Glencoe Science

Chapter Resources

Plate Tectonics

Includes:
Reproducible Student Pages
ASSESSMENT TRANSPARENCY ACTIVITIES
Chapter Tests Section Focus Transparency Activities
Chapter Review Teaching Transparency Activity
Assessment Transparency Activity
HANDS-ON ACTIVITIES
Lab Worksheets for each Student Edition Activity Teacher Support and Planning
Laboratory Activities Content Outline for Teaching
FoldablesReading and Study Skills activity sheet Spanish Resources
Teacher Guide and Answers
MEETING INDIVIDUAL NEEDS
Directed Reading for Content Mastery
Directed Reading for Content Mastery in Spanish
Reinforcement
Enrichment
Note-taking Worksheets
 Glencoe Science

Photo Credits
Section Focus Transparency 1: Ron Watts/CORBIS; Section Focus Transparency 2: Museum of Paleontology,
University of CA, Berkeley; Section Focus Transparency 3: Jeremy Stafford-Deitsch/ENP

Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

Permission is granted to reproduce the material contained herein on the condition
that such material be reproduced only for classroom use; be provided to students,
teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with the
Plate Tectonics program. Any other reproduction, for use or sale, is prohibited
without prior written permission of the publisher.

Send all inquiries to:

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ISBN 0-07-866947-2

Printed in the United States of America.

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 009 09 08 07 06
 Table of Contents
To the Teacher iv
Reproducible Student Pages
Hands-On Activities
MiniLAB: Try at Home Interpreting Fossil Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
MiniLAB: Modeling Convection Currents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Lab: Seafloor Spreading Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Lab: Use the Internet Predicting Tectonic Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Laboratory Activity 1: Paleogeographic Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Laboratory Activity 2: How do continental plates move? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Foldables: Reading and Study Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Meeting Individual Needs
Extension and Intervention
Directed Reading for Content Mastery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Directed Reading for Content Mastery in Spanish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Enrichment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Note-taking Worksheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Assessment
Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Chapter Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Transparency Activities
Section Focus Transparency Activities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Teaching Transparency Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Assessment Transparency Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Teacher Support and Planning
Content Outline for Teaching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T2
Spanish Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T5
Teacher Guide and Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T9

Additional Assessment Resources available with Glencoe Science:

ExamView Pro Testmaker
Assessment Transparencies
Performance Assessment in the Science Classroom
Standardized Test Practice Booklet
MindJogger Videoquizzes
Vocabulary PuzzleMaker at msscience.com
Interactive Chalkboard
The Glencoe Science Web site at: msscience.com
An interactive version of this textbook along with assessment resources are available
online at: mhln.com

iii
 To the Teacher
This chapter-based booklet contains all of the resource materials to help you teach
this chapter more effectively. Within you will find:
Reproducible pages for
Student Assessment

Hands-on Activities

Meeting Individual Needs (Extension and Intervention)

Transparency Activities

A teacher support and planning section including

Content Outline of the chapter

Spanish Resources

Answers and teacher notes for the worksheets

Hands-On Activities
MiniLAB and Lab Worksheets: Each of these worksheets is an expanded version of each lab
and MiniLAB found in the Student Edition. The materials lists, procedures, and questions
are repeated so that students do not need their texts open during the lab. Write-on rules are
included for any questions. Tables/charts/graphs are often included for students to record
their observations. Additional lab preparation information is provided in the Teacher Guide
and Answers section.
Laboratory Activities: These activities do not require elaborate supplies or extensive pre-lab
preparations. These student-oriented labs are designed to explore science through a stimu-

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

lating yet simple and relaxed approach to each topic. Helpful comments, suggestions, and
answers to all questions are provided in the Teacher Guide and Answers section.
Foldables: At the beginning of each chapter there is a Foldables: Reading & Study Skills
activity written by renowned educator, Dinah Zike, that provides students with a tool that
they can make themselves to organize some of the information in the chapter. Students may
make an organizational study fold, a cause and effect study fold, or a compare and contrast
study fold, to name a few. The accompanying Foldables worksheet found in this resource
booklet provides an additional resource to help students demonstrate their grasp of the
concepts. The worksheet may contain titles, subtitles, text, or graphics students need to
complete the study fold.

Meeting Individual Needs (Extension and Intervention)

Directed Reading for Content Mastery: These worksheets are designed to provide students
with learning difficulties with an aid to learning and understanding the vocabulary and
major concepts of each chapter. The Content Mastery worksheets contain a variety of formats
to engage students as they master the basics of the chapter. Answers are provided in the
Teacher Guide and Answers section.

iv
 Directed Reading for Content Mastery (in Spanish): A Spanish version of the Directed
Reading for Content Mastery is provided for those Spanish-speaking students who are
learning English.
Reinforcement: These worksheets provide an additional resource for reviewing the con-
cepts of the chapter. There is one worksheet for each section, or lesson, of the chapter.
The Reinforcement worksheets are designed to focus primarily on science content and less
on vocabulary, although knowledge of the section vocabulary supports understanding of
the content. The worksheets are designed for the full range of students; however, they will
be more challenging for your lower-ability students. Answers are provided in the Teacher
Guide and Answers section.
Enrichment: These worksheets are directed toward above-average students and allow them
to explore further the information and concepts introduced in the section. A variety of
formats are used for these worksheets: readings to analyze; problems to solve; diagrams
to examine and analyze; or a simple activity or lab which students can complete in the
classroom or at home. Answers are provided in the Teacher Guide and Answers section.
Note-taking Worksheet: The Note-taking Worksheet mirrors the content contained in the
teacher versionContent Outline for Teaching. They can be used to allow students to take
notes during class, as an additional review of the material in the chapter, or as study notes
for students who have been absent.

Assessment
Chapter Review: These worksheets prepare students for the chapter test. The
Chapter Review worksheets cover all major vocabulary, concepts, and objectives
of the chapter. The first part is a vocabulary review and the second part is a concept review.
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Answers and objective correlations are provided in the Teacher Guide and Answers section.
Chapter Test: The Chapter Test requires students to use process skills and understand content.
Although all questions involve memory to some degree, you will find that your students will
need to discover relationships among facts and concepts in some questions, and to use higher
levels of critical thinking to apply concepts in other questions. Each chapter test normally
consists of four parts: Testing Concepts measures recall and recognition of vocabulary and
facts in the chapter; Understanding Concepts requires interpreting information and more
comprehension than recognition and recallstudents will interpret basic information and
demonstrate their ability to determine relationships among facts, generalizations, definitions,
and skills; Applying Concepts calls for the highest level of comprehension and inference;
Writing Skills requires students to define or describe concepts in multiple sentence answers.
Answers and objective correlations are provided in the Teacher Guide and Answers section.

