p

Derivatives sec(tan 1 (x)) = 1 + x2 Projection of ~

~ ~
u v
u onto ~
v: Surfaces Given z=f(x,y), the partial derivative of
1 pr~
D x ex = ex tan(sec (x)) v~u = ( ||~
v ||2
)~
v Ellipsoid z with respect to x is:
p @z @f (x,y)
Dx sin(x) = cos(x) =( p x2 1 if x 1) x2 y2 z2 fx (x, y) = zx = @x = @x
Cross Product a2
+ b2
+ c2
=1
Dx cos(x) = sin(x) =( x2 1 if x p 1) likewise for partial with respect to y:
Dx tan(x) = sec2 (x) u~
~ v @z @f (x,y)
sinh 1 (x) = ln x + px2 + 1 fy (x, y) = zy = @y = @y
Dx cot(x) = csc2 (x) Produces a Vector
sinh 1 (x) = ln x + x2 1, x 1 (Geometrically, the cross product is the
Notation
Dx sec(x) = sec(x) tan(x) For fxyy , work inside to outside fx
tanh 1 (x) = 12 ln x + 11+x
x, 1 < x < 1 area of a paralellogram with sides ||~
u||
Dx csc(x) = csc(x) cot(x) p then fxy , then fxyy
Dx sin 1 = p 1 2 , x 2 [ 1, 1] 1 1+ 1 x2 and ||~
v ||)
sech (x) = ln[ ], 0 < x 1 Hyperboloid of One Sheet @3 f
1 x x ~
u =< u1 , u2 , u3 > fxyy = @x@ 2 y
,
1 1 ex e x x2
2 2
Dx cos = p , x 2 [ 1, 1] sinh(x) = 2 ~
v =< v1 , v2 , v3 >
a2
+ yb2 z
c2
=1 3
@ f
1 x2 For @x@ 2 y , work right to left in the
ex +e x (Major Axis: z because it follows - )
Dx tan 1
= 1
, 2 x cosh(x) =
1+x2 2 2 i j k denominator
1 p1 , |x| > 1 u~
~ v = u1 u2 u3
Dx sec =
|x| x2 1 Trig Identities v1 v2 v3 Gradients
Dx sinh(x) = cosh(x) 2 2
sin (x) + cos (x) = 1 The Gradient of a function in 2 variables
Dx cosh(x) = sinh(x) 1 + tan2 (x) = sec2 (x) ~ v =~
u~ 0 means the vectors are paralell is rf =< fx , fy >
Dx tanh(x) = sech2 (x) 1 + cot2 (x) = csc2 (x) The Gradient of a function in 3 variables
Dx coth(x) = csch2 (x) sin(x y) = sin(x) cos(y) cos(x) sin(y) Lines and Planes is rf =< fx , fy , fz >
Dx sech(x) = sech(x) tanh(x) Hyperboloid of Two Sheets
cos(x y) = cos(x) cos(y) sin(x) sin(y) Equation of a Plane 2 2 2
Dx csch(x) = csch(x) coth(x) tan(x)tan(y)
tan(x y) = 1tan(x) tan(y) (x0 , y0 , z0 ) is a point on the plane and
z
c2
x
a2
y
b2
=1 Chain Rule(s)
Dx sinh 1 = p 12 < A, B, C > is a normal vector (Major Axis: Z because it is the one not Take the Partial derivative with respect
x +1 sin(2x) = 2 sin(x) cos(x) subtracted) to the first-order variables of the
Dx cosh 1
= p 1 ,x > 1 cos(2x) = cos (x) sin2 (x)
2
x2 1 A(x x0 ) + B(y y0 ) + C(z z0 ) = 0 function times the partial (or normal)
1 1
cosh(n2 x) sinh2 x = 1 derivative of the first-order variable to
Dx tanh = 1 x2
1<x<1 1 + tan2 (x) = sec2 (x) < A, B, C > < x x0 , y y0 , z z0 >= 0
Ax + By + Cz = D where the ultimate variable you are looking for
Dx sech 1
= p1 ,0 < x < 1 1 + cot2 (x) = csc2 (x) summed with the same process for other
x 1 x2 1 cos(2x) D = Ax0 + By0 + Cz0
1 sin2 (x) = 2 first-order variables this makes sense for.
Dx ln(x) = x 1+cos(2x)
cos2 (x) = 2 Equation of a line Example:
let x = x(s,t), y = y(t) and z = z(x,y).
