N A VI - E NGLISH D ICTIONARY v. 13.

06
Compiled by Mark Miller
www.LearnNavi.org

Last updated: April 1st , 2014

This is the definitive dictionary for Navi, the language created by Dr. Paul Frommer for
James Camerons film, Avatar. The words within come directly from, or are derived from, Dr.
Frommer.
Some notes: The traditional Navi transcription in use by Dr. Frommer has been maintained
throughout: the IPA transcription is given as well. Compound non-inflected words and loan
words from English have been noted. Some lenited words have been included if in the official
corpus. Some inflected words are included here, if their inclusion is deemed particularly use-
ful. Note that adpositions are free if before their modifier, but are bound as a suffix if situated
after it.
Bold indicates Navi word. Italics indicate English definition. Plain text indicates gramma-
tical categorization: parentheses such as x represents an infix, where tpre-first1ar2on
are the positions: Included are periods in the IPA to mark syllable divisions, and mid-dots to
show infix positions (for beginners), as in [ta.Ron]. Irregular infixes are marked with (ii). Tran-
sitivity is marked if known: words marked v. are either unattested or ambitransitive. Most,
if not all transitive verbs can be used intransitively in the absence of a direct object. Known
modal verbs and verbs known to use modal syntax are marked with vim or vtrm, depen-
ding upon transitivity according to the previous note. Knowledge of lenition and other sound
changes will be assumed. Monosyllabic words are not noted for having a single primary stress
in the IPA; if an enclitic is added, the root will be assumed to have primary stress. Note also
that allomorphs, where specified, are subject only to personal preference, and not syntactic or
morphological rules. There are several useful appendices that hold further information.

Abbreviations:

= morpheme boundary num. = number

+ = leniting morpheme boundary ofp. = only for people
= infix morpheme part. = particle
adj. = adjective ph. = phrase
adp. = adposition pn. = pronoun
adv. = adverb prop. n. = proper noun
conj. = conjunction v. = verb
c.w. = compound word svin. = stative intransitive verb
dem. = demonstrative vtr. = transitive verb
intj. = interjection vin. = intransitive verb
inter. = interrogative vtrm. = transitive modal verb
n. = noun vim. = intransitive modal verb
nfp. = not for people sbd. = subordinated

1
 An English - Navi dictionary, and a Dictionary Categorized by Parts of Speech are provi-
ded, and may be helpful when searching fails. Translations are also available in French, Estoni-
an, German, Hungarian, Portugus and Swedish. There are also other, unfinished translations
in other languages available.

Sources
We have sourced every word as best as we could. This sourcing is placed in a subscript after
the IPA transcription and reveals the source of each word. For historical interest, this dictiona-
ry was originally based on an initial list of around 500 words provided by Dr. Frommer in early
March, 2010. As the language has continued to develop, additional vocabulary has been added
as it appears in communications from Dr. Frommer via his blog and emails. Dr. Frommer has
solicited the LearnNavi.org community to help come up with new vocabulary via the Lexical
Expansion Project. This project continues and many suggested words now appear in the can-
non lexicon presented in this dictionary. Other sources are words modified by unproductive
affixes that are included here if Dr. Frommer has used them and words that have a modified
semantic meaning due to a productive affix. Order of canonicity, from most to least:

PF = Dr. Paul Frommer

M = The Movie
JC = James Cameron
G = the Avatar Games
ASG = The Survival Guide
PND = Pandorapedia.com

The Activists Survival Guide, a key early source of words, contained many words which
are illegal - these are in the appendix. However, the plant names and songs are distinctly From-
merian, and are thus included in the dictionary proper. James Cameron himself made up many
words, which Dr. Frommer then legalized. Dr. Frommer legalized some pronunciation errors
made during filming: these, like osss, are now canon. Finally, Dr. Frommer has approved seve-
ral constructions made by learners as good words, and so, occasionally there are extra sources.
These sources are as follows: CP for CCH Pounder, LA for Laz Alonso, Prr for Prrton, RL for
Richard Littauer, SW for Sigourney Weaver, ZS for Zo Saldana, CM for Carla Meyer and Skx-
awng. LN is for LearnNavi, specified when the original sourcing has been lost or is ambiguous.

Regarding the IPA, there are some other possible interpretations. Open syllables always
use a tense [u] pronunciation, but closed syllables can be either tense [u] or lax [U]. There is no
> >
rule for which to use in closed syllables. So tsun, for example, can be either [tsun] or [tsUn],
but lu is always [lu], never [lU]. Also, an alternate method of transcribing the diphthongs [Ej],
[aj], [Ew], and [aw], not used here (for Frommer prefers the former), is [EI], [aI], [EU], and [aU].
Concerning syllables, where not made clear by Dr. Frommer, the divisions  have
 been split in
accordance with the Maximal Onset Principle. Also note that stress and ejective markers can
be difficult to differentiate. One example is the word atxkxe which is described as [at."kE].
Please note the subtle difference between the characters for ejective, and "for stress.

This dictionary is a work in progress and is likely to have errors. Rutxe, if you note any,
let me know here or by email to [email protected], and I will correct them. As for version
number, Ill change the first digit when there is a big change, .0x0 for a significant, but not large
change and the .00x number for tiny edits. Refer to the Changelog for enlightenment.

2
 I would like to take this opportunity to recognize those who have been instrumental in
the creation and maintenance of this dictionary. First of course, is Dr. Paul Frommer and his
monumental effort in creating this amazing language. Eternal thanks to Richard Littauer for
originally creating and maintaining this document. Thanks to Tirea Aean (Corey Scheideman)
for being invaluable in keeping track of new vocabulary as it is introduced by Dr. Frommer.
Thanks also to Tuiq, who applied significant time and skills to automate the maintenance of
this dictionary and its variants. Tuiqs scripts also make the process of updating much easi-
er for the authors of the various translations. Finally, thanks to everyone in the Learn Navi
Community who are helping Navi to bloom!