Transparency Activities
Section Focus Transparencies: These transparencies are designed to generate interest
and focus students attention on the topics presented in the sections and/or to assess
prior knowledge. There is a transparency for each section, or lesson, in the Student Edition.
The reproducible student masters are located in the Transparency Activities section. The
teacher material, located in the Teacher Guide and Answers section, includes Transparency
Teaching Tips, a Content Background section, and Answers for each transparency.

v
Teaching Transparencies: These transparencies relate to major concepts that will benefit
from an extra visual learning aid. Most of these transparencies contain diagrams/photos
from the Student Edition. There is one Teaching Transparency for each chapter. The Teaching
Transparency Activity includes a black-and-white reproducible master of the transparency
accompanied by a student worksheet that reviews the concept shown in the transparency.
These masters are found in the Transparency Activities section. The teacher material includes
Transparency Teaching Tips, a Reteaching Suggestion, Extensions, and Answers to Student
Worksheet. This teacher material is located in the Teacher Guide and Answers section.
Assessment Transparencies: An Assessment Transparency extends the chapter content and
gives students the opportunity to practice interpreting and analyzing data presented in
charts, graphs, and tables. Test-taking tips that help prepare students for success on stan-
dardized tests and answers to questions on the transparencies are provided in the Teacher
Guide and Answers section.

Teacher Support and Planning

Content Outline for Teaching: These pages provide a synopsis of the chapter by section,
including suggested discussion questions. Also included are the terms that fill in the blanks
in the students Note-taking Worksheets.
Spanish Resources: A Spanish version of the following chapter features are included in this
section: objectives, vocabulary words and definitions, a chapter purpose, the chapter Activi-
ties, and content overviews for each section of the chapter.

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

vi
 Reproducible
Student Pages

Reproducible Student Pages

Hands-On Activities
MiniLAB: Try at Home Interpreting Fossil Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
MiniLAB: Modeling Convection Currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Lab: Seafloor Spreading Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Lab: Use the Internet Predicting Tectonic Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Laboratory Activity 1: Paleogeographic Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Laboratory Activity 2: How do continental plates move? . . . . . . . . . . 13
Foldables: Reading and Study Skills. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Meeting Individual Needs
Extension and Intervention
Directed Reading for Content Mastery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Directed Reading for Content Mastery in Spanish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Reinforcement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Enrichment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Note-taking Worksheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Assessment
Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Chapter Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Transparency Activities
Section Focus Transparency Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Teaching Transparency Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Assessment Transparency Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Plate Tectonics 1
Hands-On Activities

Hands-On
Activities

2 Plate Tectonics
 Name Date Class

Hands-On Activities
Interpreting Fossil Data
Procedure
1. Build a three-layer landmass using clay or modeling dough.
2. Mold the clay into mountain ranges.
3. Place similar fossils into the clay at various locations around
the landmass.
4. Form five continents from the one landmass. Also, form two smaller
landmasses out of different clay with different mountain ranges and fossils.
5. Place the five continents and two smaller landmasses around the room.
6. Have someone who did not make or place the landmasses make a model
that shows how they once were positioned.
7. Return the clay to its container so it can be used again.

Analysis
What clues were useful in reconstructing the original landmass?
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Plate Tectonics 3
 Name Date Class
Hands-On Activities

Modeling Convection Currents

Procedure
1. Pour water into a clear, colorless casserole dish until it is 5 cm
from the top.
2. Center the dish on a hot plate and heat it.
WARNING: Wear thermal mitts to protect your hands.
3. Add a few drops of food coloring to the water above the center of the
hot plate.
4. Looking from the side of the dish, observe what happens in the water.
5. In the space below, illustrate your observations.

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Analysis
1. Determine whether any currents form in the water.

2. Infer what causes the currents to form.

4 Plate Tectonics
 Name Date Class

Seafloor Spreading Rates

Hands-On Activities
Lab Preview
Directions: Answer these questions before you begin the Lab.
1. Where can you find the data about each peak that you need for this lab?

2. What formula do you use to calculate the rate of movement in this lab?

How did scientists use their knowledge of seafloor spreading and magnetic
field reversals to reconstruct Pangaea? Try this lab to see how you can deter-
mine where a continent may have been located in the past.

Real-World Question Procedure

Can you use clues, such as magnetic 1. Study the magnetic field graph below. You
field reversals on Earth, to help will be working only with normal polarity
reconstruct Pangaea? readings, which are the peaks above the
Materials baseline in the top half of the graph.
metric ruler pencil 2. Place the long edge of a ruler vertically
on the graph. Slide the ruler so that it lines
Goals up with the center of peak 1 west of the
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Interpret data about magnetic field Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

reversals. Use these magnetic clues to 3. Determine and record the distance and age
reconstruct Pangaea. that line up with the center of peak 1 west.
Repeat this process for peak 1 east of the ridge.
4. Calculate the average distance and age for
Normal
1
polarity
this pair of peaks.
1 2
6 5. Repeat steps 2 through 4 for each remain-
Mid-Atlantic Ridge

5 4
6 3 2 3 4 5 ing pair of normal-polarity peaks.
6. Calculate the rate of movement in cm per
6 2 4 5 6 year for the six pairs of peaks. Use the
2
5 4
3 1 3
formula rate = distance/time. Convert
1 kilometers to centimeters. For example,
to calculate a rate using normal-polarity
150 125 100 75 50 25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
peak 5, west of the ridge:
Distance (km)
West from ridge East from ridge
12 10 8 4 125 km 12.5 km
6 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112 rate = =
10 million years million years
Age (millions of years)
1,250,000 cm
= = 1.25 cm/year
1,000,000 years

Plate Tectonics 5
 Name Date Class

(continued)
Hands-On Activities

Data and Observations

Peaks Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 6

Distance west normal polarity (km)

Distance east normal polarity (km)

Average distance (km)

Average age from scale
(millions of years )
Rate of movement (cm /year)

Conclude and Apply

1. Compare the age of igneous rock found near the mid-ocean ridge with that of igneous rock
found farther away from the ridge.

2. If the distance from a point on the coast of Africa to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is approximately
2,400 km, calculate how long ago that point in Africa was at or near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

3. How could you use this method to reconstruct Pangaea?

6 Plate Tectonics
 Name Date Class

Use the Internet

Predicting Tectonic Activity

Hands-On Activities
The movement of plates on Earth causes forces that build up energy in rocks.
The release of this energy can produce vibrations in Earth that you know
as earthquakes. Earthquakes occur every day. Many of them are too small
to be felt by humans, but each event tells scientists something more about the
planet. Active volcanoes can do the same, and volcanoes often form at plate
boundaries.
Think about where earthquakes and volcanoes have occurred in the past.
Make a hypothesis about whether the locations of earthquake epicenters and
active volcanoes can be used to predict tectonically active areas.

