 2-121. 2.00 x 10-9 2-122. 5.71 x 10-1

2-123. 2.30 x 105 2-124. 6.40x 102 2-125. 2.40 x 103

2-126. 5.60 x 10-5 2-127. 6.90 x 10-2 2-128. 3.30 x 10-3

2-129. 6.00 x 10-4 2-130. 6.40 x 106 2-131. 8.00x 106

2-132. -4.00 x 10-2

Graphs

2-133. Graph of speed vs. time: When t = 4.5 s, v = 144 ft/s; When v = 100 m/s, t = 3.1 s.

2-134. Graph of advance of screw vs. turns: When screw advances 2.75 in., N = 88 turns.

2-135. Graph of wavelength vs. frequency: 350 kHz 857 m; 800 kHz 375 m.

2-136. Electric Power vs. Electric Current: 3.20 A 10.4 W; 8.0 A 64.8 W.

Geometry A B

2-137. 900. 1800, 2700, and 450 2-138.

2-139a. A = 170, B = 350, C = 380 2-139b. A = 500 Rule 2; B = 400 Rule 2.

2-140a. A = 500 Rule 3; B = 1300 2-140b. B = 700, C = 420 Rule 2

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Right Triangle Trigonometry

2-141. 0.921 2-147. 19.3 2-153. 684 2-159. 54.20 2-165. 36.90

2-142. 0.669 2-148. 143 2-154. 346 2-160. 6.730 2-166. 76.00

2-143. 1.66 2-149. 267 2-155. 803 2-161. 50.20 2-167. 31.20

2-144. 0.559 2-150. 32.4 2-156. 266 2-162. 27.10

2-145. 0.875 2-151. 235 2-157. 2191 2-163. 76.80

2-146. 0.268 2-152. 2425 2-158. 1620 2-164. 6.370

Solve triangles for unknown sides and angles (Exercises 168 175):

2-168. tan = 18/35, = 35.80 ; R = 182 + 252 R = 30.8 ft

2-169. tan = 600/400, = 56.30 ; R = 402 + 802 R = 721 m.

2-170. y = 650 sin 210 = 233 m; x = 650 cos 210 = 607 m.

2-171. sin = 200/500, = 23.60; 5002 = x 2 + 2002 , x = 458 km.

2-172. sin = 210/400, = 31.70; 5002 = m2 + 2002 , m = 340 m.

2-173. x = 260 cos 510 = 164 in.; y = 260 sin 510 = 202 in.

2-174. tan = 40/80, = 26.60; R = 402 + 802 R = 89.4 lb

2-175. = 1800 - 1200 = 600; y = 300 sin 600 = 260 m; x = 300 cos 600 = 150 m, left

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Challenge Problems

2-176. 30.21 0.59 in. = 29.62 in.

2-178. T = Tf T0 = -150C (290C); T = -44 C0.

2-179. Tf T0 = -340C; Tf - 200C = -340C; Tf = -140C

2-180. Six pieces @ 4.75 in. = 6(4.75 in.) = 28.5 in.; Five cuts @ 1/16 = 5/16 = 0.3125 in.

Original length = 28.5 in. + 0.3125 in. = 28.8 in.

V
2-181. V = r2h; Solve for h: h=
r 2

mv 2 mv 2
2-182. F = ; R=
R F

2-183. Solve for x and evaluate: a = 2, b = -2, c = 3, and d = -1

xb + cd = a(x + 2) xb + cd = ax + 2a xb ax = 2a cd (b - a)x = 2a cd

2a cd 2a cd 2(2) ( 3)( 1) 7 7
x= ; x= = = ; x=
ba ba ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 4 4

2-184. c 2 = b 2 + a 2 b = c2 a 2 ; b = 502 + 202 = 53.9 b = 53.9

Gm1m2 (6.67 x 10-11 )(4 x 10-8 )(3 x 10-7 )

2-186. L = L0 + L0(t t0); L = 21.41 cm + (2 x 10-3/C0)( 21.41 cm )(1000C - 200C);

L = 24.84 cm.

2-187. Construct graph of y = 2x and verify that x = 3.5 when y = 7 (from the graph).

2-188. (a) A + 600 = 900; A = 300. A + C = 900; C = 600. B = 600 by rule 2.

(b) D + 300 = 900; D = 600. A = 600 (alt. int. angles); B = 300; C = 1200.

6
Critical Thinking Problems

2-189. A = (-8) (-4) = -4; B = (-6) + (14) = 8; C = A B = (-4) (8) = -12; C = - 12 cm.

B A = (8) (-4) = +12. There is a difference of 24 cm between B A and A B.

L L gT 2
2-190. T = 2 T 2 = 4 2 L=
g g 4 2

Let L = 4Lo; Since 4 = 2 , the period will be doubled when the length is quadrupled.

1
Let gm = ge /6, Then, T would be changed by a factor of = 6 = 2.45
1/ 6

Thus, the period T on the moon would be 2(2.45) or 4.90 s.

2-191. (a) Area = LW = (3.45 x 10-4 m)(9.77 x 10-5 m); Area = 3.37 x 10-8 m2.

Perimeter (P) = 2L + 2W = 2(L + W); P = 2(3.45 x 10-4 + 9.77 x 10-5) = 8.85 x 10-4 m.

(b) L = L0/2 and W = 2W0: A = (L0/2)(2W0) = L0W0; No change in area.

P P0 = [2(L0/2) + 2(2W0)] - [2L0 + 2W0] = 2W0 L0

P = 2(9.77 x 10-5) 3.45 x 10-4 P = -1.50 x 10-4 m.

The area doesnt change, but the perimeter decreases by 0.150 mm.

2-192. Graph shows when T = 420 K, P = 560 lb/in.2; when T = 600 K, P = 798 lb/in.2

2-193. Graph shows when V = 26 V, I = 377 mA; when V = 48 V, I = 696 mA.