- Mark Miller, et alia

3
This page intentionally left blank.

4
P

aaw: ["Pa.Paw] P F adj. a few, several (Used eoio: ["PE.o.i.o] P F adj. ceremonious
with countable nouns in the singular form) etnaw: ["PEt.naw] P F n. shoulder
akra: ["Pak.Ra] P F n. soil (fertile) evan: ["PE.van] P F n. boy (colloquial) (derived
aku: ["Pa.ku] P F vtr. remove, take away, take off from evengan boy)
ali: [Pa."liP.] P F n. collar / choker eve: ["PE.vE] P F n. girl (colloquial) (derived
ampi: ["Pam.pi] P F vtr. touch from evenge girl)
ana: ["Pa.na] P F n. hanging vine eveng: ["PE.vEN] P F n. child
ango: ["Pa.No] P F adj. soft (of a sound) evengan: ["PE.vE.Nan] P F n. boy (derived from
anla: ["Pan.la] P F vtr. yearn for eveng child)
are: ["Pa.RE] P F n. poncho, cape, shawl evenge: ["PE.vE.NE] P F n. girl (derived from
aw: [Paw] P F num. one eveng child)
awkx: [Pawk'] P F n. cliff evi: ["PE.vi] P F n. kid (affectionate form of
awlie: [Paw."li.E] P F adv. once (in the past) eveng child)
awlo: ["Paw.lo] P F adv. once ewan: ["PE.wan] P F adj. young
awm: [Pawm] P F n. camp ewll: ["PE.wl] P F n. plant
"
awnm: ["Paw.nIm] P F vtr. avoid (c.w. from eylan: ["PEj.lan] P F n. friend
awn remain and alm distance) eylanay: [PEj.la."naj] P F n. acquaintance (with
awpo: ["Paw.po] P F pn. one individual the potential for becoming a friend) (derived
awsiteng: [Paw.si."tEN] P F adv. together (c.w. from eylan friend)
from aw one and teng same, equal) eyng: [PEjN] P F v. answer, respond
awstengyem: [Paw.stEN."jEm] P F vtr. bind / eyt: [PEjt^] P F n. the symbol 8 (not the value
bring two or more things together (ii) (c.w. eight)
from awsiteng together and yem put) ia: ["PiP.a] P F vin. end, conclude
awve: ["Paw.vE] P F adj. first (ordinal) (derived ia: ["Pi.a] P F vin. lose oneself (spiritual sense)
from aw one) ipu: ["Pi.pu] P F adj. humorous, funny, amusing
: [PP] P F intj. oops! it: [Pit^] P F n. bit, a small amount
nsyem: [Pn."sjEm] P F adj. complete itan: ["Pi.tan] JC,P F n. son
rp: ["P.RIp^] P F vtr. move ite: ["Pi.tE] JC,P F n. daughter
>
eal: ["PE.Pal] P F adj. worst itetsyp: ["Pi.tE.tsjIp^] P F n. little daughter (term
efu: ["PE.fu] P F vtr. feel, sense, perceive of endearment) (derived from ite daughter)
eko: ["PE.ko] P F vtr. attack awn: [PI."Pawn] P F vin. remain, stay
ekong: ["PE.koN] P F n. beat (rhythmic) heyu: [PI."hE.ju] P F n. spiral
ekxin: [PE."k'in] P F adj. tight n: [PIn] P F svin. be busy, be occupied
ekxinum: [PE."k'i.num] P F n. degree of tight- p: [PIp] P F vin. disappear, vanish, recede from
ness, looseness (c.w. from ekxin tight and view
um loose) llngo: ["Pl.No] P F n. hip
"
ekxinumpe: [PE."k'i.num.pE] P F inter. how o: [PoP] P F adj. bringing fun, exciting
tight, loose? (derived from ekxinum tight- ok: [Pok^] P F n. remembrance
ness, looseness) okrol: [Pok."Rol] P F n. history (ancient) (deri-
em: [PEm] P F vtr. cook ved from ok remembrance and rol sing)
emyu: ["PEm.ju] P F n. cook, cooker (derived okvur: [Pok."vuR] P F n. history (non-ancient)
from em cook) (c.w. from ok remembrance and vur story)
en: [PEn] P F n. guess, informed guess, hunch, in- om: [Pom] P F adj. violet, purple, magenta
tuition ompin: ["Pom.pin] P F n. violet, purple, magenta
engeng: ["PEN.EN] P F adj. level (derived from om purple)
en si: ["PEn "si] P F vin. make an informed guess on: [Pon] P F n. shape, form
(derived from en guess) ong: [PoN] P F v. unfold, blossom

5
ongokx: ["Po.Nok'] P F vin. be born (c.w. from rrpxom: ["Pr.p'om] P F n. thunder
ong unfold and nokx give birth to) u: [Pu] P F n." thing (object, fact, abstraction)
opin: ["Po.pin] P F n. color ul: [Pul] P F vin. increase
ora: ["Po.Ra] P F n. lake uo: ["Pu.o] P F pn. something
>
oratsyp: ["Po.Ra.tsjIp^] P F n. pond, pool (deri- upe: ["Pu.pE] P F inter. what (thing) (c.w. from
ved from ora lake) u thing and pe inter. marker)
otxang: [Po."t'aN] P F n. musical instrument (ge- upxare: [Pu."p'a.RE] P F n. message
neric term) ur: [PuR] P F n. sight, look, appearance

a: [a] P F,LN part. clause-level attributive marker atan: [a."tan] JC n. light

akrrmaw: [a."kr.maw] P F conj. after (temporal) atanvi: [a."tan.vi] P F n. ray (derived from atan
allomorph of " mawkrra (c.w. from krr time
light)
and maw after) atanzaw: [a."tan.zaw] P F n. forked lightning
akrrta: [a."kr.ta] P F conj. since (temporal) allo- (derived from atan light and swizaw arrow)
morph of" takrra (c.w. from krr time and ta atxar: [a."t'aR] P F adj. smell of living animals, as
from) found around a watering hole
akum: [a."kum] P F conj. that (as a result) (de-
atxkxe: [at'."k'E] P F n. land
rived from kum result) this form follows
the result, I.E. Poe yawne slolu oer akum, atxkxerel: [at'."k'E.REl] P F n. map (c.w. from
nftxan lu sevin (She was so beautiful that I atxkxe land and rel picture)
fell in love with her.); see also kuma au: ["a.u] JC n. drum (made of skin)
alaksi: [a."lak.si] P F adj. ready au: [a."u] LA intj. exclamation of consternation
alm: [a."lIm] P F adv. far away, at a distance (de- aungia: [a."u.Ni.a] P F n. sign, omen
rived from lm far, be far) awnga: [aw."Na] P F pn. we (derived from ayo-
alo: ["a.lo] P F n. time, turn, instance, one of a eng we)
number of repeated or recurring actions ayfo: [aj."fo] or ["aj.fo] P F pn. they (derived
alu: ["a.lu] P F conj. that is, in other words (deri- from po he, she)
ved from a subordinator and lu be) (Used for
aylaru: [aj."la.Ru] P F pn. to the others (contrac-
appositions)
tion of ay+laheru)
alunta: [a."lun.ta] P F conj. because, from the rea-
son aynga: [aj."Na] P F pn. you all, you (pl.) (derived
ama: [am."Pa] P F n. doubt from nga you)
amake: [am."Pa.kE] P F adj. sure, confident (c.w. ayoe: [aj."o.E] P F pn. we, us (exclusive) (derived
from ama doubt and ke not) from oe I)
amaluke: [am."Pa.lu.kE] P F adv. without a ayoeng: [aj."wEN] P F pn. we, us (inclusive) (de-
doubt (derived from amake sure, confident) rived from oe I) (ayoenga base for suffix-
apxa: [a."p'a] P F adj. large nfp. es)
asim: [a."sim] P F adv. nearby, at close range (de- ayu: [a."ju] P F n. things (derived from u thing)
rived from sim near, be near) (never plural u)

ie: [."i.E] P F n. vision (spiritual) txle si: [."t'.lE "si] P F vin. request (with
o: [".o] P F adp. under, below tsn clause for object) (derived from txle
txle: [."t'.lE] P F n. request request)