Integrals 1 cos(2x)
tan2 (x) = 1+cos(2x) A line requires a Direction Vector Elliptic Paraboloid
2 2 z then has first partial derivative:
R 1 sin( x) = sin(x) ~
u =< u1 , u2 , u3 > and a point z= xa2
+ yb2 @z @z
R x dx = ln |x| + c (x1 , y1 , z1 ) @x and @y
x x cos( x) = cos(x) (Major Axis: z because it is the variable x has the partial derivatives:
R e xdx = e 1 + cx tan( x) = tan(x) then, NOT squared) @x @x
a dx = ln a a + c a parameterization of a line could be: @s and @t
R ax 1 ax and y has the derivative:
x = u1 t + x 1
R
e dx = a e +c
Calculus 3 Concepts y = u2 t + y1
dy
p 1 dx = sin 1 (x) + c dt
R 1 x2
Cartesian coords in 3D z = u3 t + z 1 In this case (with z containing x and y
1
2 dx = tan 1 (x) + c as well as x and y both containing s and
R 1+x1 given two points: t), the chain rule for @z @z @z @x
p dx = sec 1 (x) + c Distance from a Point to a Plane @s is @s = @x @s
(x1 , y1 , z1 ) and (x2 , y2 , z2 ),
R x x 1
2
Distance between them:
The distance from a point (x0 , y0 , z0 ) to Hyperbolic Paraboloid The chain rule for @z@t is
p
R sinh(x)dx = cosh(x) + c (x1 x2 )2 + (y1 y2 )2 + (z1 z2 )2
a plane Ax+By+Cz=D can be expressed (Major Axis: Z axis because it is not @z
@t = @z @x
@x @t + @z dy
@y dt
R cosh(x)dx = sinh(x) + c Midpoint:
by the formula: squared) Note: the use of d instead of @ with
|Ax0 +By0 +Cz0 D|
R tanh(x)dx = ln | cosh(x)| + c x +x y +y
( 12 2, 12 2, 12 2)
z +z d= p
z= y2 x2 the function of only one independent
tanh(x)sech(x)dx = sech(x) + c A2 +B 2 +C 2 b2 a2
R 2 Sphere with center (h,k,l) and radius r: variable
R sech (x)dx = tanh(x) + c (x h)2 + (y k)2 + (z l)2 = r 2
R csch(x) coth(x)dx = csch(x) + c Coord Sys Conv Limits and Continuity
R tan(x)dx = ln | cos(x)| + c Vectors Cylindrical to Rectangular Limits in 2 or more variables
R cot(x)dx = ln | sin(x)| + c Vector: ~
u x = r cos() Limits taken over a vectorized limit just
R cos(x)dx = sin(x) + c Unit Vector: u y = r sin() Elliptic Cone evaluate separately for each component
sin(x)dx = cos(x) + c q (Major Axis: Z axis because its the only
R z=z of the limit.
p 1 dx = sin 1 ( u u|| = u21 + u22 + u23
Magnitude: ||~ one being subtracted)
a 2 u2 a) + c Rectangular
p to Cylindrical Strategies to show limit exists
R Unit Vector: u = u
~ x2 y2 z2 1. Plug in Numbers, Everything is Fine
1
dx = a 1
tan 1 u ||~
u|| r = x2 + y 2 + =0
a +c a2 b2 c2
R a2 +u2 tan() = xy 2. Algebraic Manipulation
ln(x)dx = (xln(x)) x + c Dot Product z=z -factoring/dividing out
u~
~ v Spherical to Rectangular -use trig identites
U-Substitution Produces a Scalar x = sin( ) cos() 3. Change to polar coords
Let u = f (x) (can be more than one (Geometrically, the dot product is a y = sin( ) sin() if (x, y) ! (0, 0) , r ! 0
variable). vector projection) z = cos( ) Strategies to show limit DNE
f (x) ~
u =< u1 , u2 , u3 > 1. Show limit is dierent if approached
Determine: du = dx dx and solve for Rectangular
p to Spherical Cylinder
dx. ~
v =< v1 , v2 , v3 > = x2 + y 2 + z 2 from dierent paths
1 of the variables is missing
Then, if a definite integral, substitute u~
~ v =~ 0 means the two vectors are tan() = xy (x=y, x = y 2 , etc.)
OR
the bounds for u = f (x) at each bounds Perpendicular is the angle between cos( ) = p z 2. Switch to Polar coords and show the
(x a)2 + (y b2 ) = c
Solve the integral using u. them. x2 +y 2 +z 2 limit DNE.