Real-World Question Data Sources

Can you predict tectonically active areas by Visit msscience.com/
plotting locations of earthquake epicenters internet_lab for more
and volcanic eruptions? information about earthquake and volcano
sites and data from other students.
Goals
Research the locations of earthquakes and Make a Plan
volcanic eruptions around the world. 1. Study the data table shown below. Use it to
Plot earthquake epicenters and the locations record your data.
of volcanic eruptions obtained from 2. Collect data for earthquake epicenters and
msscience.com site. volcanic eruptions for at least the past two
Predict locations that are tectonically active weeks. Your data should include the longi-
tude and latitude for each location. For
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

based on a plot of the locations of earth-

quake epicenters and active volcanoes. help, refer to the data sources given above.

Locations of Epicenters and Eruptions

Earthquake Epicenter / Volcanic Eruption Longitude Latitude

Plate Tectonics 7
 Name Date Class

(continued)
Hands-On Activities

Follow Your Plan

1. Make sure your teacher approves your plan 4. Compare and contrast the areas that you
before you start. predicted to be tectonically active with the
2. Plot the locations of earthquake epicenters plate boundary map shown in Figure 9 in
and volcanic eruptions on a map of the your textbook.
world. Use an overlay of tissue paper
or plastic.
3. After you have collected the necessary data,
predict where the tectonically active areas
on Earth are.
Analyze Your Data
1. What areas on Earth do you predict to be the locations of tectonic activity?

2. How close did your prediction come to the actual location of tectonically active areas?

Conclude and Apply

1. How could you make your predictions closer to the locations of actual tectonic activity?

2. Would data from a longer period of time help? Explain.

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

3. What types of plate boundaries were close to your locations of earthquake epicenters? Volcanic
eruptions?

4. Explain which types of plate boundaries produce volcanic eruptions. Be specific.

Communicating Your Data

Find this lab using the link below. Post your data in the table provided. Compare your data
with those of other students. Combine your data with those of other students, and plot
these combined data on map to recognize the relationship between plate coundaries, vol-
canic eruptions, and earthquake epicenters.

msscience.com/internet_lab

8 Plate Tectonics
 Name Date Class

Paleogeographic Mapping
1 Laboratory

Hands-On Activities
Activity
Paleo- means old as in paleontology, the study of old life (fossils). Geo- means Earth, as in geology,
the study of Earth. Graphic refers to a drawing or painting. Therefore, paleogeographic could be
translated as Old Earth Picture. Scientists often use fossil evidence to help them develop a picture of
how Earth was long ago. By examining and dating rock formations and fossils of various plants and
animals, scientists are able to formulate hypotheses about what Earths surface might have looked like
during a particular period in history. For example, similar rock formations and certain types of plant
and animal fossils of a particular age could indicate whether two, now separate, land areas might have
been connected during that period. Further analysis of the samples and data could also provide clues
to the climate of that area or whether it was dry land or covered by an ocean. To classify events in the
geologic past, scientists have divided the millions of years of Earths history into segments, called eras.
In this activity, you will examine evidence from the fossil record relative to a current map of an
imaginary continent and develop a map of what the continent and the surrounding area might have
looked like during the Mesozoic Era (248 million to 65 million years ago).
Strategy
You will determine how fossil evidence can be used to infer information about a continent during
the geologic past.
You will interpret fossil evidence to draw a map showing how a continent appeared during the
Mesozoic Era.
Materials
colored pencils or markers

Procedure
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1. Figure 1 shows a map of a present-day 4. In the space provided under Data and
imaginary continent. Locations A through Observations, draw a map showing land
I are places where fossils have been found and water areas during the Mesozoic Era.
in rocks dating to the Mesozoic Era. Study Use the color boundaries you added to Fig-
the map and look at the fossils key below ure 1 as your guideline. Based on these
the map. boundaries, add all of the symbols from
2. From the locations of the different fossils, the map key in Figure 1 to your map.
infer where the land areas were at the time 5. Color all the areas around and between the
the fossil organisms lived. Keep in mind labeled areas on your map as either land or
that the way the modern continent looks ocean. Fill in the blocks labeled Land and
may have no relationship to where the Ocean with the colors you used.
land/ocean boundaries were during the
Mesozoic Era.
3. Use one color of pencil or marker to color
in the land areas on the map in Figure 1.
Fill in the block labeled Land with the
same color. Use a different color of pencil
or marker to color in the ocean areas on
the map in Figure 1. Fill in the block
labeled Ocean with this color.

Plate Tectonics 9
 Name Date Class

Laboratory Activity 1 (continued)

Hands-On Activities

Figure 1

A
B C

F D
X

H
G
I

Land Ocean

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Fossils found in Mesozoic rocks
A (shark teeth) F (teeth/bones of small mammals)
B (petrified wood) G (dinosaur bones)
C (sea stars) H (corals)
D (leaf and fern imprints) I (dinosaur footprints)
E (seashell fragments)
X, Y (Areas to be identified after completing your map)

10 Plate Tectonics
 Name Date Class

Laboratory Activity 1 (continued)

Hands-On Activities
Data and Observations
Mesozoic Map

Land Ocean
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Questions and Conclusions

1. According to your map, was location Y land or water during the Mesozoic Era? Explain how
you decided.

2. According to your map, was location X land or water during the Mesozoic Era? Explain how
you decided.

3. Compare your map with those of other students. Why do you think that not everyone agreed
on whether location X was land or water? How could you find out which interpretation was
correct?

Plate Tectonics 11
 Name Date Class

Laboratory Activity 1 (continued)

Hands-On Activities

4. Corals grow only in warm, shallow oceans near the coastlines of continents that are relatively
near the equator. Would knowing this fact make you revise your map? Why or why not?

5. Suppose the modern continent shown in Figure 1 was located in an area that is extremely cold.
Using the evidence you have, plus the information in Question 4, what could you infer about
the continent?

Strategy Check
Can you determine how fossil evidence can be used to infer information about a
continent during the geologic past?
Can you interpret fossil evidence to draw a map showing how a continent appeared
during the Mesozoic Era?