6
E

eampin: ["E.am.pin] P F n. blue, green (derived epang: [Ep."PaN] P F adj. complex

from ean blue, green) epxang: [E."p'aN] P F n. stone jar used to hold
ean: ["E.an] P F adj. blue, green small toxic arachnid
ekxan: [E."k'an] P F n. barricade, obstruction etrp: ["Et.RIp^] P F adj. favorable, auspicious
>
ekxtxu: [Ek'."t'u] P F adj. rough ewktswo: ["Ewk.tswo] P F n. (sense of) taste (de-
eltu: ["El.tu] P F n. brain rived from ewku taste)
eltu lefngap: ["El.tu lE."fNap^] P rr n. computer ewku: ["Ew.ku] P F vtr. taste (not intentionally)
(c.w. from eltu brain and lefngap metallic) eyawr: [E."jawR] P F adj. correct, right
eltur ttxen si: ["El.tuR tI."t'En si] P F vin. be eyk: [Ejk^] JC,P F vtr. lead
interesting, intriguing (derived from eltu-r eyktan: ["Ejk.tan] JC n. leader (derived from
brain (dative) and ttxen awakeness) eyk lead)
eltu si: ["El.tu si] P F vin. pay attention, quit goo- eyktanay: [Ejk.ta."naj] JC,P F n. deputy, general,
fing off (derived from eltu brain) one step down from leader (derived from eyk-
emrey: [Em."REj] P F vin. survive tan leader)
emzau: [Em."za.Pu] P F vtr. pass (a test), over- eykyu: ["Ejk.ju] P F n. leader (typically tempora-
come (c.w. from zau come) ry, of a small group like a hunting party) (deri-
eo: ["E.o] P F adp. before, in front of (place) ved from eyk lead)

fa: [fa] P F adp. with, by means of fu: [fI."Pu] P F pn. this (thing) (derived from u
fahew: [fa."hEw] P F n. smell thing)
faoi: ["fa.o.i] P F adj. smooth ffya: [fI."fja] P F adv. this way, like this (derived
fayluta: [faj."lu.ta] P F n. these words (contrac- from fyao path)
tion of fay+lut a, patientive case) fkem: [fI."kEm] P F pn. this (action) (derived
fk: [f."k] P F vin. go up, ascend (c.w. from from kem action, deed)
fpa top and k go) fpo: ["fI.po] P F pn. this one person or thing (de-
fpa: ["f.pa] P F n. top rived from po he, she)
fzau: [f."za.Pu] P F vin. come up, ascend ftrr: [fI."tr] P F adv. today (derived from trr day)
">
(c.w. from fpa top and zau come) ftsap: [fI."tsap^] P F adv. each other (c.w. from
fe: [fEP] P F adj. bad nfp. fipo this one and tsapo that one)
>
feran: ["fEP.Ran] P F n. flawed nature, something ftseng(e): [fI."tsEN(E)] P F adv., n. here, this pla-
ill-conceived or inherently defective (c.w. from ce (derived from tseng place)
fe bad and ran intrinsic character or nature) ftxan: [fI."t'an] P F adv. so, to such an extent (de-
feranvi: ["fEP.Ran.vi] P F n. blemish, deformi- rived from txan great, much)
ty, stain, flawed feature (derived from feran ftxon: [fI."t'on] P F adv., n. tonight (derived
flawed nature, inherently defective) from txon night)
feul: ["fE.Pul] P F vin. worsen, get worse (c.w. fkan: [fkan] P F vin. resemble in a sensory moda-
from fe bad and ul increase) lity, come to the senses as
fekem: ["fE.kEm] P F n. accident (c.w. from fe fkarut: ["fka.Rut^] P F v. peel
bad and kem action) fkay: [fkaj] P F adj. hateful
few: [fEw] P F adp. across, aiming for the oppo- fkew: [fkEw] P F adj. mighty
site side of fkeytok: ["fkEj.tok^] P F vin. exist (derived
fewi: ["fE.wi] P F vtr. chase from kifkeyti tok be in the world)
fewtusok: ["fEw.tu.sok^] P F adj. opposite, on the fkip: [fkip^] P F adp. up among
opposite side (derived from few across)(In fko: [fko] P F pn. one, they (singular usage) (un-
casual speech, fewtsok (few.tsok) specified agent)