Spherical to Cylindrical (Major Axis is missing variable)
u~
~ v = ||~
u|| ||~
v || cos() Continunity
u~
~ v = u1 v1 + u 2 v2 + u3 v3 r = sin( ) A fn, z = f (x, y), is continuous at (a,b)
Integration by
R R Parts Partial Derivatives
NOTE: = if
udv = uv vdu
u v = cos() z = cos( ) Partial Derivatives are simply holding all f (a, b) = lim(x,y)!(a,b) f (x, y)
u||2 = ~
||~ u~u Cylindrical to Spherical other variables constant (and act like Which means:
Fns and Identities
p u~
~ v = 0 when ?
p
= r2 + z 2 constants for the derivative) and only 1. The limit exists
1
sin(cos (x)) = p1 x2 Angle Between ~ u and ~ v: = taking the derivative with respect to a 2. The fn value is defined
z
cos(sin 1
(x)) = 1 x2 1
= cos ( ||~ ~ ~
u v
) cos( ) = p given variable. 3. They are the same value
u|| ||~v || r 2 +z 2

Directional Derivatives Double Integrals Work Surface Integrals Other

p p
Information
Let F~ = M i + j + k (force) Let a
p = a
Let z=f(x,y) be a fuction, (a,b) ap point With Respect to the xy-axis, if taking an b b
in the domain (a valid input point) and integral, M = M (x, y, z), N = N (x, y, z), P = R be closed, bounded region in xy-plane Where
R R
P (x, y, z) p a Cone is defined as
u a unit vector (2D). R R dydx is cutting in vertical rectangles, f be a fn with first order partial z = a(x2 + y 2 ),
The Directional Derivative is then the dxdy is cutting in horizontal (Literally)d~r = dxi + dy j + dz k derivatives on R In SphericalqCoordinates,
R
derivative at the point (a,b) in the rectangles Work w = c F ~ d~
r G be a surface over R given by
= cos 1 ( 1+a
a
)
direction of u or: (Work done by moving a particle over z = f (x, y)
Polar Coordinates g(x, y, z) = g(x, y, f (x, y)) is cont. on R Right Circular Cylinder:
Du ~ f (a, b) = u rf (a, b) curve C with force F ~)
This will return a scalar. 4-D version: When using polar coordinates, Then,
R R V = r 2 h, SA = r 2 + 2rh
pn
dA = rdrd g(x, y, z)dS = limn!inf (1 + m
n ) = emp
Du ~ f (a, b, c) = u rf (a, b, c) R RG
Independence of Path R
g(x, y, f (x, y))dS Law of Cosines:
Surface Area of a Curve q a2 = b2 + c2 2bc(cos())
Tangent Planes Fund Thm of Line Integrals where dS = fx2 + fy2 + 1dydx
let z = f(x,y) be continuous over S (a
let F(x,y,z) = k be a surface and P = C is curve given by ~ r (t), t 2 [a, b]; Flux ~ Stokes Theorem
(x0 , y0 , z0 ) be a point on that surface. closed Region in 2D domain)
r 0(t) exists. If f (~
~ r ) is continuously R R of F across G
Then the surface area of z = f(x,y) over ~ ndS =
F Let:
Equation of a Tangent Plane: dierentiable on an open set containing R RG S be a 3D surface
S is: R [ M fx N fy + P ]dxdy
rF (x0 , y0 , z0 ) < x x0 , y y0 , z z0 > R R q C, then c rf (~ r = f (~b) f (~
r ) d~ a) R ~ (x, y, z) =
F
SA = S
fx2 + fy2 + 1dA where:
Equivalent Conditions ~ (x, y, z) =
F M (x, y, z)i + N (x, y, z)j + P (x, y, z)l
Approximations Triple Integrals F~ (~
r ) continuous on open connected set M,N,P have continuous 1st order partial
R R R M (x, y, z)i + N (x, y, z)j + P (x, y, z)k
let z = f (x, y) be a dierentiable D. Then, G is surface f(x,y)=z derivatives
f (x, y, z)dv = ~ = rf for some fn f. (if F ~ is
function total dierential of f = dz R a Rs R 2 (x,y) (a)F ~
n is upward unit normal on G. C is piece-wise smooth, simple, closed,
2 2 (x) f (x, y, z)dzdydx
dz = rf < dx, dy > a1 conservative) f(x,y) has continuous 1st order partial curve, positively oriented
1 (x) 1 (x,y) R
This is the approximate change in z Note: dv can be exchanged for dxdydz in , (b) c F ~ (~
r ) d~r isindep.of pathinD derivatives T is unit tangent vector to C.
