COMPREHENSIVE DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT PLAN

(CDMP) STUDY
FOR
BENGAWAN SOLO RIVER BASIN

FINAL REPORT

SUPPORTING REPORT

Annex No. 1 : Hydrology

Table of Contents

LOCATION MAP
SUMMARY
Page
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................1-1
1.1 Objectives ..........................................................................................................1-1
1.2 Study Area ..........................................................................................................1-1
1.3 Available Previous Hydrological Studies ..........................................................1-3
1.3.1 OTCA Master Plan................................................................................1-3
1.3.2 Lower Solo River Development Project (CIDA Feasibility
Studies).................................................................................................1-8
1.3.3 Upper Solo River Improvement Project and Madiun River
Urgent Flood Control Project..............................................................1-11
1.3.4 Lower Solo River Improvement Project ............................................1-16
1.3.5 Madiun Groundwater Irrigation Project.............................................1-18
1.3.6 Central Java Groundwater Irrigation Development Project...............1-19
1.3.7 East Java Groundwater Development Project....................................1-20
1.3.8 Small Dam Irrigation Projects ...........................................................1-21
1.3.9 Irrigation Pumping Station Project ....................................................1-22
1.3.10 Detailed Design by PBS.....................................................................1-22
1.3.11 SAPROF Study ..................................................................................1-23
1.3.12 Flood Forecasting and Warning System for Solo River Basin .............1-
24

Chapter 2 HYDRO-METEOROLOGICAL RECORD ...............................................2-1

2.1 Climate ...............................................................................................................2-1
2.1.1 General .................................................................................................2-1
2.1.2 Available Data ......................................................................................2-1
2.1.3 Temperature .........................................................................................2-2

i
 2.1.4 Relative Humidity ................................................................................2-2
2.1.5 Sunshine Duration ................................................................................2-3
2.1.6 Wind Velocity ......................................................................................2-3
2.1.7 Evaporation ..........................................................................................2-4
2.2 Rainfall ...............................................................................................................2-4
2.2.1 General..................................................................................................2-4
2.2.2 Available Data.......................................................................................2-6
2.2.3 Distribution of Rainfall ........................................................................2-7
2.3 River Water Level ..............................................................................................2-7
2.3.1 General..................................................................................................2-7
2.3.2 Available Data.......................................................................................2-7
2.4 Discharge Measurement, Rating Curve and Runoff Record...............................2-9
2.4.1 General..................................................................................................2-9
2.4.2 Available Data.......................................................................................2-9
2.4.3 Discharge Measurement Data.............................................................2-10
2.4.4 Rating Curve.......................................................................................2-11
2.4.5 Runoff Record.....................................................................................2-11
2.5 Operation Records of Major Water Supply Facilities ......................................2-13
2.5.1 Available Data.....................................................................................2-13
2.5.2 Wonogiri Reservoir ............................................................................2-13
2.5.3 Colo Weir............................................................................................2-14
2.5.4 Jati Weir .............................................................................................2-15
2.6 Sediment Data ..................................................................................................2-15
2.6.1 Sediment Load Measurement Data ....................................................2-15
2.6.2 Sediment Discharge Rating Curve .....................................................2-15
2.6.3 Sediment Yield ...................................................................................2-16

Chapter 3 LOW FLOW ANALYSIS ...........................................................................3-1

3.1 General ...............................................................................................................3-1
3.2 Low Flow Analysis Model .................................................................................3-3
3.2.1 Comparison of Major Low Flow Analysis Model ...............................3-3
3.2.2 PLUMP Model .....................................................................................3-3
(1) General ...........................................................................................3-3
(2) Hydrological Process Considered for Modeling ............................3-4
(3) Model Description ..........................................................................3-5
(4) Computation Procedure ..................................................................3-6
3.3 Modeling of the Bengawan Solo River Basin .................................................3-14
3.3.1 Basin Division (Sub-basin-block).......................................................3-14
3.3.2 PLUMP Model System diagram.........................................................3-15