7
fkxake: ["fk'a.kE] P F v. itch frau: ["fRa.Pu] P F pn. everything (derived from
fkxen: [fk'En] P F n. vegetable (food) u thing)
fkxile: ["fk'i.lE] P F n. bib necklace frafya: ["fra.fja] P F adv. in every way (c.w. from
flawkx: [flawk'] P F n. leather frau everything and fyao way)
flawm: [flawm] P F n. cheek frakrr: ["fRa.kr] P F adv. always, all the time (de-
fl: [fl] P F vin. succeed rived from" krr time)
flew: [flEw] P F n. throat fralo: ["fRa.lo] P F adv. every time, every instance,
fl: [flI] P F adj. thin; nfp. each time (derived from alo time)
flnutx: [flI."nut'] P F n. thickness (c.w. from fl frapo: ["fRa.po] P F pn. everyone (derived from
thin and nutx thick) po he/she)
flrr: [flr] P F adj. gentle, mild, tender (people or frato: ["fRa.to] P F part. superlative marker than
"
things) all
fmal: [fmal] P F vtr. sustain fratrr: [fRa."tr] P F adv. daily, every day (derived
from trr day) "
fmawn: [fmawn] P F n. news, something to report >
fmawnta: [fmawnta] P F n. that news (contrac- fratseng: ["fRa.tsEN] P F adv. everywhere (deri-
tion of fmawnit a) ved from tseng place)
fratxon: [fRa."t'on] P F adv. every night (derived
fmetok: ["fmE.tok^] P F v. test
from txon night)
fmi: [fmi] P F vtrm. try, attempt (with the
frawzo: [fRaw."zo] P F intj. all is well, everything
subjunctive)
is fine or OK (derived from frau everything
fmokx: [fmok'] P F n. jealousy, envy
and zo be well)
fnan: [fnan] P F vtr. be good at
frp: [fRIp^] P F vtr. bite
fnawe: [fna."wEP] P F adj. cowardly
frrfen: ["fr.fEn] P F vtr. visit
fnawetu: [fna."wEP.tu] P F n. coward (derived "
frrtu: ["fr.tu] P F n. guest, visitor
from fnawe cowardly) "
fta: [fta] P F n. knot
fnel: [fnEl] P F n. kind, type
ftang: [ftaN] P F vim. stop
fnepe: ["fnE.pE] P F inter. which kind allomorph fta si: [fta si] P F vin. knot, make or tie a knot
of pefnel (derived from fta knot)
fnetxum: [fnE."t'um] n. allergen (derived from ftawnemkrr: [ftaw."nEm.kr] P F n. past (c.w.
txum poison) from ftawnem pass by " (passive participle
fngap: [fNap^] P F n. metal form) and krr time)
fng: [fNP] P F vin. relieve oneself; (on Earth:) ftr: [ftR] P F adj. left (not right)
use the restroom, go to the bathroom ftrpa: ["ftR.pa] P F n. left side (c.w. from ftr
fngo: [fNoP] P F vtr. require, demand left and pao side)
fnu: [fnu] P F vin. quiet, be quiet fte: [ftE] P F conj. so that, in order to (with
fo: [fo] P F pn. they (derived from ay+ deleted subjunctive verb in dependant clause)
plural leniting morpheme and po he/she) fteke: ["ftE.kE] P F conj. so that not, lest (c.w.
fpak: [fpak^] P F v. hold off, suspend action from fte so that and ke not) (with subjun-
fpe: [fpEP] P F vtr. send ctive verb in dependant clause)
fpeio: [fpE."i.o] P F n. challenge (ceremonial) ftem: [ftEm] P F vtr. pass by (something)
fpi+: [fpi] P F adp. for the sake of, for the benefit ftia: [fti."a] P F vtr. study
of ftu: [ftu] P F adp. from (direction)
fpl: [fpIl] P F vtr. think ftue: ["ftu.E] P F adj. easy, simple
fplfya: ["fpIl.fja] P F n. thought pattern, way of ftumfa: ["ftum.fa] P F adp. out of, from inside
thinking (c.w. from fpl think and fyao path) (derived from mfa inside)
fpom: [fpom] P F n. well-being, peace, happiness ftxavang: ["ft'a.vaN] P F adj. passionate
fpomtokx: [fpom."tok'] P F n. health (physical) ftxey: [ft'Ej] P F vtr. choose
(c.w. from fpom well-being and tokx body) ftxey: [ft'Ej] P F conj. whether, or
fpxkm: ["fp'.kIm] P F vin. enter ftx: [ft'I] P F n. tongue

8
ftxlor: [ft'I."loR] P F adj. delicious, good tasting fwang: [fwaN] P F adj. savory, umami, rich
(c.w. from ftx tongue and lor beautiful) fwefwi: ["fwE.fwi] P F vin. whistle
ftxv: [ft'I."vP] P F adj. bad tasting (c.w. from fwel: [fwEl] P F adj. broken
ftx tongue and v noisome) fwem: [fwEm] P F adj. dull, blunt (as a point)
ftxoz: [ft'o."z] P F n. celebration, happy occa- fwew: [fwEw] P F vtr. look for, seek, search
sion fwi: [fwi] P F vin. slip, slide
ftxoz si: [ft'o."z si] P F vin. celebrate (derived fyao: ["fja.Po] P F n. path, way, manner
from ftxoz celebration) fyape: ["fja.pE] P F inter. how allomorph of pe-
ftxulu: [ft'u."lI.Pu] P F vin. orate, give speech fya
(c.w. from tftxu weave and lu word) fyawntxu: [fja.wIn."t'u] P F vin. guide (with
ftxuluyu: [ft'u."lI.Pu.ju] P F n. orator, (public) dative of thing guided) (c.w. from fyao path
speaker (derived from ftxulu orate, give and wntxu show)
speech) fyel: [fyEl] P F vtr. seal, make impervious
fu: [fu] P F conj. or fyep: [fjEp^] P F vtr. hold in the hand, grasp, grip
fuke: [fu."kE] P F conj. or not (c.w. from fu or fyeyn: [fjEjn] P F adj. ripe, mature, adult
and ke not) fyeyntu: ["fjEjn.tu] P F n. adult person (derived
fula: ["fu.la] P F pn., sbd. that (c.w. from ful from fyeyn ripe, mature)
this (agentive) and a subordinator) fyin: [fjin] P F adj. simple
furia: ["fu.Ri.a] P F pn., sbd. that (c.w. from fyinepang: [fjin.Ep."PaN] P F n. degree of com-
furi this (topical) and a subordinator) plexity (c.w. from fyin simple and epang
futa: ["fu.ta] P F pn., sbd. that (c.w. from fu-t complex)
this (patientive) and a subordinator) fyinepangpe: [fjin.Ep."PaN.pE] P F inter. how
fwa: [fwa] P F pn., sbd. that (subordinate clause complex? (derived from fyinepang degree of
marker) (c.w. from fu this (subjective) and a complexity) allomorph of pefyinepang
subordinator) fyole: ["fjo.lE] P F adj. sublime, beyond perfection

ha: [ha] P F adv. so, in that case hawngkrr: ["hawN.kr] P F adv. late (c.w. from
"
ha: [haP] P F vin. fit, suit, complement, inherent- hawng overabundance and krr time)
>
ly enhance hawntsyokx: [hawn."tsjok'] P F n. glove (c.w.
hangir: [haP."NiR] P F n. afternoon from hawnu protect and tsyokx hand)
hahaw: ["ha.haw] P F vin. sleep hawnu: ["haw.nu] P F vtr. protect, shelter
ham: [ham] P F adj. previous hawnven: [hawn."vEn] P F n. shoe (c.w. from
hawnu protect and venu foot)
hamalo: [ha."ma.lo] P F adv. last time (c.w. from
ham previous and alo time) hawre: [haw."REP] P F n. hat (c.w. from hawnu
protect and reo head)
hangham: ["haN.ham] P F vin. laugh >
hawtsyp: ["haw.tsjIp^] P F n. nap (derived from
hangvur: ["haN.vuR] P F n. joke, funny story (c.w. hahaw sleep)
from hangham laugh and vur story)
hay: [haj] P F adj. next
hapx: [ha."p'I] P F n. part hayalo: [ha."ja.lo] P F adv. next time (c.w. from
hapxtu: [ha."p'I.tu] P F n. member (derived hay next and alo time)
from hapx part) hefi: ["hE.fi] P F vtr. smell (not intentially)
hasey: [ha."sEj] P F adj. done, finished >
hefitswo: ["hE.fi.tswo] P F n. (sense of) smell (de-
hasey si: [ha."sEj "si] P F vin. accomplish, bring rived from hefi smell)
to a conclusion (derived from hasey done, fi- hek: [hEk^] P F vin. be curious, odd, strange, un-
nished) expected
hawl: [hawl] P F vtr. prepare hermeyp: [hER."mEjp^] P F n. snow flurry (deri-
hawng: [hawN] P F n. overabundance ved from herw snow and meyp weak)

