IB Chemistry SL

Topic 2 Questions

1. Consider the composition of the species W, X, Y and Z below. Which species is an anion?

Species Number of protons Number of neutrons Number of electrons

W 9 10 10
X 11 12 11
Y 12 12 12
Z 13 14 10

A. W

B. X

C. Y

D. Z

(Total 1 mark)

2. Energy levels for an electron in a hydrogen atom are

A. evenly spaced.

B. farther apart near the nucleus.

C. closer together near the nucleus.

D. arranged randomly.

(Total 1 mark)

3. Which is related to the number of electrons in the outer main energy level of the elements from
the alkali metals to the halogens?

I. Group number

II. Period number

A. I only

B. II only

C. Both I and II

D. Neither I nor II

(Total 1 mark)

Page 1 of 22
4. How do bond length and bond strength change as the number of bonds between two atoms
increases?

Bond length Bond strength

A. Increases increases
B. Increases decreases
C. Decreases increases
D. Decreases decreases
(Total 1 mark)

5. Which of the following is true for CO2?

C O bond CO2 molecule

A. Polar non-polar
B. non-polar polar
C. Polar polar
D. non-polar non-polar
(Total 1 mark)

6. The molar masses of C2H6, CH3OH and CH3F are very similar. How do their boiling points
compare?

A. C2H6 < CH3OH < CH3F

B. CH3F < CH3OH < C2H6

C. CH3OH < CH3F < C2H6

D. C2H6 < CH3F < CH3OH

(Total 1 mark)

19
7. What is the correct number of each particle in a fluoride ion, F?

protons neutrons electrons

A. 9 10 8
B. 9 10 9
C. 9 10 10
D. 9 19 10
(Total 1 mark)

8. Which statement is correct for the emission spectrum of the hydrogen atom?

A. The lines converge at lower energies.

B. The lines are produced when electrons move from lower to higher energy levels.

C. The lines in the visible region involve electron transitions into the energy level closest to

Page 2 of 22
 the nucleus.

D. The line corresponding to the greatest emission of energy is in the ultraviolet region.

9. Which is the correct description of polarity in F2 and HF molecules?

A. Both molecules contain a polar bond.

B. Neither molecule contains a polar bond.

C. Both molecules are polar.

D. Only one of the molecules is polar.

(Total 1 mark)

10. Which types of bonding are present in CH3CHO in the liquid state?

I. Single covalent bonding

II. Double covalent bonding

III. Hydrogen bonding

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III

(Total 1 mark)

11. Which statement(s) is/are generally true about the melting points of substances?

I. Melting points are higher for compounds containing ions than for compounds
containing molecules.

II. A compound with a low melting point is less volatile than a compound with a high
melting point.

III. The melting point of a compound is decreased by the presence of impurities.

A. I only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III

(Total 1 mark)

12. How many valence electrons are present in an atom of an element with atomic number 16?

A. 2

B. 4
Page 3 of 22
 C. 6

D. 8

(Total 1 mark)

69 71
13. A certain sample of element Z contains 60% of Z and 40% of Z. What is the relative atomic
mass of element Z in this sample?

A. 69.2

B. 69.8

C. 70.0

D. 70.2

(Total 1 mark)

59 59
28
14. What is the difference between two neutral atoms represented by the symbols 27
Co and Ni?

A. The number of neutrons only.

B. The number of protons and electrons only.

C. The number of protons and neutrons only.

D. The number of protons, neutrons and electrons.

(Total 1 mark)

24 +2
15. How many electrons are there in one 12 Mg ion?

A. 10

B. 12

C. 14

D. 22

(Total 1 mark)

16. The electron arrangement of sodium is 2.8.1. How many occupied main electron energy levels
are there in an atom of sodium?

A. 1

B. 3

C. 10

D. 11

(Total 1 mark)

Page 4 of 22
17. Information is given about four different atoms:

Atom neutrons protons

W 22 18
X 18 20
Y 22 16
Z 20 18

Which two atoms are isotopes?

A. W and Y

B. W and Z

C. X and Z

D. X and Y

(Total 1 mark)

18. Which statement is correct about a line emission spectrum?

A. Electrons absorb energy as they move from low to high energy levels.

B. Electrons absorb energy as they move from high to low energy levels.

C. Electrons release energy as they move from low to high energy levels.

D. Electrons release energy as they move from high to low energy levels.

(Total 1 mark)

18 2
19. How many neutrons are there in the ion O ?

A. 8

B. 10

C. 16

D. 20

(Total 1 mark)

20. What is the electron arrangement of silicon?

A. 2.4

B. 2.8

Page 5 of 22
 C. 2.8.4

D. 2.8.8

(Total 1 mark)

21. Which statement is correct about the isotopes of an element?

A. They have the same mass number

B. They have the same electron arrangement

C. They have more protons than neutrons

D. They have the same numbers of protons and neutrons

(Total 1 mark)

210 210
22. What is the difference between two neutral atoms represented by the symbols 84 Po and 85 At?

