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Chapter 7 Natural Gas Processing V1

This document provides an overview of natural gas processing, including dehydration, sweetening, and production of LNG, CNG, and LPG. The key steps in natural gas processing are removal of water, H2S, and CO2 to meet quality standards for transmission and marketability. Dehydration prevents hydrate formation and corrosion. Sweetening increases heating value and avoids corrosion by removing H2S and CO2. LNG, CNG, and LPG allow for transportation and storage of natural gas in different physical states.

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245 views

Chapter 7 Natural Gas Processing V1

This document provides an overview of natural gas processing, including dehydration, sweetening, and production of LNG, CNG, and LPG. The key steps in natural gas processing are removal of water, H2S, and CO2 to meet quality standards for transmission and marketability. Dehydration prevents hydrate formation and corrosion. Sweetening increases heating value and avoids corrosion by removing H2S and CO2. LNG, CNG, and LPG allow for transportation and storage of natural gas in different physical states.

Uploaded by

LeeMayYan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NATURAL GAS ENGINEERING

CHAPTER 7 NATURAL GAS PROCESSING

1
CONTENTS

1 Introduction
2 Dehydration
3 Sweetening
4 LNG,CNG,LPG

2
INTRODUCTION

Gas contracts usually contain the following basic


considerations:

Minimum, maximum delivery pressure


Minimum heating value
Composition
Water content
Maximum condensable hydrocarbon content or
hydrocarbon dew point
Contaminants such as H2S, CO2, mercury etc.

3
PROCESSING
Field processing of Natural Gas consists of 4 basic
processes

1. Separation of gas from free liquids such as crude


oil, condensate, water and entrained solids
2. Processing the gas to remove condensable and
recoverable hydrocarbon vapour
3. Processing the gas to remove water vapour which
might cause hydrate formation
4. Processing the gas to remove H2S and CO2

4
WATER CONTENT
Water and hydrocarbons are natural companions.
Hydrocarbons are formed in a water environment and are
in equilibrium with water at reservoir condition.

If both liquid water and hydrocarbons are present in a


system there will be two liquid phases.

The water content of a gas is a function of


- pressure
- temperature
- composition
- salt content of the free water

5
SEPARATION

Separators are used for separation process at following


locations:

1. Well head production batteries

2. Gasoline plant

3. Upstream and downstream of compressors

4. Liquid traps in gas transmission lines

5. Gas sweetening units

6. Inlet scrubbers to dehydration units

6
SEPARATION

A properly designed separator perform the following


functions:

1. Primary separation of liquid from gas


2. Removing liquid mist from the gas
3. Removing entrained gas from liquid
4. Discharge separated gas and liquid from the vessel

7
TYPES OF SEPARATORS

Mainly 3 types of separator

1. Vertical separator
2. Horizontal separator
-horizontal single tube
-horizontal double tube
3. Spherical separator

8
Vertical SEPARATOR

9
Horizontal SEPARATOR

10
Horizontal SEPARATOR

11
Horizontal SEPARATOR

12
Horizontal Dual Tube SEPARATOR

13
Factors Affecting Separation

1. Separator operating Pressure

2. Separator operating Temperature

3. Fluid composition

Changes in any one of these factors will


change the amount of gas and liquid leaving the
separator.

14
DEHYDRATION

Gas producing of a reservoir contains more water vapor


than oil producing reservoir.
Water vapor is undesirable impurity found in untreated
natural gas.
Reasons for removing of water vapor from natural gas for
long distance transmission include the following:

1. Liquid water and natural gas can form solids, ice-like


hydrates that can plug pipeline and equipment.

2. Natural gas containing liquid water is corrosive.

3. Water vapor decreases the heating value of natural


gas.
15
Gas sweetening

16
Gas Sweetening

Hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and other


contaminants are often found in natural gas streams.

H2S is a highly toxic gas that is corrosive to carbon


steels.