ii
 3.3.3 Selection of Key Stations for Calibration...........................................3-15
3.4 Input Data ........................................................................................................3-16
3.4.1 General ...............................................................................................3-16
3.4.2 Basin Mean Rainfall ..........................................................................3-16
(1) Methodology.................................................................................3-16
(2) Selection of Rainfall Gauge Stations............................................3-17
(3) Estimation of Lacking Rainfall Data.............................................3-18
(4) Double Mass Curve Analysis........................................................3-19
(5) Sub-Basin (Block) Mean Rainfall ................................................3-20
3.4.3 Evapotranspiration .............................................................................3-20
(1) Approach ......................................................................................3-20
(2) Selection of Meteorological Station .............................................3-20
(3) Estimation of Evapotranspiration .................................................3-21
3.4.4 Land Use ............................................................................................3-24
(1) Paddy and Fish pond Irrigation Area ...........................................3-25
(2) Impervious Area ...........................................................................3-26
(3) Other Pervious Area .....................................................................3-26
3.4.5 Operation Record of Existing Major Water Supply Facilities ...........3-27
3.4.6 Irrigation Water Intake .......................................................................3-27
3.4.7 Topographic Data................................................................................3-28
3.5 Model Parameters ............................................................................................3-29
3.5.1 Soil Hydraulic Characteristics (Top Soil Moisture Tank)...................3-29
(1) Soil Type ..................................................................................... 3-29
(2) Slope of Inter Flow ...................................................................... 3-30
(3) Soil Thickness.............................................................................. 3-30
(4) Soil Permeability (Ko) ................................................................. 3-31
(5) Soil Moisture Properties .............................................................. 3-32
3.5.2 Hydrogeological Characteristics ........................................................3-33
(1) Initial Groundwater Level ........................................................... 3-33
(2) Permeability (k0) and Thickness of Aquifer ............................... 3-33
(3) Storage Coefficient of Aquifer .................................................... 3-34
(4) Parameters of Aquitard and Confined Groundwater Aquifer ..............
3-34
3.5.3 River Hydraulic Characteristics .........................................................3-34
(1) Distance to the River .................................................................. 3-34
(2) River Width ................................................................................. 3-34
(3) Max. & Min. River Length ......................................................... 3-34
(4) Max. & Min. G.W. Level for Groundwater Flow to River ............. 3-
35
(5) Lag Time ..................................................................................... 3-35

iii
 3.6 Calibration of Model Parameters .....................................................................3-35
3.6.1 Calibration of Model Parameters........................................................3-35
3.6.2 Simulation Results..............................................................................3-35
3.7 Estimation of Natural Runoff ...........................................................................3-36
3.7.1 Methodology.......................................................................................3-36
3.7.2 Results of Estimated Natural Runoff .................................................3-36

Chapter 4 SEEPAGE ANALYSIS OF WONOGIRI MULTIPURPOSE DAM ............4-

1
4.1 General................................................................................................................4-1
4.1.1 Background.............................................................................................4-1
4.1.2 Principle Feature of Wonogiri Multipurpose Dam.................................4-1
4.1.3 Purpose of Seepage Analysis..................................................................4-2
4.1.4 Site Inspection........................................................................................4-2
4.1.5 Present Condition of Gauging Wells......................................................4-3
4.2 Available Data.....................................................................................................4-3
4.3 Analysis Result...................................................................................................4-3
4.3.1 General....................................................................................................4-3
4.3.2 Correlation of Seepage at Sta-14 and Sta-20 in the Monitoring
Period......................................................................................................4-4
4.3.3 Correlation of Seepage at Sta-14 and Syta-20 for each year..................4-4
4.3.4 Correlation of Seepage and Rainfall.......................................................4-4
4.3.5 Correlation of Seepage and Reservoir Water Level................................4-5
4.4 Conclusion..........................................................................................................4-5