A. The number of neutrons only.

B. The number of protons and electrons only.

C. The number of protons and neutrons only.

D. The number of protons, neutrons and electrons.

(Total 1 mark)

23. Which statements are correct for the emission spectrum of the hydrogen atom?

I. The lines converge at lower energies.

II. Electron transition to n =1 are responsible for lines in the UV region.

III. Lines are produced when electrons move from higher to lower energy levels.

A. I and II only

B. I and III only

C. II and III only

D. I, II and III

(Total 1 mark)

24. What is the symbol for a species that contains 15 protons, 16 neutrons and 18 electrons?
31
A. 16 S

B.
31
16 S 3

Page 6 of 22
 C.
31
15 P

D.
31
15 P 3

(Total 1 mark)

3+
25. What is the electron arrangement of an Al ion?

A. 2, 8

B. 2, 3

C. 2, 8, 3

D. 2, 8, 8

(Total 1 mark)

26. What will happen to the volume of a fixed mass of gas if the pressure and the Kelvin
temperature are both doubled?

A. It will remain the same.

B. It will be double its initial volume.

C. It will be one-half its initial volume.

D. It will be four times its initial volume.

(Total 1 mark)

27. Which species has 54 electrons and 52 protons?

128 2
A. 52Te

132 2
B. 54 Xe

132 2
C. 54 Xe

128 2
D. 52Te

(Total 1 mark)

28. What is the correct sequence for the processes occurring in a mass spectrometer?

A. vaporization, ionization, acceleration, deflection

Page 7 of 22
 B. vaporization, acceleration, ionization, deflection

C. ionization, vaporization, acceleration, deflection

D. ionization, vaporization, deflection, acceleration

(Total 1 mark)

29. The percentage composition by mass of a hydrocarbon is C = 85.6% and H = 14.4%.

(a) Calculate the empirical formula of the hydrocarbon.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(2)

(b) A 1.00 g sample of the hydrocarbon at a temperature of 273 K and a pressure of

5 3
1.0110 Pa (1.00 atm) has a volume of 0.399 dm .

(i) Calculate the molar mass of the hydrocarbon.

..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................

(2)

(ii) Deduce the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon.

(1)
(Total 5 marks)

15
7 3
30. State the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in the ion N .

(Total 2 marks)

31. A sample of germanium is analysed in a mass spectrometer. The first and last processes in mass
spectrometry are vaporization and detection.
Page 8 of 22
 (a) (i) State the names of the other three processes in the order in which they occur in a
mass spectrometer.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(2)

(ii) For each of the processes named in (a) (i), outline how the process occurs.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(3)

(b) The sample of germanium is found to have the following composition:

70 72 74 76
Isotope Ge Ge Ge Ge
Relative abundance / % 22.60 25.45 36.73 15.22

(i) Define the term relative atomic mass.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(2)

(ii) Calculate the relative atomic mass of this sample of germanium, giving your
answer to two decimal places.

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

(2)
(Total 9 marks)

32. Define the following terms.

(i) atomic number

Page 9 of 22
 ....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

(1)

(ii) mass number

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

(1)
(Total 2 marks)

33. State the electron arrangements of the following species:

Si ........................................................................................................................................

3
P ........................................................................................................................................

(Total 2 marks)

33 2
34. Identify the numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons in the species S .

..............................................................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................................................

(Total 1 mark)

35. State the electron arrangement for atoms of aluminium, nitrogen and fluorine.

(Total 2 marks)

36. The relative atomic mass of chlorine is 35.45. Calculate the percentage abundance of the two
35 37
isotopes of chlorine, Cl and Cl in a sample of chlorine gas.

(Total 2 marks)

37. (a) Describe the following stages in the operation of the mass spectrometer.

(i) ionization

(2)

(ii) deflection

Page 10 of 22
 (2)

(iii) acceleration

(1)

(b) (i) State the meaning of the term isotopes of an element.

(1)

85 87
(ii) Calculate the percentage abundance of the two isotopes of rubidium Rb and Rb.

(2)

(iii) State two physical properties that would differ for each of the rubidium isotopes.

(1)

3+ 3
(iv) Determine the full electron configuration of an atom of Si, an Fe ion and a P
ion.

(3)
(Total 12 marks)

38. Naturally occurring copper has a relative atomic mass, (Ar), of 63.55 and consists of two
63 65
isotopes Cu and Cu.

(i) Define the term relative atomic mass, Ar.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

(1)

(ii) State and explain which is the more abundant isotope.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

(1)
(Total 2 marks)

50
V 51
23V,
39. The element vanadium has two isotopes, 23 and and a relative atomic mass of 50.94.

(a) Define the term isotope.