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12 Plate Tectonics
 Name Date Class

How do continental
2 Laboratory

Hands-On Activities
Activity plates move?
One of the models that helps explain how tectonic plates move is the convection model. In this
hypothesis, the molten magma of the mantle boils like water in a pot. The pattern of the moving
water forms a circular wave or current as hot water rises to the top and cooler surface water is
forced to the side of the pot and back down to be heated again. Inside the Earth it is believed there
are many convection cells, or regions in the mantle, that boil like this. The different cells have their
own currents and constantly move independently of one another. The crust of the Earth has a
much lighter mass and density than the magma. As a result, the plates of crust are moved by
convection currents and broken up on the boiling surface of the mantle.
Strategy
You will model convection currents and the movement of tectonic plates.
You will predict what will happen to tectonic plates at the margins of convection cells.
Materials
hot plate scissors tongs
water medium to largemouthed pot
sheets of plastic foam wrap for padding packages (not made from corn or organic materials)
Procedure
1. The hot plates should be turned on high. Record the answers to these observations in
Carefully fill the pot 2/3 full of water and the data table. Be sure to observe the boiling
place it on the hot plate. It will take a while pot for a while. It may first seem there is no
for the water to boil. pattern to the action in the pot, but careful
2. Obtain a piece of flat plastic foam wrap. observation will reveal certain movements
Use scissors to cut several shapes that rep- in the boiling water.
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

resent tectonic plates. If you are working in

a group you may mark your tectonic plates Figure 1
with a pencil or pen if you wish so that you
can recognize it when the water boils.
3. Carefully place your pieces of foam on the
surface of the water. If the water has any
steam or tiny bubbles at the bottom of the
pan, ask your teacher to place the foam in
the pot for you.
4. As the water heats, watch the action of Foam
the bubbles as they rise from the bottom of
the pot. Observe everything you can about
what happens to them when they rise under
a piece of foam. Record your observation in
the table provided.
5. Once the water begins to boil, watch your
pieces of foam. How do they move? In
what direction do they go? Do they stay in
one place in the pot or do they move ? Do
they crash into other pieces of foam?

Plate Tectonics 13
 Name Date Class

Laboratory Activity 2 (continued)

Hands-On Activities

6. When the experiment is over, your teacher 7. In your data table write down any observed
will turn off the hot plates and remove the changes in your foam. Does it still have
foam with tongs for cooling. DO NOT water in it? Have any of the corners been
remove the pieces yourself. They will cool melted or damaged? Write down any other
quickly. When they are cooled, find your observations in your table.
pieces and return to your lab station or seat.
Data and Observations
1.

Action of
bubbles

2.

Movement of
foam pieces in
boiling water

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

3.

Condition of
foam after
experiment

Questions and Conclusions

1. How did you describe what happened to the bubbles as they gathered under the foam? What
happened at the sides of the foam?

14 Plate Tectonics
 Name Date Class

Laboratory Activity 2 (continued)

Hands-On Activities
2. What type of natural feature is similar to the action of the bubbles? Explain your answer.

3. Describe the movement of the plastic pieces when the water started to boil. Could you see a pattern?

4. How does this experiment model the moving tectonic plates?

5. How is this experiment different from the real world in terms of tectonic plates? (Hint: What
were your foam pieces like after the experiment?)

6. Predict what would happen if the convection currents of the molten magma changed direction
or stopped altogether?
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Strategy Check
Can you model convection currents and the movement of tectonic plates?
Can you predict what will happen to tectonic plates at the margins of convection cells?

Plate Tectonics 15
 Name Date Class

Plate Tectonics

Hands-On Activities
Directions: Use this page to label your Foldable at the beginning of the chapter.

Know
Like to know
Learned
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Plate Tectonics 17
Meeting Individual Needs

Meeting Individual
Needs

18 Plate Tectonics
 Name Date Class

Directed Reading for Overview

Content Mastery Plate Tectonics
Directions: Study the following diagram. Then label each part with the letter of the correct description below.

A. A mid-ocean ridge forms whenever diverging plates continue to separate,

creating a new ocean basin. As the rising magma cools, it forms new ocean crust.

B. When an oceanic plate converges with a less dense continental plate, the denser
oceanic plate sinks under the continental plate.

Meeting Individual Needs

C. When two oceanic plates converge, the denser plate is forced beneath the other
plate and volcanic islands form above the sinking plate.

1. ____________
3. ____________
2. ____________

Continental crust
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Oceanic crust

Directions: Circle the words in parentheses that best complete the sentences below.

4. (Fossils, Human bones), rocks, and climate provided Wegener with support for
his continental drift theory.

5. The fact that the (youngest, oldest) rocks are located at the mid-ocean ridges is
evidence for seafloor spreading.

6. The transfer of (solar, heat) energy inside Earth moves plates.

Plate Tectonics 19
 Name Date Class

Directed Reading for Section 1 Continental Drift

Content Mastery Section 2 Seafloor Spreading
Directions: Complete the paragraph by filling in the blanks using the words below.
Pangaea Arctic rock
continents Africa seafloor spreading
Alfred Wegener was one of the first people to suggest that all of the
1. ___________________ were joined together in the past. He called the one large
Meeting Individual Needs

continent 2. ___________________. Evidence exists to support his hypothesis.

For example, similar fossils have been found in South America and
3. ___________________. Also, fossils of warm weather plants have been found in
the 4. ___________________. Similar 5. ___________________ structures exist in
the Appalachian Mountains and in Greenland and western Europe. But until clues on
the ocean floor led to Harry Hesss theory of 6. ___________________, scientists
could not think of how the continents might move.
Directions: Study the following diagram of the seafloor. Then match the letters to the statements below.
C

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Seafloor

A B D

7. Molten rock flows onto the seafloor and hardens as it cools.

8. Hot, molten rock is forced upward toward the seafloor at a mid-ocean ridge.
9. New seafloor moves away from the ridge, cools, becomes denser, and sinks.
10. Molten rock pushes sideways in both directions as it rises, moving the
mantle with it.

20 Plate Tectonics
 Name Date Class

Directed Reading for Section 3 Theory of Plate

Content Mastery Tectonics
Directions: In the blank at the left, write the letter of the term that best completes the sentence.
1. Earths crust and upper mantle are broken into sections called ______
a. lava. b. plates.
2. The collision of one continental plate with another may produce ______
a. oceans. b. mountains.
3. New ocean crust is formed at a ______

Meeting Individual Needs

a. rift valley. b. mid-ocean ridge.
4. A rift valley can form where two continental plates are ______
a. moving apart. b. colliding.
5. Where Earths plates move, they may slide alongside one another, pull
apart, or ______
a. collide. b. divide.
Directions: Complete the concept map using the terms in the list below.
mid-ocean ridges volcanic islands major earthquakes
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

rift valleys deep-sea trenches volcanic mountains

Plate boundaries

include include
include
convergent transform

divergent

cause
form
form
9. 10. 11.