The actual change in z is the dierence any order, but you must then choose R Then,
, (c) c F ~ (~
r ) d~r = 0 for all closed paths H R R
in z values: your limits of integration according to ~c T dS =
F ~ ) ndS =
(r F
z = z z1 in D. R R s
that order (r F ~) ~ndxdy
Conservation Theorem R
F~ = M i + N j + P k continuously Remember:
H R
Maxima and Minima Jacobian Method
R R dierentiable on open, simply connected
Unit Circle ~ T
F ~ ds = (M dx + N dy + P dz)
c
Internal Points f (g(u, v), h(u, v))|J(u, v)|dudv = set D. (cos, sin)
R RG
1. Take the Partial Derivatives with f (x, y)dxdy F~ conservative , r F ~ =~ 0
R
respect to X and Y (fx and fy ) (Can use (in 2D r F ~ =~ 0 i My = Nx )
@x @x
gradient) @u @v
J(u, v) = @y @y
2. Set derivatives equal to 0 and use to
solve system of equations for x and y
@u @v
Greens Theorem
3. Plug back into original equation for z. Common Jacobians:
Rect. to Cylindrical: r (method of changing line integral for
Use Second Derivative Test for whether
Rect. to Spherical: 2 sin( ) double integral - Use for Flux and
points are local max, min, or saddle
Circulation across 2D curve and line
Vector Fields integrals over a closed
H R R boundary)
Second Partial Derivative Test M dy N dx = (Mx + Ny )dxdy
1. Find all (x,y) points such that let f (x, y, z) be a scalar field and H R RR
~ (x, y, z) = M dx + N dy = (Nx My )dxdy
rf (x, y) = ~0 F Let:
R
2
2. Let D = fxx (x, y)fyy (x, y) fxy (x, y) M (x, y, z)i + N (x, y, z)j + P (x, y, z)k be R be a region in xy-plane
IF (a) D > 0 AND fxx < 0, f(x,y) is a vector field, C is simple, closed curve enclosing R
local max value Grandient of f = rf =< @f @f @f
@x , @y , @z > (w/ paramerization ~ r (t))
(b) D > 0 AND fxx (x, y) > 0 f(x,y) is ~: ~ (x, y) = M (x, y)i + N (x, y)j be
F
Divergence of F
local min value ~ = @M + @N + @P continuously dierentiable over R[C.
(c) D < 0, (x,y,f(x,y)) is a saddle point rF @x @y @z
~: Form 1: Flux Across Boundary
(d) D = 0, test is inconclusive Curl of F ~
n
3. Determine if any boundary point i j k H = unit normal
R R vector to C
~ ~
F n= rF~ dA
gives min or max. Typically, we have to ~ =
rF @ @ @ c H R R R
parametrize boundary and then reduce
@x @y @z , M dy N dx = R
(Mx + Ny )dxdy
M N P Form 2: Circulation Along
to a Calc 1 type of min/max problem to
Line Integrals Boundary
solve. H R R
~ d~
F r= rF ~ udA
The following only apply only if a C given by x = x(t), y = y(t), t 2 [a, b] c H R R R
R R , M dx + N dy = (Nx My )dxdy
boundary is given f (x, y)ds = ab f (x(t), y(t))ds R
1. check the corner points
c q AreaH of R
dy 2 1 1
2. Check each line (0 x 5 would where ds = ( dx 2
dt ) + ( dt ) dt
A = ( 2 ydx + 2 xdy)
q
give x=0 and x=5 ) dy 2
or 1 + ( dx ) dx
On Bounded Equations, this is the q Gauss Divergence Thm
global min and max...second derivative or 1 + ( dx 2
dy ) dy
test is not needed. (3D Analog of Greens Theorem - Use
To evaluate a Line Integral,
get a paramaterized version of the line for Flux over a 3D surface) Let:
Lagrange Multipliers (usually in terms of t, though in ~ (x, y, z) be vector field continuously
F
Given a function f(x,y) with a constraint exclusive terms of x or y is ok) dierentiable in solid S
g(x,y), solve the following system of evaluate for the derivatives needed S is a 3D solid @S boundary of S (A Originally Written By Daniel Kenner for
equations to find the max and min (usually dy, dx, and/or dt) Surface) MATH 2210 at the University of Utah.
points on the constraint (NOTE: may plug in to original equation to get in nunit outer normal to @S Source code available at
need to also find internal points.): terms of the independant variable Then, https://github.com/keytotime/Calc3 CheatSheet
R R R R R
rf = rg solve integral F~ (x, y, z) ndS = ~ dV
rF Thanks to Kelly Macarthur for Teaching and
@S S
g(x, y) = 0(orkif given) (dV = dxdydz) Providing Notes.