iv
 List of Tables

Page
Table 2.1 Meteorological Stations in Solo River Basin.............................................T-1
Table 2.2 Monthly Average of Climate Record at Major Stations (1975-1999)
....................................................................................................................T-2
Table 2.3 Rainfall Stations in Bengawan Solo Basin (1/14-14/14)...........................T-3
Table 2.4 River Water Level Stations in Upper Solo River (1/2-2/2)......................T-17
Table 2.5 River Water Level Stations in Lower Solo River (1/2-2/2).....................T-19
Table 2.6 River Water Level Stations in Madiun River...........................................T-21
Table 2.7 List of Discharge Rating Curve (1/2-2/2)................................................T-22
Table 2.8 Operation Record at Wonogiri Dam (Upper Solo River).........................T-24
Table 2.9 Operation Record at Colo Weir (Upper Solo River)................................T-25
Table 2.10 Monthly Average Intake Discharge Record at Jati Weir (Madiun
River).......................................................................................................T-26
Table 2.11 Sediment Data and Rating Curve.............................................................T-27
Table 3.1.1 Observed Monthly Discharge at Major River Water Level Stations
(1/4-4/4) .................................................................................................T-28
Table 3.2.1 Typical Runoff Calculation Models ........................................................T-32
Table 3.2.2 Comparison of Low-Flow Analysis Models ...........................................T-33
Table 3.3.1 Block No. and Catchment Area of Sub-basins for PLUMP Model ............T-
34
Table 3.4.1 Observed Annual Rainfall at Selected Rainfall Gauging Station ...........T-35
Table 3.4.2 Observed Monthly Rainfall at Selected Rainfall Gauging Station for
Low Flow Analysis, 1975-1999 (1/5-5/5) ...............................................T-36
Table 3.4.3 Correlation Coefficient R Between Each Rainfall Stations (Using
Monthly Rainfall Data, period of 1975-99) ............................................T-41
Table 3.4.4 Standard Error Between Each Rainfall Stations (Using Monthly
Rainfall Data, period of 1975-99) ...........................................................T-42
Table 3.4.5 Equation for Filling of Missing Rainfall Data (1/2-2/2) .........................T-43
Table 3.4.6 Annual Rainfall at Selected Rainfall Station (After Filling of
Missing Data) ..........................................................................................T-45
Table 3.4.7 Monthly Rainfall at Selected 27 Stations (After Filling of Missing
Data) (1/14-14/14) ...................................................................................T-46
Table 3.4.8 Thiessen Coefficient for Block Rainfall .................................................T-60
Table 3.4.9 Monthly Sub-Basin-Block Mean Rainfall (1/24-24/24) .........................T-61
Table 3.4.10 Annual Basin Mean Rainfall of Each Sub-basin (1975-1999) ...............T-85
Table 3.4.11 Meteorological Stations in the Bengawan Solo River Basin ..................T-86
Table 3.4.12 Reference Tables for Calculation of Evapotranspiration (1/2-2/2) .............T-
87
Table 3.4.13 Estimated Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) at Pabelan
(Surakarta) Meteorological Station in the Upper Solo River Basin

v
 (1/6-6/6) ..................................................................................................T-89
Table 3.4.14 Estimated Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) at Bojonegoro
Meteorological Station in the Lower Solo River Basin (1/6-6/6) ...........T-95
Table 3.4.15 Estimated Reference Evapotranspiration (ETo) at Jiwan (Madiun)
Meteorological Station in the Madiun River Basin (1/6-6/6) ...............T-101
Table 3.4.16 Comparison of Observed Annual Basin Mean Loss and Estimated
Potential Evapotranspiration for Previous Area ....................................T-107
Table 3.4.17 Estimated Potential Evapotranspiration (1/2-2/2) .................................T-108
Table 3.4.18 Land Use in SWS Bengawan Solo River Basin in Early 1990s(1/10-
10/10) ....................................................................................................T-110
Table 3.4.19 Province, Kabupaten, Kecamatan-wise Land Use Data in 1998
(1/12-12/12) ..........................................................................................T-120
Table 3.4.20 Irrigation Area by Sub-Basin Block and Source of Water (1990 and
1998) .....................................................................................................T-132
Table 3.4.21 Kabupaten-wise Pland and Realization of Irrigation Area (1/2-2/2)
................................................................................................................T-133
Table 3.4.22 Estimated Semi-Monthly Crop Intensity for Paddy Field Irrigation
Area (1/2-2/2) ........................................................................................T-135
Table 3.4.23 Estimated Semi-Monthly Paddy Field Irrigation Area by Sub-Basin
Block (1/2-2/2) ......................................................................................T-137
Table 3.4.24 Sub-Basin Block Area (%) for Kecamatan in 1990 (1/5-5/5) ...............T-139
Table 3.4.25 Sub-Basin Block Area (%) for Kecamatan in 1998 (1/5-5/5) ...............T-144
Table 3.4.26 Estimated Impervious Area of the Sub-Basin Block in 1990 (1/5-
5/5) ........................................................................................................T-149
Table 3.4.27 Estimated Impervious Area of the Sub-Basin Block in 1998 (1/5-
5/5) ........................................................................................................T-154
Table 3.4.28 Estimated Semi-Monthly Land Use Area by Sub-Basin Block in
1990 (1/3-3/3) .......................................................................................T-159
Table 3.4.29 Estimated Semi-Monthly Land Use Area by Sub-Basin Block in
1998 (1/3-3/3) .......................................................................................T-162
Table 3.4.30 Operation Records of Major River Facilities (1/4-4/4) .........................T-165
Table 3.4.31 Estimated Irrigation Water Requirement from Tributary River Intake
by Sub-basin Block in 1990 (1/5-5/5) ...................................................T-169
Table 3.4.32 Estimated Irrigation Water Requirement from Main River Intake
(Weir) by Sub-basin Block in 1990 (1/5-5/5) .......................................T-174
Table 3.4.33 Estimated Irrigation Water Requirement from Tributary River Intake
by Sub-basin Block in 1998 (1/5-5/5) ...................................................T-179
Table 3.4.34 Estimated Irrigation Water Requirement from Main River Intake
(Weir) by Sub-basin Block in 1998 (1/5-5/5) .......................................T-184
Table 3.4.35 Estimated Irrigation Water Requirement from Main River Intake
(Pump) by Sub-basin Block in 1998 (1/5-5/5) ......................................T-189
Table 3.4.36 Estimated Irrigation Water Requirement for Groundwater Pump
Irrigation by Sub-basin Block in 1998 (1/5-5/5) ..................................T-194
Table 3.4.37 Estimated Irrigation Water Requirement for Paddy and Fishpond