9
hertxayo: ["hER.t'a.jo] P F n. snow field (derived hmtxewvay: [hIm."t'Ew.vaj] P F adv. minimally
from herw snow and txayo field) (derived from hmtxew minimum)
herw: ["hER.wI] P F n. snow hno: [hI."no] P F adj. fine, detailed, precise, intri-
herwva: ["hER.wI.va] P F n. snowflake (derived cate (of things)
from herw snow and lva flake) htxoa: [hI."t'o.a] P F intj. excuse me (derived
hewne: ["hEw.nE] P F adj. soft (of an object) from hi small and txoa forgiveness)
heyn: [hEjn] P F vin. sit
hoet: [ho."Et^] P F adj. vast, broad, expansive
hifwo: ["hi.fwo] P F vin. flee, escape
hol: [hol] P F adj. few
hiyk: ["hi.jIk^] P F adj. funny, strange
hang: ["hI.PaN] P F n. insect (c.w. from hi holpxay: [hol."p'aj] P F n. number (c.w. from
small and ioang animal) hol few and pxay many)
hi: ["hI.Pi] P F adj. small, little (in size) holpxaype: [hol."p'aj.pE] P F inter. how many
hkrr: ["hI.kr] P F n. second, very short time (c.w. (c.w. from holpxay number and pe how)
from hi" little, small and krr time) hona: ["ho.na] P F adj. endearing, adorable, cute
hm: [hIm] P F adj. small (in quantity) hrrap: ["hr.ap^] P F n. danger
hmpx: [hIm."p'I] P F n. minority, least, small "
hu: [hu] P F adp. with (accompaniment)
part
hufwa: [hu."fwa] P F conj. although
hmtxampe: [hIm."t'am.pE] P F inter. how much
hufwe: [hu."fwE] P F n. wind
allomorph of pmtxan >
hmtxan: [hIm."t'an] P F n. amount (c.w. from hufwetsyp: [hu."fwE.tsjIp^] P F n. breeze, light
hm small and txan much) wind (derived from hufwe wind)
>
hmtxew: [hIm."t'Ew] P F n. minimum (c.w. hultstxem: [hul."tst'Em] P F vtr. hinder
from hm small and txew limit) hum: [hum] P F vin. leave, depart

ien: ["iP.En] JC n. stringed instrument of mystery and tsim source)

il: [il] P F vin. bend >
ingyentsyp: ["iN.jEn.tsjIp^] P F n. trick, sleight
inan: [i."nan] P F vtr. read (e.g. the forest), gain of hand, clever/special methodology (derived
knowledge from sensory input (stress moves from ingyen feeling of mystery)
to first syllable with infixation)
io: ["i.o] P F adp. over, above
inanfya: [i."nan.fja] P F n. sense (means of per-
ception) (c.w. from inan read, gain knowledge ioang: [i."o.aN] P F n. animal, beast
from sensory input and fyao path, way) ioi: [i."o.i] P F n. adornment, or ceremonial apparel
ingyen: ["iN.jEn] P F n. feeling of mystery or in- (item of)
comprehension
ioi si: [i."o.i si] P F vin. adorn (derived from ioi
ingyenga: ["iN.jE.NaP] P F adj. mysterious, puzz-
adornment)
ling, enigmatic (derived from ingyen feeling
of mystery) irayo: [i."Ra.jo] JC n., intj. thank you, thanks
>
ingyentsim: ["iN.jEn.tsim] P F n. mystery, riddle, irayo si: [i."Ra.jo "si] P F vin. thank, give thanks
enigma, conundrum (c.w. from ingyen feeling (derived from irayo thanks)

: [I:] P F filler um, er ley: [I."lEj] LA intj. war cry

l+: ["I.l] or [I."l] P F adp. by, via, following, lva: ["Il.va] P F n. flake, drop, chip
according to pxa: [I."p'a] RL,P F n. fern

10
K

ka: [ka] P F adp. across, covering thoroughly kaym: [kajm] P F n. evening (before twilight), late
kakrel: [kak."REl] P F adj. blind (derived from afternoon
rel image, picture) k: [k] P F vin. go
kalin: [ka."lin] P F adj. sweet to the taste krp: [k."P.RIp^] P F vtr. push (c.w. from
kaltx: [kal."t'I] P F intj. hello k go and rp move)
kaltx si: [kal."t'I "si] P F vin. say hello, greet (de- kmakto: [k."mak.to] P F v. ride out (c.w.
rived from kaltx hello) from k go and makto ride)
kam: [kam] P F adp. ago kpx: [k."p'I] P F n. rear (part or section) (c.w.
kame: ["ka.mE] P F vtr. see, see into, understand, from k go and hapx part)
>
know (spiritual sense) ksatseng: [k."sa.tsEN] P F adv. out there (c.w.
kan: [kan] P F vtrm. aim from k go and tseng place)
kann: ["kan.PIn] P F vtr. focus on, specialize in, ksrn: [k."sRIn] P F vtr. lend (derived from
be particularly interested in (derived from n srn temporarily transfer from one to another)
be busy) kteng: ["k.tEN] P F vin. spend time with, hang
kanfpl: ["kan.fpIl] P F vin. concentrate, focus out with
ones attention (c.w. from kan aim and fpl ke: [kE] P F adv. not
think) keaw: [kE."Paw] P F adj. divided, torn apart,
kangay: [ka."Naj] P F adj. valid (cognate with strife-ridden (c.w. from ke not and aw one)
ngay true) keu: ["kE.Pu] P F pn. nothing (c.w. from ke not
kangay si: [ka."Naj si] P F vin. validate, confirm and u thing)
(derived from kangay valid) kea: ["kE.a] P F adj. no (before a noun)
kanom: ["ka.nom] P F vtr. acquire, get keftxo: [kE."ft'o] P F adj., intj. unhappy, upset,
kanu: ["ka.nu] P F adj. smart, intelligent ofp. How sad!
kar: [kaR] P F vtr. teach kefyak: [kE."fjak^] P F,P rr part. isnt it?, right?
karyu: ["kaR.ju] P F n. teacher (derived from kar (c.w. from kefya not the way and srak ques-
teach) tion marker)
karyunay: [kaR.ju."naj] P F n. apprentice teacher kehe: ["kE.hE] P F part., intj. no
(derived from karyu teacher) kekem: ["kE.kEm] P F pn., adv. no action or acti-
kato: ["ka.to] P F n. rhythm vity (c.w. from ke not and kem activity)
kavuk: [ka."vuk^] P F n. treachery kelemweypey: [kE.lEm."wEj.pEj] P F adj. impa-
kavuk si: [ka."vuk^ "si] P F vin. betray (derived tient (derived from ke not and lemweypey
from kavuk treachery) patient)
kawit: [kaw."Pit^] P F adv. not at all, not a bit kelfpomtokx: [kEl."fpom.tok'] P F adj. unhealt-
(used with ke; see ke kawit not...at all in ph- hy (c.w. from ke not and fpomtokx health)
rases) (c.w. from ke aw not one and it bit) kelkin: [kEl."kin] P F adj. unnecessary
kawkrr: ["kaw.kr] P F adv. never (c.w. from ke kelku: ["kEl.ku] P F n. home, house
aw not one and " krr time) kelku si: ["kEl.ku "si] P F vin. live, dwell (deri-
kawng: [kawN] P F adj. bad, evil ved from kelku home)
kawnglan: ["kawN.lan] P F adj. malicious, bad he- kelsar: [kEl."saR] P F adj. useless, in vain (c.w.
arted (c.w. from kawng bad, evil and txelan from ke not and lesar useful)
>
heart) keltsun: [kEl."tsun] P F adj. impossible (c.w.
kawngsar: ["kawN.saR] P F vtr. exploit from ke not and tsun be able)
>
kawtseng: ["kaw.tsEN] P F adv. nowhere (c.w. kem: [kEm] P F n. thing (action), deed
from ke aw not one and tseng place) kemlu: ["kEm.lI.Pu] P F n. verb (c.w. from kem
kawtu: ["kaw.tu] P F pn. no-one (c.w. from ke action and lu word)
aw not one and tute person) kemluvi: ["kEm.lI.Pu.vi] P F n. infix (derived
kay: [kaj] P F adp. from now (in the future) from kemlu verb)