6. 7. 8.
and and

Plate Tectonics 21
 Name Date Class

Directed Reading for Key Terms

Content Mastery Plate Tectonics
Directions: Use the following terms to complete the puzzle below. The letters in the darker, vertical box
complete question 9.
Pangaea mantle spreading lithosphere
convection plates drift asthenosphere
1
Meeting Individual Needs

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

8

1. The hypothesis that continents move slowly is called continental ______.

2. All continents once might have been connected in a large landmass called ______.
3. The cycle of heating, rising, cooling, and sinking is a ______ current.
4. Just below Earths crust is the ______.
5. The crust and part of the upper mantle are known as the ______.
6. Continental plates move on the plasticlike layer of Earths surface called the ______.
7. Hot magma forced upward at mid-ocean ridges produces seafloor ______.
8. Sections of Earths crust and part of the upper mantle are called ______.
9. The theory that Earths crust and upper mantle are in sections that move is
called plate ___________________.

22 Plate Tectonics
 Nombre Fecha Clase

Lectura dirigida para Sinopsis

Dominio del contenidio Tectnica de las placas
Instrucciones: Estudia el siguiente diagrama. Luego rotula cada parte con la letra de la descripcin correcta.
A. Una dorsal medioocenica se forma cuando las placas divergentes continan sepa-
rndose, creando una cuenca ocenica. A medida que se eleva y se enfra, el
magma forma nueva corteza ocenica.
B. Cuando una placa ocenica converge con una placa continental menos densa, la
placa ocenica ms densa se hunde debajo de la placa continental.

Satisface las necesidades individuales

C. Cuando dos placas ocenicas convergen, la placa ms densa es forzada a moverse
debajo de la otra placa y se forman islas volcnicas sobre la placa que se est hun-
diendo.

1. ____________
3. ____________
2. ____________

Corteza continental
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Corteza ocenica

Instrucciones: Haz un crculo alrededor de las palabras que mejor completan las siguientes oraciones.

4. Las principales pruebas que Wegener us para apoyar su teora de la deriva continen-
tal fueron (las rocas, los lenguajes), (los huesos humanos, los fsiles) y (el clima,
antiguos cuentos populares).

5. El hecho de que las rocas (ms recientes, ms antiguas) estn ubicadas en las dor-
sales medioocenicas es una prueba de la expansin del suelo marino.

6. La transferencia de energa (solar, trmica) dentro de la Tierra mueve las placas.

Tectnica de las placas 23

 Nombre Fecha Clase

Lectura dirigida para Seccin 1 Deriva

Dominio del contenidio continental
Seccin 2 Expansin del
suelo marino
Instrucciones: Completa el prrafo llenado los espacios en blanco con las siguientes palabras:
Pangaea el rtico roca
continentes frica expansin del suelo marino
Alfred Wegener fue una de las primeras personas que sugiri que todos los
Satisface las necesidades individuales

1. ___________________ estuvieron unidos en el pasado. l llam a este gran conti-

nente nico 2. ___________________. Existen pruebas que apoyan su hiptesis. Por
ejemplo, se han encontrado fsiles similares en Sudamrica y en
3. ___________________. Adems, se han encontrado fsiles de climas clidos en
4. ___________________. Existen estructuras de 5. ___________________ que son
similares en las montaas Apalaches y en Groenlandia y el oeste de Europa. Pero no
fue sino hasta que pistas encontradas en el suelo marino llevaron a la teora de Harry
Hess de la 6. ___________________, que los cientficos pudieron pensar sobre cmo
podran moverse los continentes.

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Instrucciones: Estudia el siguiente diagrama del suelo marino. Aparea luego las letras con las afirmaciones de
abajo.
B
Suelo marino

A C D

7. La roca fundida fluye sobre el suelo marino y se endurece al enfriarse.

8. La roca caliente y fundida es forzada hacia arriba hacia el suelo marino en las
dorsales medioocenicas.
9. El nuevo suelo marino se aleja de la dorsal, se enfra, se hace ms denso y se
hunde.
10. La roca fundida fluye hacia los lados en ambas direcciones, dividiendo
la corteza.
24 Tectnica de las placas
 Nombre Fecha Clase

Lectura dirigida para Seccin 3 Teora de la

Dominio del contenidio tectnica de
placas
Instrucciones: Escribe en el espacio a la izquierda, la letra del trmino que completa mejor cada oracin.
1. La corteza y el manto superior de la Tierra estn quebrados en secciones
llamadas ______
a. lava. b. placas.
2. La colisin de una placa continental con otra puede producir ______

Satisface las necesidades individuales

a. ocanos. b. montaas.
3. Se forma corteza ocenica nueva en un(a) ______
a. valle de dislocacin. b. dorsal medioocenica.
4. Un valle de dislocacin se puede formar cuando dos placas
continentales estn ______
a. separndose. b. chocando.
5. En los sitios en donde las placas de la Tierra se mueven, stas pueden
deslizarse una al lado de la otra, separarse o ______
a. chocar. b. dividirse.
Instrucciones: Completa el mapa conceptual con los siguientes trminos.
dorsales medioocenicas islas volcnicas terremotos fuertes
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

valles de dislocacin fosas ocenicas montaas volcnicas

Lmites entre
placas
incluyen incluyen
incluyen
placas placas
convergentes transformantes
placas
divergentes
causan
forman
forman
9. 10. 11.

6. 7. 8.
y y

Tectnica de las placas 25

 Nombre Fecha Clase

Lectura dirigida para Trminos claves

Dominio del contenidio Tectnica de las placas
Instrucciones: Usa los siguientes trminos para completar el crucigrama. Las letras en la caja vertical oscura
contestan la pregunta 9.
Pangaea manto expansin litosfera
conveccin placas deriva astenosfera
T
Satisface las necesidades individuales

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

1. Todos los continentes estuvieron conectados una vez formando una gran masa
de tierra llamada ______.
2. Ciclo de calentamiento, elevacin, enfriamiento y hundimiento se llama
corriente de ______.
3. La corteza y la parte superior del manto se conocen como ______.
4. Las placas continentales se mueven sobre una capa viscosa bajo la superficie de
Tierra llamada ______.
5. El magma caliente que sube en las dorsales medioocenicas produce ______ del
suelo marino.
6. La hiptesis de que los continentes se mueven lentamente se llama ______ conti-
nental.
7. Las secciones de la corteza y el manto superior de la Tierra se llaman ______.
8. Justo debajo de la corteza terrestre est ubicada la ______.
9. La teora de que la corteza y el manto superior de la Tierra estn divididos en
secciones que se mueven se llama ___________________ de placas.
26 Tectnica de las placas
 Name Date Class

Continental Drift
1 Reinforcement

Directions: Match the descriptions in Column I with the terms in Column II. Write the letter of the correct term
in the blank at the left.
Column I Column II
1. reptile fossil found in South America and Africa a. Pangaea
2. fossil plant found in Africa, Australia, India, b. Appalachians
South America, and Antarctica

Meeting Individual Needs

3. clues that support continental drift c. continental drift

4. mountains similar to those in Greenland and d. glacial deposits

western Europe
e. Glossopteris
5. Wegeners name for one large landmass
6. slow movement of continents f. Mesosaurus

7. evidence that Africa was once cold g. fossil, climate, and rock

Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.