vi
 Irrigation by Sub-basin Block in 1990 .................................................T-199
Table 3.4.38 Estimated Irrigation Water Requirement for Paddy and Fishpond
Irrigation by Sub-basin Block in 1998 .................................................T-200
Table 3.4.39 Estimated Irrigation Water Requirement for Polowijo and Sugarcane
Irrigation by Sub-basin Block in 1990 .................................................T-201
Table 3.4.40 Estimated Irrigation Water Requirement for Polowijo and Sugarcane
Irrigation by Sub-basin Block in 1998 .................................................T-202
Table 3.6.1 Parameters of PLUMP Model for the Bengawan Solo River Basin ...........T-
203
Table 3.6.2 Annual Rainfall Loss at Key Stations (1/4-4/4) ....................................T-204
Table 3.7.1 Monthly Natural Runoff at Key Stations (1/6-6/6) ...............................T-208
Table 3.7.2 Estimated 10-days Natural Flow at Key Stations (1/13-13/13) ............T-214

vii
 List of Figures

Page
Fig. 2.1 Availability of Meteorological Data in Bengawan Solo River Basin
.....................................................................................................................F-1
Fig. 2.2 Location of Meteorological Stations in Bengawan Solo River Basin
.....................................................................................................................F-2
Fig. 2.3 Availability of Daily Rainfall Data in Bengawan Solo River Basin
(1/1 1/10)..................................................................................................F-3
Fig. 2.4 Isohyetal Map of Annual Mean Rainfall in Bengawan Solo River
Basin..........................................................................................................F-13
Fig. 2.5 Availability of River Water Level and Daily Discharge Data in
Upper Solo River.......................................................................................F-14
Fig. 2.6 Availability of River Water Level and Daily Discharge Data in
Lower Solo River (1/1 1/2).....................................................................F-15
Fig. 2.7 Availability of River Water Level and Daily Discharge Data in
Madiun River.............................................................................................F-17
Fig. 2.8 Availability of River Water Level and Daily Discharge Data in
Grindulu and Lamong River Basins..........................................................F-18
Fig. 2.9 River Water Level Stations in Bengawan Solo River Basin......................F-19
Fig. 2.10 Daily River Water Level Record at Major Stations (1/1 1/10)...............F-20
Fig. 2.11 Availability of Discharge Measurement Record in Bengawan Solo
River (1/1 1/3)........................................................................................F-30
Fig. 2.12 Discharge Rating Curve at Major Stations (1/1 1/10)............................F-33
Fig. 2.13 Observed Daily Discharge Hydrograph at Major WL Stations (1/1
1/10)........................................................................................................F-43
Fig. 2.14 River Water Level Gauging Station (1/1 1/14).......................................F-53
Fig. 2.15 Daily Wonogiri Reservoir Outflow and Colo Weir Inflow (1983-
1999) (1/1 1/4)........................................................................................F-67