11
kempe: ["kEm.pE] P F inter. what (action) allo- kintrram: ["kin.tram] P F n. last week (derived
morph of pehem (c.w. from kem action, from kintrr week) "
deed) kintrray: ["kin.traj] P F n. next week (derived
kem si: ["kEm "si] P F vin. do (derived from from kintrr week) "
kem action, deed) kip: [kip^] P F adp. among
keng: [kEN] P F adv. even, so much as kive: ["ki.vE] P F adj. seventh (ordinal) (derived
kenong: ["kE.noN] or ["kE.noN] P F v. model, re- from kin seven)
present, exemplify (ii) (c.w. from ke not and kong: [kI."PoN] P F adj. slow
nong follow) km: [kIm] P F vtr. spin, to spin (something) Pol
kerusey: ["kE.Ru.sEj] P F adj. dead (c.w. from ke rumit kolm He spun the ball
not and rusey alive (participle infix)) kmar: [kI."maR] P F adj. in season (of foods, vege-
kesran: [kE."sRan] P F adj. so-so, mediocre (c.w. table or animal)
from ke not and sran yes) (The derivation of kng: [kIN] P F n. thread
this word is not entirely clear. It may have ktee: [kI.tE."PE] P F n. service
originally been kesrankekehe, literally, not ktee si: [kI.tE."PE "si] P F vin. serve (derived
yes, not no, in reference to whether a cer- from ktee service)
tain action was performed well or not, and kllfro: [kl."fRoP] P F svin. be responsible
"
over time it became shortened to just kes- kllk: [kl."k] P F vin. go down, descend (c.w.
ran, its use expanding to include anything "
from kllpa bottom and k go)
only mediocre in quality.) kllkulat: [kl."ku.lat^] P F vtr. dig up
keteng: ["kE.tEN] P F adj. different (c.w. from ke "
kllkxem: [kl."k'Em] P F vin. stand
"
not and teng same, equal) kllpa: ["kl.pa] P F n. bottom
> "
ketsran: [kE."tsRan] P F adj., conj. no matter, no kllp: [kl."p] P F vin. land, reach the ground
matter what, whatever (c.w. from ke not and "
(c.w. from kllte ground and phem arrive)
tsranten Matter, be of importance) kllpxltu: [kl."p'Il.tu] P F n. territory
> > "
ketsuktswa: [kE.tsuk."tswaP] P F adj. unforget- kllte: ["kl.tE] P F n. ground
" >
table (derived from tswa forget) klltseng: ["kl.tsEN] P F n. position (derived from
ketuwong: ["kE.tu.woN] P F n. alien tseng place) "
kew: [kEw] P F num. zero klltxay: [kl."t'aj] P F vin. lie on the ground (c.w.
kewong: ["kE.woN] P F adj. alien from kllte " ground and txay lie flat)
key: [kEj] P F n. face klltxeykay: [kl.t'Ej."kaj] P F vtr. lay (something)
keyawr: [kE."jawR] P F adj. incorrect, wrong, not on the ground " (c.w. from kllte ground and tx-
right (c.w. from ke not and eyawr correct) ay lie flat) transitive form of klltxay
keyeung: [kE."jE.PuN] P F n. insanity kllvawm: ["kl.vawm] P F adj. brown (c.w. from
keyrel: ["kEy.REl] n. facial expression (c.w. from kllte ground " and vawm dark)
key face and rel image) kllwo: [kl."wo] P F vin. alight, land (process of)
kezemplltxe: [kE.zEm.pl."t'E] P F adv. of (c.w. from" kllte ground and wo reach for)
"
course, needless to say (contraction of kllyem: [kl."jEm] P F vtr. bury (c.w. from kllte
ke+zene+pivlltxe) ground and " yem put)
ki: [ki] P F conj. but rather, but instead kllzau: [kl."za.Pu] P F vin. come down, descend
kifkey: [ki."fkEj] P F n. world (physical, solid) (c.w. from " kllte ground and zau come)
kilvan: [kil."van] P F n. river ko: [ko] P F part. solicit agreement
kin: [kin] P F vtr. need koon: ["ko.Pon] P F n. ring, oval, closed shape
kinam: [ki."nam] P F n. leg roughly circular (derived from koum roun-
kinamtil: [ki."nam.til] P F n. knee (c.w. from ki- ded, curved and on shape)
nam leg and til joint) koak: ["ko.ak^] P F adj. old, aged (for living
kin: ["ki.n] P F num. seven things)
kintrr: ["kin.tr] P F n. week (derived from kin koaktan: ["ko.ak.tan] P F n. old man (derived
" day)
seven and trr from koak old, aged)

12
koakte: ["ko.ak.tE] P F n. old woman (derived krrpe: ["kr.pE] P F inter. when allomorph of pe-
from koak old, aged) hrr (c.w." from krr time)
koaktu: ["ko.ak.tu] P F n. old person (derived kuup: ["ku.Pup^] P F adj. heavy (physical weight)
from koak old, aged) kulat: ["ku.lat^] P F vtr. reveal, bring forth, un-
kop: [kop^] P F adv. too, also, additionally cover (literally and metaphorically)
koren: [ko."REn] P F n. rule, guideline
kum: [kum] P F n. result
kosman: [ko."sman] P F adj. wonderful, terrific,
fantastic kuma: ["kum.a] P F conj. that (as a result) (de-
koum: ["ko.um] P F adj. rounded, curved rived from kum result) this form precedes
krr: [kr] P F n. time the result, I.E. Lu poe sevin nftxan kuma
" .a]
krra: ["kr yawne slolu oer (She was so beautiful that I
P F conj. when, at the time that (de-
"
rived from krr time) fell in love with her.); see also akum
krrnekx: [kr."nEk'] P F vin. take/consume time kur: [kuR] P F vin. hang
"
(ii) (c.w. from krr time and nekx consume) kurakx: [ku."Rak'] P F vtr. drive out