8. How did the discovery of Glossopteris support Wegeners continental drift hypothesis?
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

9. Why was Wegeners hypothesis of continental drift not widely accepted at the time it was
proposed? What do scientists now think might be a possible cause of continental drift?

Plate Tectonics 27
 Name Date Class

Seafloor Spreading
2 Reinforcement

Directions: Find the mistakes in the statements below. Rewrite each statement correctly on the lines provided.
1. During the 1940s and 1950s, scientists began using radar on moving ships to map large areas
of the ocean floor in detail.

2. The youngest rocks are found far from the mid-ocean ridges.
Meeting Individual Needs

3. The scientist Henry Hess invented echo-sounding devices for mapping the ocean floor.

4. As the seafloor spreads apart, hot saltwater moves upward and flows from the cracks.

5. As the new seafloor moves away from the ridge and becomes hotter, it moves upward and
forms still higher ridges.

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

6. The research ship Glomar Challenger was equipped with a drilling rig that records magnetic data.

7. Rocks on the seafloor are much older than many continental rocks.

8. When plates collide, the denser plate will ride over the less-dense plate.

9. Earths magnetic field has always run from the north pole to the south pole.

10. The magnetic alignment in rocks on the ocean floor always runs from the north pole to the
south pole.

28 Plate Tectonics
 Name Date Class

Theory of Plate Tectonics

3 Reinforcement

Directions: Use the following words to fill in the blanks below.

asthenosphere lithosphere plate tectonics
convection plates
1. The theory of ____________________ states that Earths crust and upper mantle are broken
into sections.
2. These sections, called ____________________, are composed of the crust and a part of the
upper mantle.

Meeting Individual Needs

3. The crust and upper mantle together are called the ____________________.
4. Beneath this layer is the plasticlike ____________________.
5. Scientists suggest that differences in density cause hot, plasticlike rock to be forced upward
toward the surface, cool, and sink. This cycle is called a ____________________ current.

Directions: Four diagrams are shown in the table below. Label and describe each diagram in the space provided
in order to complete the table.

Diagram Type of boundary and Diagram Type of boundary and

motion at boundary motion at boundary
6. 8.
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

7. 9.

Plate Tectonics 29
 Name Date Class

Studying Seafloor
1 Enrichment
Spreading on Land
You know from your textbook how seafloor spreading changes the ocean floor. You know that
magma rises at the mid-ocean ridge and flows away from the ridge. In general, this activity is hidden
beneath the oceans water. But there is a place where seafloor spreading can be seen on land.
Figure 1 Figure 2
Iceland
Iceland
Meeting Individual Needs

North
America

Africa

Pacific South
Ocean America

0 100 km
Atlantic
Ocean Key
Active volcanoes; formed from today to
10,000 years ago

Key Formed 10,000 to 2,000,000 years ago

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Mid-ocean ridge
Active volcanoes Formed 2,000,000 to 63,000,000 years ago

1. What is the name of the landmass through which the mid-ocean ridge in the Atlantic Ocean passes?

2. How do the land structures of Iceland help confirm seafloor spreading?

3. Why do you think geologists might find Iceland a useful place to conduct research on seafloor
spreading?

30 Plate Tectonics
 Name Date Class

Axial VolcanoEvidence for

2 Enrichment
Seafloor Spreading
What happens when a volcano erupts under Megaplumes
water? Ocean scientists got the opportunity to Around the same time, another group of
find out in January 1988 when Axial erupted. scientists was on a 52 m research ship, the
Axial is an underwater volcano, or seamount, Wecoma, on the oceans surface about a mile
located about 480 km west of Oregons coast. above. They fought stormy conditions to
It looms the largest of all the underwater gather data such as water temperature, water
structures on the Juan de Fuca ridge. current flow, and samples of chemicals from
the eruption. In 1986 scientists had learned
Quakes Along the Seafloor that underwater volcanoes can cause under-

Meeting Individual Needs

Underwater listening instruments called water hurricanes, called megaplumes, which
hydrophones, which are used by the Navy to shoot hot water loaded with minerals and life-
hear submarines, first picked up rumblings from forms some 305 m up from the
Axial on January 25. Scientists recorded nearly bottom. Only seven megaplumes in the world
7,000 earthquakes during the first four days had been observed previously.
alone. Scientists hypothesized that these quakes
resulted from hot magma moving and cracking Hydrothermal Vents
rock, uncapping the top of Axial. The earth- At Axials summit sits a rectangular caldera
quakes followed a line in the seafloor where the (roughly 20 km2 in area) between two rift
Juan de Fuca oceanic plate is moving eastward, zones. In the dark caldera, hydrothermal vents
away from the Pacific oceanic plate. East of the furnish heat and food such as hydrogen
shoreline, the Juan de Fuca plate is being pushed sulfidepoisonous to most creaturesto
under the North American continental plate. communities of bacteria and tube worms
comfortable in temperatures hotter than the
Creating New Seafloor boiling point of water.
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

The scientists discovered that when Axial Axial provides scientists with a model
erupted, boiling-hot water shot up out of the for the rest of Earths 64,000 km or so of
volcano, followed by a great amount of super- mid-ocean ridges. Various groups of scientists
hot lava. Much of this lava filled part of the are conducting long-term studies of Axial and
gap between the Pacific Ocean plate and the other areas along the Juan de Fuca ridge,
Juan de Fuca plate, creating new seafloor. focusing on various aspects of seafloor
Having lost so much magma, Axial caved in exploration.
somewhatby about 3.2 m in the center.
1. Describe how seafloor spreading occurs along the Juan de Fuca ridge.

2. Using a physical map of Oregon, identify the geographical feature where the Juan de Fuca plate
is pushing under the North American plate.
3. Do you think that the rocks near Axial are younger or older than the rocks in Oregon? Explain.

Plate Tectonics 31
 Name Date Class

Predicting Plate Movement

3 Enrichment

The word tectonics comes from the same Greek base word as architect. Both words refer to
building. An architect designs structures. Tectonics is a process by which Earths structures are
built and changed.
1. Cut the map along the boundaries. Move the pieces to show how the plates will move in the
next million years, according to the types of boundaries. Tape the pieces in place.
2. In which place(s) did you have to crumple your paper to account for the various plate movements?