Page 11 of 22
 .

(1)

50
(b) State the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in 23V.

(2)

(c) State and explain which is the more abundant isotope.

(1)

(d) State the name and the mass number of the isotope relative to which all atomic masses
are measured.

(1)
(Total 5 marks)

40. (a) State a physical property that is different for isotopes of an element.

.....................................................................................................................................

(1)

35 37
(b) Chlorine exists as two isotopes, Cl and Cl. The relative atomic mass of chlorine is
35.45. Calculate the percentage abundance of each isotope.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(2)
(Total 3 marks)

41. (a) Define the term isotope.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(2)

Page 12 of 22
 (b) A sample of argon exists as a mixture of three isotopes.

mass number 36, relative abundance 0.337%

mass number 38, relative abundance 0.0630%
mass number 40, relative abundance 99.6%

Calculate the relative atomic mass of argon.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(2)

56 3+
(c) State the number of electrons, protons and neutrons in the ion Fe .

electrons: ............................. protons: ............................. neutrons: ...........................

(2)
(Total 6 marks)

79 81
42. The element bromine exists as the isotopes Br and Br, and has a relative atomic mass of
79.90.

(a) Complete the following table to show the numbers of sub-atomic particles in the species
shown.

79 81
an atom of Br an ion of Br
protons
neutrons
electrons
(3)

79 81
(b) State and explain which of the two isotopes Br and Br is more common in the element
bromine.

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

(1)

(c) The element calcium is in the same period of the Periodic Table as bromine.

(i) Write the electron arrangement for an atom of calcium.

.........................................................................................................................

Page 13 of 22
 (1)

(ii) Deduce the formula of the compound calcium bromide.

.........................................................................................................................

(1)
(Total 6 marks)

43. Some vaporized magnesium is introduced into a mass spectrometer. One of the ions that reaches
25 +
the detector is Mg .

25 +
(a) Identify the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in the Mg ion.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

(1)

(b) State how this ion is accelerated in the mass spectrometer.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

(1)

25 2+
(c) The Mg ion is also detected in this mass spectrometer by changing the magnetic field.
Deduce and explain, by reference to the m/z values of these two ions of magnesium,
25 2+ 25 +
which of the ions Mg and Mg is detected using a stronger magnetic field.

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................

(2)
(Total 4 marks)
44. (a) List the following types of electromagnetic radiation in order of increasing wavelength
(shortest first).

I. Yellow light

II. Red light

III. Infrared radiation

IV. Ultraviolet radiation

.....................................................................................................................................

(1)

Page 14 of 22
(b) Distinguish between a continuous spectrum and a line spectrum.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(1)

(c) The thinning of the ozone layer increases the amount of UV-B radiation that reaches the
Earths surface.

Type of Radiation Wavelength / nm

UV-A 320380
UV-B 290320

Based on the information in the table above explain why UV-B rays are more dangerous
than UV-A.

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................................

(3)
(Total 5 marks)

Page 15 of 22
IB Chemistry SL

Topic 2 Answers

1. A

[1]
2. B

[1]
3. A

[1]
4. C

[1]
5. A

[1]
6. D

[1]

7. C

[1]

8. D

[1]

9. D

[1]

10. A

[1]

11. B

[1]
12. C

[1]
13. B

[1]
14. D

[1]
15. A

Page 16 of 22
 [1]
16. B

[1]
17. B

[1]
18. D

[1]

19. B

[1]

20. C

[1]

21. B

[1]

22. D

[1]

23. C

[1]

24. D

[1]

25. A

[1]

26. A

[1]

27. A

[1]

28. A

[1]

85.6 : 14.4
29. (a) mole ratio C:H = 12.01 1.01 = 7.13:4.3;

No penalty for using integer atomic masses.

CH 2 ;
empirical formula is 2

Page 17 of 22
 2 3
PV mass ; 1.01 10 kPa (0.399dm );
RT molar mass 8.314 J (273 K)
(b) (i) number of moles of gas n = mol K ;

1.00 g
0.017 mol = 56.3 (g mol1) 2

OR

mass of the molar volume

molar mass is the 22.4 dm 3 at STP;
1.00 22.4
1
= 0.399 = 56.1 (g mol )

Accept answers in range 56.0 to 56.3.

Accept two, three or four significant figures.
(ii) C4H8; 1

No ECF.
[5]
30. 7 protons, 8 neutrons, 10 electrons; 2

Award [2] for three correct and [1] for two correct.
[2]
31. (a) (i) ionization, acceleration, deflection/separation; 2

Award [1] for all three names and [1] for correct order.
Award [1] for two names in correct order.
(ii) ionization: sample bombarded with high-energy or high-speed
electrons/OWTTE;

acceleration: electric field/oppositely charged plates;

deflection: (electro)magnet/magnetic field; 3

(b) (i) average or (weighted) mean of masses of all isotopes of an element;

12
relative to (one atom of) C; 2

Both marks available from a suitable expression.