Kx

kxa: [k'a] P F n. mouth kxayly: ["k'ajl.jI] P F n. high level (c.w. from kx-
kxakx: [k'ak'] P F vin. break, snap in two ayl high and y level)
kxam: [k'am] P F n. middle, midpoint kxnng: ["k'.nN] P F adj. smell of decaying
kxaml: ["k'am.l] P F adp. through (via the animal/flesh, rotting, putrid
middle of) (derived from kxam middle) kxeltek: ["k'El.tEk] P F vtr. pick up, lift
kxamtrr: ["k'am.tr] P F n. mid-day, noon (c.w. kxem: [k'Em] P F vin. be vertical
from kxam middle " and trr day)
kxemyo: ["k'Em.jo] P F n. wall, vertical surface
kxamtrrmaw: ["k'am.tr.maw] P F n. the time (c.w. from kxem be vertical and yo surface)
immediately after noon, " early afternoon (c.w.
kxener: ["k'E.nER] P F n. smoke
from kxamtrr noon and maw after) >
> kxetse: ["k'E.tsE] P F n. tail
kxamtseng: ["k'am.tsEN] P F n. center, place in
kxeyey: ["k'E.jEj] P F n. error, mistake
the middle (c.w. from kxam middle and tseng
kxitx: [k'it'] P F n. death
place)
kxamtxomaw: ["k'am.t'o.maw] P F n. after mid- kxll: [k'l] P F n. charge, running attack
"
night (c.w. from kxamtxon midnight and kxll si: ["k'l "si] P F vin. charge (derived from
"
kxll charge)
maw after)
kxamtxon: ["k'am.t'on] P F n. midnight (c.w. kxor: [k'oR] P F n. a wall or bank of powerful wa-
from kxam middle and txon night) terfalls noted for its deafening roar and deadly
kxamy: ["k'am.jI] P F n. intermediate level (c.w. force (countable, but only rarely)
from kxam middle and y level) kxu: [k'u] P F n. harm
kxangangang: ["k'aN.aN.aN] P F intj. boom (ono- kxuke: ["k'u.kE] P F adj. safe (c.w. from kxu
matopoeic) harm and ke not)
kxan: ["k'a.nI] P F adj. forbidden kxukx: [k'uk'] P F vtr. swallow
kxawm: [k'awm] P F adv. perhaps, maybe kxutu: ["k'u.tu] P F n. enemy (derived from kxu
kxayl: [k'ajl] P F adj. high harm)

13
L

lahe: ["la.hE] P F adj. other, else lekyeung: [lEk."jE.PuN] P F adj. insane, crazy
lam: [lam] P F vin. seem, appear (derived from keyeung insanity)
lapo: ["la.po] P F pn. other one person or thing lelfya: [lE."lIP.fja] P F adj. concerning language,
(c.w. from lahe other, else and po he, she) regarding language (derived from lfya lan-
laro: ["la.Ro] P F adj. clean guage)
latem: ["la.tEm] P F vin. change (leykatem lemrey: [lEm."REj] P F adj. surviving (e.g. of enti-
vtr. change) ties from a group some of whom have died) (de-
>
latsi: [la."tsi] LA v. keep up with someone rived from emrey survive)
law: [law] P F adj. clear, certain lemweypey: [lEm."wEj.pEj] P F adj. patient (de-
lawk: [lawk^] P F vtr. discourse on, talk about, rived from maweypey be patient)
say something concerning len: [lEn] P F vin. happen, occur
lawnol: ["law.nol] P F n. great joy leNavi: [lE."naP.vi] P F adj. having to do with the
lawr: [lawR] P F n. melody Navi, the People (derived from Navi the Pe-
law si: ["law "si] P F vin. make clear (derived ople)
from law clear) leno: [lE."no] P F adj. thorough, detail-orientated
layompin: [la."jom.pin] P F n. black (derived (of a person)
from layon black) lenomum: [lE."no.mum] P F adj. curious (deri-
layon: [la."jon] P F adj. black ved from newomum be curious)
ltxayn: [l."t'ajn] P F vtr. defeat in battle, con- lenrra: [lE."nr.a] P F adj. proud (derived from
quer nrra pride)"
leaw: [lE."Paw] P F adj. only lepay: [lE."paj] P F adj. watery (derived from
leen: [lE."PEn] P F adj. speculative, intuitive (de- pay water)
rived from en guess) nfp. lepwopx: [lEp."wop'] P F adj. cloudy (derived
lefkrr: [lE."fkr] P F adj. current (derived from from pwopx cloud)
"
fkrr this time) lerk: [lE."RIk^] P F adj. leafy (derived from rk
lefngap: [lE."fNap^] P F adj. metallic (derived leaf )
from fngap metal) leronsrel: [lE."Ron.sREl] P F adj. imaginary (deri-
lefpom: [lE."fpom] P F adj. happy, peaceful, joy- ved from ronsrelngop imagine)
ous, pleasant (derived from fpom happiness, lertu: ["lER.tu] P F n. colleague
peace) nfp. lesar: [lE."saR] P F adj. useful (derived from sar
lefpomtokx: [lE."fpom.tok'] P F adj. healthy (de- use)
rived from fpomtokx health) leskxir: [lE."sk'iR] P F adj. wounded (derived
lehawng: [lE."hawN] P F adj. excessive (derived from skxir wound)
from hawng overabundance) lesngi: [lE."sN.Pi] P F adj. original, existing at
lehawngkrr: [lE."hawN.kr] P F adj. late (derived or from the start, first in a series (derived from
from hawngkrr late) " sngi begin)
lehrrap: [lE."hr.ap^] P F adj. dangerous (derived lesnonrra: [lE.sno."nr.a] P F adj. full of self-pride
from hrrap" danger) (derived from snonrra " self-pride)
leioae: [lE.i.o."a.E] P F n. respect lesoha: [lE."soP.ha] P F adj. enthusiastic, keen
leioae si: [lE.i.o."a.E si] P F vin. to respect (deri- (derived from soha be enthusiastic about)
ved from leioae respect) ofp.
lek: [lEk^] P F vtr. heed, obey letam: [lE."tam] P F adj. sufficient (derived from
lekin: [lE."kin] P F adj. necessary (derived from tam suffice)
kin need) letokx: [lE."tok'] P F adj. bodily, physical (deri-
lekoren: [lE.ko."REn] P F adj. lawlike (derived ved from tokx body)
from koren rule) letrr: [lE."tr] RL adj. daily (derived from trr day)
"
14
letrrtrr: [lE."tr.tr] P F adj. ordinary (derived lfyaolo: ["lIP.fja.o."loP] P F n. language group,
from trr day) " " language users (c.w. from lfya language and
>
letsim: [lE."tsim] P F adj. original, unique, not de- olo clan)
rived from another source (derived from tsim lfyavi: ["lIP.fja.vi] P F n. expression, bit of lan-
source) guage (derived from lfya language)
>
letsranten: [lE."tsRan.tEn] P F adj. important lu: ["lI.Pu] P F n. word
(derived from tsranten matter) lupam: ["lI.Pu.pam] P F n. accent, pronuncia-
>
letsunslu: [lE."tsun.slu] P F adj. possible (deri- tion (c.w. from lu word and pam sound)
ved from tsunslu may, be possible) lupe: ["lI.Pu.pE] P F inter. what (word, utteran-
letwan: [lEt."wan] P F adj. dodgy, sneaky (of a ce) allomorph of pelu
person) (derived from tute person and wan lupuk: ["lI.Pu.puk^] P F n. dictionary (c.w. from
hide) liu word and puk book (English loan word))
letxi: [lE."t'i] P F adj. hurried, frenzied (derived luvan: ["lI.Pu.van] P F n. pun, word-play (c.w.
from txi hurry) from liu word and uvan game)
letxiluke: [lE."t'i.lu.kE] P F adj. unhurried (c.w. lm: [lIm] P F svin. be far
from txi hurry and luke without) lng: [lIN] P F vin. float in the air, hover
lew: [lEw] P F n. cover, lid loi: ["lo.i] P F n. egg
lewte: [lE.w."tE] P F adj. disagreeable, argu- lok: [lok^] P F vtr. approach
mentative (of an agent) (derived from wte lok: [lok^] P F adp. close to
argue) lom: [lom] P F adj. missing, missed (as an absent
lew si: ["lEw "si] P F vin. cover (derived from person who is longed for)
lew cover) lomtu: ["lom.tu] P F n. missed person (derived
ley: [lEj] P F vin. be of value, have some positive from lom missing, missed)
value, be worth something lonu: [lo."nu] P F vtr. release, let go
leyapay: [lE."ja.paj] P F adj. foggy, misty (deri- lopx: [lop'] P F vin. panic
ved from yapay fog) lor: [loR] P F adj. beautiful, pleasant to the senses
leyekrr: [lE."jEP.kr] P F adj. early (derived from loran: ["lo.Ran] P F n. elegance, grace (c.w. from
yekrr early) " lor beautiful and ran intrinsic character or na-
leyewla: [lE."jEw.la] P F adj. disappointing (deri- ture)
ved from yewla disappointment) lrrtok: ["lr.tok^] P F n. smile
leyn: [lEjn] P F vtr. repeat, do again lrrtok si:" ["lr.tok^ "si] P F vin. smile (derived
lezeswa: [lE."zE.swa] P F adj. grassy (derived from lrrtok " smile)
from zeswa grass) lu: [lu] P F vin., svin. be, am, is, are (predica-
li: [li] P F adv. already tive copula, existential verb) (signifies pos-
lie: ["li.E] P F n. experience session with dative of possessor)
lini: ["li.ni] P F n. young of an animal, bird, fish, luke: ["lu.kE] P F adp. without
insect lukpen: [luk."pEn] P F adj. without clothing, na-
lisre+: ["li.sRE] P F adp. by, before, up to but not ked (c.w. from luke without and pen clothing
after (c.w. from li already and sre+ before) (plural))
litx: [lit'] P F adj. sharp (as a blade) lumpe: ["lum.pE] P F inter. why allomorph of
lfya: ["lIP.fja] P F n. language (c.w. from lu pelun
word and fyao way) lun: [lun] P F n. reason