CO2 is also corrosive to equipment and reduces the Btu


value of gas.

Gas sweetening processes remove these contaminants


so the gas is marketable and suitable for transportation.

17
Gas Sweetening
By sweetening ,

Heating Value increased


Avoid corrosion in transportation and distribution
Avoid air pollution caused by SO2 as a result of H2S
combustion

18
Gas Sweetening

Processes:

Amine Process
Carbonate Process
Cryogenic Distillation
Membrane Process

19
Gas Sweetening

Amine treating is a proven technology that


removes H2S and CO2 from natural gas and
hydrocarbon liquid streams through absorption
and chemical reaction.

Amine treating is one of the most widely used


and cost-effective methods of removing
hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide from
hydrocarbon streams.

20
Liquefied Natural Gas(LNG)
What is LNG?

Liquefied Natural Gas(LNG) is natural gas that has been


cooled down to -260F and atmospheric pressure where
natural gas condenses to liquid.
Liquefaction reduces volume to approximately 600 times
thus making more economical to transport between
continents in specially designed ocean vessels.
Traditional pipeline transportation systems would be less
economically attractive and could be technically or
politically infeasible.
Thus, LNG technology makes natural gas available
throughout the world.
21
Typical properties of LNG

LNG is simply natural gas that has been cooled to its


liquid state at atmospheric pressure: - 162.2C and 14.7 psia
LNG is transported at ambient pressures.
Liquefying natural gas, which reduces the gas into a
practical size for transportation and storage, reduces the
volume that the gas occupies more than 600 times.

22
Typical properties of LNG

LNG is considered a flammable liquid.


LNG vapor is colorless, odorless, and non-toxic.
LNG vapor typically appears as a visible white cloud,
because its cold temperature condenses water vapor
present in the atmosphere.
The lower and upper flammability limits of methane are
5.5% and 14% by volume at a temperature of 25C.

23
Heating Value of LNG

Heating Values depends on the content of heavy


hydrocarbons (C3,C4) and varies between sources.
Heating Values requirement also varies between markets:
Japan: 1,1201,150 BTU/SCF
Europe: 9901,070 BTU/Cft
USA: 1,020-1,075 BTU/Cft
Heating Values has thus to be adjusted to each market.
Heating value can be reduced by extraction of C3/C4 at
liquefaction plant, mixed with lower BTU gas, or inject
nitrogen.
It can be increased by adding propane (to meet
requirement of Japan), Propane has higher Btu.

24
Heating Values required by Countries

25
LNG Process Scheme

26
CNG

COMPRESSED
NATURAL GAS
CNG

27
CNG

CNG is made by compressing natural gas (which is


mainly composed of methane [CH4]), to less than 1% of the
volume it occupies at standard atmospheric pressure.

It is stored and distributed in hard containers at a


pressure of (29003600 psi), usually in cylindrical or
spherical shapes.

28
Technical Aspect comparison
1. Compressed Natural Gas(CNG):
. 1. Pressurized gas
2. 900-3600 psig
3. Temperature -30C to 45C

2. Liquefied Natural Gas(LNG):


1. Cryogenic liquid
2. 18.325 psig
3. -160C

29
Liquefied Petroleum Gas(LPG)

30
LPG

LPG is composed primarily of Propane (C3H8) and Butane


.
(C4H10), while natural gas is composed of Methane (CH4) and
Ethane (C2H6).

LPG is a flammable mixture of hydrocarbon gas used as a


fuel in heating appliances and vehicles.

LPG is used for cooking in many countries for economic


reasons as well as for convenience.

Volume ratio of LPG to gas is typically 250:1.

31
LPG

. The pressure at which LPG becomes liquid, called its


vapor pressure, likewise varies depending on composition
and temperature;

For example, it is approximately 32 psi for pure Butane


at 68 F, and approximately 320 psi for Pure propane at
131 F.

LPG is heavier than air unlike natural gas.

32

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