3. Compare your new map with those of your classmates. Discuss similarities and account for any
Meeting Individual Needs

differences.

4. Research another area in the world where plates meet. Share your findings with the class.

Key
Divergent boundary

Convergent boundary

Transform boundary

Asia

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Persian Gulf

Red Sea

Arabian
Peninsula

Africa Arabian Sea

Gulf of Aden

32 Plate Tectonics
 Name Date Class

Note-taking Plate Tectonics

Worksheet

Section 1 Continental Drift

A. The continental drift hypothesiscontinents have moved slowly to their current locations.
1. All continents were once connected as one large landmass now called ________________.
2. The land mass broke apart, and the ___________________ drifted to their present positions.
3. Evidence for continental drift
a. ____________________ fit of the continents

Meeting Individual Needs

b. Similar ________________ have been found on different continents.
c. Remains of warm-weather plants in _______________ areas and glacial deposits in
__________________areas suggest that continents have moved.
d. Similar _____________ structures are found on different continents.

B. At first, continental drift was not accepted because no one could explain ____________ or
_____________continents had moved.

Section 2 Seafloor Spreading

A. Using ______________ waves, scientists discovered a system of underwater mountain ranges
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

called the mid-ocean ridges in many oceans.

B. In the 1960s, Harry Hess suggested the theory of ___________________________ to explain

the ridges.
1. Hot, less dense material below Earths ______________ rises upward to the surface at the
mid-ocean ridges.
2. Then, it flows sideways, carrying the _________________ away from the ridge.
3. As the seafloor spreads apart, ______________ moves up and flows from the cracks, cools,
and forms new seafloor.

C. Evidence for seafloor spreading

1. _________________ rocks are located at mid-ocean ridges.
2. Reversals of Earths _________________ field are recorded by rocks in strips parallel to ridges.

Plate Tectonics 33
 Name Date Class

Note-taking Worksheet (continued)

Section 3 Theory of Plate Tectonics
A. Plate movements
1. Earths ______________ and upper mantle are broken into sections.
2. The sections, called _______________, move on a plasticlike layer of the mantle.
3. The plates and upper mantle form the ____________________.
4. The plasticlike layer below the lithosphere is called the ______________________.

B. Plate boundaries
Meeting Individual Needs

1. Plates moving ______________divergent boundaries

2. Plates moving _________________convergent boundaries
a. Denser plates sink under less ______________ plates.
b. Newly formed hot ______________ forced upward forms volcanic mountains.
3. Plates collide
a. Plates crumple up to form _________________ ranges.
b. ____________________ are common.
4. Plates slide pastcalled __________________ boundaries; sudden movement can
cause earthquakes

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

C. Convection inside Earththe cycle of heating, rising, cooling, and sinking of material inside
Earth is thought to be the ______________ behind plate tectonics.

D. Features caused by plate tectonics

1. Faults and _____________ valleys
2. Mountains and ___________________
3. Strike-slip faultscause of ____________________

E. Testing for plate tectonicsscientists can measure __________________ as little as 1 cm per year.

34 Plate Tectonics
 Assessment
Assessment

36 Plate Tectonics
 Name Date Class

Chapter Plate Tectonics

Review
Part A. Vocabulary Review
Directions: Write the term that matches each description below in the spaces provided. Then unscramble the
letters in the boxes to reveal the mystery phrase.
1. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
2. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
3. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
4. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
5. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
6. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
7. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
8. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
9. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
10. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
11. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
12. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

13. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

Assessment
14. ___ ___ ___ ___
15. ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ - ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
1. plasticlike layer of Earths surface below 10. hypothesis that the continents have
the lithosphere moved slowly to their current locations
2. cycle of heating, rising, cooling, and sinking 11. boundary between two plates that are
3. theory that states that Earths crust and moving apart
upper mantle are broken into sections, which 12. sections of Earths crust and upper mantle
move around on a special layer of the mantle 13. largest layer of Earths surface, composed
4. area where an oceanic plate goes down mostly of silicon, oxygen, magnesium,
into the mantle and iron
5. plate boundary that occurs when two 14. outermost layer of Earths surface
plates slide past one another 15. where rocks on opposite sides of a fault
6. place where two plates move together move in opposite directions or in the
7. rigid layer of Earths surface made up of same direction at different rates
the crust and a part of the upper mantle 16. Mystery phrase:
8. sensing device that detects magnetic fields,
helping to confirm seafloor spreading
9. one large landmass hypothesized to have
broken apart about 200 million years ago
into continents
Plate Tectonics 37
 Name Date Class

Chapter Review (continued)

Part B. Concept Review
Directions: Study the following diagram. Then label the parts of Earths surface.

1.

4.
2.

3.
5.

Directions: Answer the following questions using complete sentences.

6. Compare and contrast divergent, convergent, and transform plate boundaries.

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Assessment

7. Describe how convection currents might be the cause of plate tectonics.

8. Why are new ideas often rejected, and what is needed before new ideas should be accepted?

38 Plate Tectonics
 Name Date Class

Chapter Plate Tectonics

Test
I. Testing Concepts
Directions: For each of the following, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes the sentence.
1. The seafloor spreading theory was proposed by ______
a. Alfred Wegener. c. Abraham Ortelius.
b. Harry Hess. d. Carl Sagan.
2. As Earths plates move apart at some boundaries, they collide at others, forming ______
a. mountains and volcanoes. c. strike-slip faults.
b. ocean basins. d. both a and b.
3. The youngest rocks in the ocean floor are located at the mid-ocean ______
a. volcanoes. b. basins. c. trenches. d. ridges.
4. The results of plate movement can be seen at ______
a. rift valleys. c. plate centers.
b. plate boundaries. d. both a and b.
5. The ______ are forming where the Indo-Australian plate collides into the Eurasian plate.
a. Andes mountain range c. Himalayas
b. Rocky Mountains d. Appalachian Mountains
6. The presence of the same ______ on several continents supports the idea of
continental drift.
a. fossils b. rocks c. neither a nor b d. both a and b
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

7. Continental drift occurs because of ______

Assessment
a. seafloor spreading. c. magnetic reversal.
b. Pangaea. d. earthquakes.
8. The cycle of heating, rising, cooling, and sinking is called a ______
a. subduction zone. c. convection current.
b. convergent boundary. d. conduction current.
9. Oceanic plates are pushed down into the upper mantle in ______
a. convection currents. c. strike-slip faults.
b. subduction zones. d. divergent boundaries.
10. The hypothesis that continents have moved slowly to their current locations is called
______
a. continental drift. c. magnetism.
b. continental slope. d. convection.
11. Plates move apart at ______ boundaries.
a. convergent b. transform c. divergent d. magnetic
12. Ocean floor rocks are ______ continental rocks.
a. more eroded than c. younger than
b. older than d. the same age as