(ii) Ar = (700.2260) + (720.2545) + (740.3673) + (760.1522);

= 72.89; 2

No other final answer acceptable.

Award [2] for correct final answer.
[9]

32. (i) number of protons in the nucleus/atom; 1

Page 18 of 22
 Do not accept protons and electrons.

(ii) number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus/atom; 1

[2]

33. Si 2.8.4/2,8,4;
3
P 2.8.8/2,8,8; 2

[2]

34. 16 protons and 17 neutrons and 18 electrons; 1

[1]

35. Al 2,8,3;
N 2,5;
F 2,7; 2

Award [2] for three correct, [1] for two or one correct.
Accept correct configuration using s,p,d notation.
[2]

35x 37(100 x)
36. Ar(Cl) = 35.45 = 100 ;

35 37
Cl = 77.5% and Cl = 22.5%; 2

[2]
37. (a) (i) to produce positively charged ions;

by the bombardment of fast moving electrons; 2

(ii) magnetic field at right angles to path of ions/accept suitably

labelled diagram;

moves ions in curve path/deflects ions;

dependent on mass/charge ratio; 2

Award [1] each for any 2 points.

(iii) acceleration of the ions by electric field/towards negative plate/cathode; 1

(b) (i) atoms with the same number of protons/positive charges/atomic

number but different number of neutrons/mass number; 1

85x 87(100 x)
;
(ii) Ar(Rb) = 85.47 = 100

Accept other valid mathematical alternatives.

85 87
Rb = 76.5 and Rb = 23.5%; 2

Page 19 of 22
 (iii) mass; density;

boiling point;

melting point;

rate of diffusion in the gas phase;

enthalpy of vaporization;

enthalpy of fusion;

rate of reaction in the gas/liquid phase; 1

Any two for one mark

2 2 6 2 2
(iv) Si: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p ;

3+ 2 2 6 2 6 5
Fe : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d ;

3 2 2 6 2 6
P : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p ; 3

Allow [1 max] for 3 correct abbreviated structures using noble

gas symbols.

1
38. (i) ratio of average mass of an atom to 12 the mass of C-12 isotope/
average mass of an atom on a scale where one atom of C-12 has a mass of 12/sum
of the weighted average mass of isotopes of an element compared to
C-12/OWTTE; 1

Award no mark if element is used in place of atom

63
(ii) Cu (more abundant) since Ar (Cu) is closer in mass to 63; 1

Explanation needed for mark

[2]

39. (a) atom of same element/same number of protons but with different
mass number/number of neutrons; 1

(b) protons 23
electrons 23
neutrons 27 2

Three correct [2], two correct [1].

51
23
V
(c) /51 nearer to Ar value of 50.94; 1

12
(d) carbon, 12/ C; 1

[5]

40. (a) mass/density/for gases: rate of effusion or diffusion/melting point/

boiling point 1

Page 20 of 22
 Do not accept mass number.
35
(b) if Cl = x, then (x = 35.00) + (1 x) 37.00 = 35.45
Award [1] for set up.
therefore, x = 0.775; 2
35 37
Cl = 77.5% and Cl = 22.5%;
(need both for mark);
[3]

41. (a) atoms of the same element/same number of protons/same atomic number;
having different numbers of neutrons/different (mass number); 2

Award only [1] max if reference made to elements but

not atoms.
36 0.337 38 0.0630 40 99.6
(b) relative atomic mass = 100 ; 2
(c) 23 electrons;
26 protons;
30 neutrons; 2
Award [2] for three correct, [1] for two correct.
[6]

42. (a)
79 81
an atom of Br an ion of Br
protons 35 35 ;
neutrons 44 46 ;
electrons 35 36 ;

3
79
(b) Br because Ar is closer to 79/OWTTE; 1

(c) (i) 2,8,8,2/2.8.8.2; 1

(ii) CaBr2; 1

[6]

43. (a) 12 protons and 13 neutrons and 11 electrons; 1

(b) electric field/oppositely charged plates/potential difference/OWTTE; 1

25 +
(c) Mg ;

greater m/z value/less highly charged ions need stronger fields to

deflect them/OWTTE; 2

Do not accept greater mass with no reference to charge, or

greater mass and smaller charge.
[4]
44. (a) IV < I < II < III/
ultra violet radiation < yellow light < red light < infrared radiation; 1

Page 21 of 22
(b) A continuous spectrum has all colours/wavelengths/frequencies whereas
a line spectrum has only (lines of) sharp/discrete/specific colours/
wavelengths/frequencies; 1

(c) UV-B radiation has shorter wavelength;

hence, has higher energy;
increases risk of damage to skin cells/OWTTE/causes cancer; 3

[5]

Page 22 of 22