Fig. 3.1.1 Observed Daily Discharge Hydrograph (1/1 1/3)...................................F-71

Fig. 3.3.1 Sub-Basin-Block Division for Low Flow Analysis Model (1/1
1/8).............................................................................................................F-74
Fig. 3.3.2 PLUMP Model System Diagram of Bengawan Solo River basin
(1/1 1/3)..................................................................................................F-82
Fig. 3.3.3 System Structural Diagram of PLUMP Model for the Bengawan
Solo River Basin (1/1 1/2)......................................................................F-85
Fig. 3.3.4 PLUMP Model Components of Sub-basin (1/1 1/3)..............................F-87
Fig. 3.3.5 Data Availability at Key Stations for Calibration of PLUMP Model
...................................................................................................................F-90
Fig. 3.4.1 Selected Rainfall Stations for PLUMP Model...........................................F-91
Fig. 3.4.2 Data Availability at Selected Rainfall Gauging Station for the Low
Flow Analysis in the Bengawan Solo River Basin....................................F-92

viii
Fig. 3.4.3 Correlation of Monthly Rainfall Data between Target and Base
Stations (1/1 1/5)....................................................................................F-93
Fig. 3.4.4 Double-Mass Curve for Selected Rainfall Gauging Station in the
Bengawan Solo River Basin (1/1 1/2)....................................................F-98
Fig. 3.4.5 Selected Rainfall Stations and Thiessen Polygons for Low Flow
Analysis (for the Bengawan Solo River basin) (1/1 1/2)......................F-100
Fig. 3.4.6 Land Use Map of the Bengawan Solo River Basin ................................F-102
Fig. 3.6.1 Observed and Simulated Monthly Mean Discharge Hydrographs at
Key Stations (1/1 1/3)...........................................................................F-103
Fig. 3.6.2 Observed - Simulated Monthly Mean Discharge Correlation at Key
Stations (1/1 1/3)..................................................................................F-106
Fig. 3.7.1 Monthly Natural Runoff Hydrographs at Key Stations (1/1 1/3)...............F-
109

Fig. 4.1 Arrangement of Measuring Apparatus ....................................................F-112

Fig. 4.2 Daily Seepage Record (1/1 1/4)............................................................F-113
Fig. 4.3 Correlation of Sta-14 and Sta-20 Seepage for All Data ..........................F-117
Fig. 4.4 Correlation of Sta-14 and Sta-20 Seepage for Each Year........................F-118
Fig. 4.5 Correlation of Sta-14 Seepage Data and Rainfall....................................F-119
Fig. 4.6 Correlation of Sta-14 Seepage Data and Reservoir Water Level...................F-
120
Fig. 4.7 Correlation of Sta-14 Seepage Data and Reservoir Water Level
during Dry Season (June-October)..........................................................F-121

ix
 List of Photographs

Page
Photo No.1 Upstream Slope of Dam (under rehabilitation)...........................................P-1
Photo No.2 Upstream Slope of Dam (under rehabilitation)...........................................P-1
Photo No.3 Downstream Slope at Center of Dam Crest (under rehabilitation)...............P-
2
Photo No.4 Downstream Slope at Center of Dam Crest (under rehabilitation)...............P-
2
Photo No.5 Downstream Slope at Right Side of Dam Crest (under
rehabilitation)...............................................................................................P-3
Photo No.6 Downstream Slope at Right Side of Dam Crest (under
rehabilitation)...............................................................................................P-3
Photo No.7 Downstream Settlement Apparatus.............................................................P-4
Photo No.8 Upstream Settlement Apparatus..................................................................P-4
Photo No.9 Top Cover of Relief Well at Sta-14.............................................................P-5
Photo No.10 Top Cover of Relief Well at Sta-20.............................................................P-5
Photo No.11 Relief Well at Sta-14....................................................................................P-6
Photo No.12 Relief Well at Sta-20....................................................................................P-6
Photo No.13 V-notch for Seepage Flow Measurement at Sta-14.....................................P-7
Photo No.14 V-notch for Seepage Flow Measurement at Sta-14.....................................P-7
Photo No.15 Seepage Flow Outlet at Sta-14....................................................................P-8
Photo No.16 Seepage Flow Outlet at Sta-14....................................................................P-8