Plate Tectonics 39
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Chapter Test (continued)

13. The alignment of iron-bearing minerals in rocks when they formed reflects the fact
that Earths ______ has reversed itself several times in its past.
a. magnetic field b. core c. asthenosphere d. gravity
14. The lack of an explanation for continental drift prevented many scientists from
believing a single supercontinent called ______ once existed.
a. Glomar b. Glossopteris c. Pangaea d. Mesosaurus
15. Scientists aboard the Glomar Challenger added to the evidence for the theory of
seafloor spreading by providing ______
a. high altitude photos of existing continents.
b. samples of plant life from different locations.
c. samples of rock from different locations.
d. direct measurements of the movement of continents.
16. Where plates slide past one another, ______ occur.
a. volcanoes b. earthquakes c. island arcs d. ocean trenches
17. The places between plates moving together are called ______
a. divergent boundaries. c. strike-slip faults.
b. convergent boundaries. d. lithospheres.
18. Seafloor spreading occurs because ______
a. new material is being added to the asthenosphere.
b. earthquakes break apart the ocean floor.
c. sediments accumulate on the ocean floor.
d. hot, less-dense material below Earths crust is forced upward toward the surface.

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

19. Studying the ocean floor, scientists found rocks showing magnetic ______
Assessment

a. weakening. b. reversal. c. bonds. d. poles.

Directions: Complete the following sentences using the correct terms.
20. The theory that describes Earths crust and upper mantle as being broken into sections is
called ____________________.
21. The theory of ____________________ was shown to be correct by age evidence and
magnetic clues.
22. ____________________, occurring in the mantle, are thought to be the force behind plate
tectonics.
23. Earths plasticlike layer is the ____________________.
24. Earths ____________________ move around on a special layer of the mantle.
25. The main lines of evidence for ____________________ are fossil, rock, and climate clues, and
the theory of seafloor spreading.
26. The rigid part of the plates of the ____________________ are made of oceanic crust or
continental crust and upper mantle.
27. The name ____________________ means all land.

40 Plate Tectonics
 Name Date Class

Chapter Test (continued)

II. Understanding Concepts
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. What is the difference between a convergent and a divergent plate boundary?

2. What happens to warmer material in a convection current?

3. What observation led Alfred Wegener to develop the hypothesis of continental drift?

4. Which part of Earths structure is about 100 km thick?

5. How were the Andes mountain range, the Himalayas, and the islands of Japan formed alike?

6. How were the Andes mountain range, the Himalayas, and the islands of Japan formed differently?
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Assessment
Skill: Recognizing Cause and Effect
7. What causes new material to form at a mid-ocean ridge on the ocean floor?

Plate Tectonics 41
 Name Date Class

Chapter Test (continued)

III. Applying Concepts
Directions: Answer the following questions on the lines provided.
1. Why are there few volcanoes in the Himalayas?

2. Glacial deposits often form at a high latitude near the poles. Explain why glacial deposits have
been found in Africa.

3. Why would the fossil of an ocean fish found on two different continents NOT be good
evidence of continental drift?

IV. Writing Skills

Directions: Answer the following questions using complete sentences.
1. Explain how research from the Glomar Challenger helped scientists support the theory of
seafloor spreading.

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Assessment

2. Since new crust is constantly being added, why does Earths surface not keep expanding?

42 Plate Tectonics
Transparency
Activities

Transparency Activities

Plate Tectonics 43
 Name Date Class

A Cold Dig
1 Section Focus
Transparency Activity
If you were interested in the fossils of an animal that liked warm
weather, would you think of digging in Antarctica? Archaeologists
have found many interesting fossils there, including parts of a
hadrosaur, a dinosaur previously found only in the Americas.

1. Antarctica has a very inhospitable climate. Why might fossils of Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

warm-weather animals be found there?

Transparency Activities

2. What are some reasons that the climate of Antarctica might

change in the future?

44 Plate Tectonics
 Name Date Class

The Main Event

2 Section Focus
Transparency Activity
Until recently, the bottom of the sea was impossible to see. New
technology has improved the view, and today we have a better idea of
what is going on there. This photo shows one feature of the ocean
floora deep-sea vent.
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Transparency Activities

1. What is occurring in the photograph?

2. What features on land are similar to this deep-sea vent?
3. Judging from the photo, what do you think conditions around
this vent are like?

Plate Tectonics 45
 Name Date Class

Valley of Ten
3 Section Focus
Transparency Activity Thousand Smokes
One of the most massive volcanic eruptions ever investigated
occurred in a valley in southern Alaska in 1912. The eruption covered
over forty square miles with ash as deep as 210 meters and left thou-
sands of vents (called fumaroles) in the valley spewing steam and gas.

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Transparency Activities

1. How did this valley get its name, the Valley of Ten Thousand
Smokes?
2. Why dont you see any smoke in the photograph?
3. Name some other places where there are volcanoes.

46 Plate Tectonics
 Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Name

NORTH
Activity

AMERICAN
PLATE
NORTH AMERICAN EURASIAN PLATE
PLATE
ARABIAN
JUAN DE FUCA CARIBBEAN PLATE PACIFIC
Teaching Transparency

PLATE PLATE PLATE

COCOS PLATE PHILIPPINE

Date

AFRICAN PLATE PLATE

PACIFIC NAZCA
PLATE SOUTH
PLATE AMERICAN INDO-AUSTRALIAN
Lithosphere

PLATE PLATE
Plates of the

SCOTIA PLATE
Class

ANTARCTIC Convergent boundary ANTARCTIC

PLATE Divergent boundary PLATE
Transform boundary

Plate Tectonics
47
Transparency Activities
 Name Date Class

Teaching Transparency Activity (continued)

1. What makes up the lithosphere?

2. What is a convergent boundary?

3. What type of boundary is on the western coast of South America?

4. Which plate is covering most of two continents? What two continents?

5. What kind of boundary forms the Mid-Atlantic Ridge?

6. What two plates form the boundary on the western coast of Canada?

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Transparency Activities

48 Plate Tectonics
 Name Date Class

Assessment Plate Tectonics

Transparency Activity

Directions: Carefully review the diagram and answer the following questions.

Z
Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

1. Which is the oldest rock layer in the picture?

AW CY
BX DZ
2. The arrows indicate the directions the two plates are moving.
What is this type of boundary called?
F convergent boundary H transform boundary
G divergent boundary J moving boundary

Transparency Activities
3. Which of the following is the danger most likely posed by the rock
formation shown in the diagram?
A flooding
B earthquake
C tornado
D forest fire

Plate Tectonics 49