15
M

ma: [ma] P F part. O (vocative marker) meyp: [mEjp^] P F adj. weak

makto: ["mak.to] P F vtr. ride mi: [mi] P F adv. yet, still, as before
>
mal: [mal] P F adj. trustworthy, trust-inspiring miktsang: ["mik.tsaN] P F n. earring (c.w. from
masat: ["ma.sat] P F n. breastplate (armor) mikyun ear and tsang piercing)
maw: [maw] P F adp. after (time) mikyun: ["mik.jun] JC n. ear
mawey: [ma."wEj] CM adj. calm mip: [mip^] P F adj. new
maweypey: [ma."wEj.pEj] P F svin. be patient m+: [mI] P F adp. in, on
(ii) (c.w. from mawey calm and pey wait) mfa: ["mI.fa] or [mI."fa] P F n., adv. inside
maweypeyyu: [ma."wEj.pEj.ju] P F n. One who mftxele: [mI."ft'E.lE] P F adv. in this regard, re-
is patient (derived from maweypey be pati- lated to this matter
ent) mkam: [mI."kam] P F adp. between
mawkrr: ["maw.kr] P F adv. after, afterwards mn: [mIn] P F vin. turn, rotate on an axis Mn
(c.w. from maw" after and krr time) ne ftrpa Turn to the left
mawkrra: [maw."kr.a] P F conj. after (temporal) mnyu: ["mIn.ju] P F n. turner (derived from
"
allomorph of akrrmaw (c.w. from krr time mn turn)
and maw after) mso: [mI."so] P F adv. away (position) (derived
mawl: [mawl] P F n. half from m in)
may: [majP] P F vtrm. try, sample, evaluate, mllan: [ml."Pan] P F vtr. accept
check out, test-drive "
mllte: [ml."tE] P F vin. agree
mkxu: [m."k'u] P F vtr. interrupt, throw out of "
mo: [mo] P F n. space, hollow, enclosed open area
harmonious balance (derived from kxu harm)
moe: ["mo.E] P F pn. we two, us two (exclusive)
meem: [mE."PEm] P F adj. harmonious
(derived from me+ dual and oe I)
mefo: ["mE.fo] P F pn. they, those two (derived
mok: [mok^] P F vtr. suggest
from me+ dual marker and po he/she)
mokri: ["mok.Ri] P F n. voice
mek: [mEk^] P F adj. empty, or metaphorically:
momek: ["mo.mEk^] P F adj. hollow, not solid
having no value
mong: [moN] P F vtr. depend on, rely on, trust for
mekre: ["mEk.RE] P F n. supplies
> protection
mektseng: ["mEk.tsEN] P F n. gap, breach (c.w.
from mek empty and tseng place) mowan: [mo."wan] P F adj. pleasing, enjoyable
melo: ["mE.lo] P F adv. twice (derived from me+ (physically, sexually)
dual marker and alo time) mrr: [mr] P F num. five
"
menari: [mE."na.Ri] P F n. eyes (two) (derived mrrtrr: ["mr.tr] P F n. five day work week (deri-
ved from " mrr
" five and trr day)
from me+ dual and nari eye)
meoauniaea: [mE.o.a.u.ni.a."E.a] P F n. harmo- mrrve: ["mr.vE] P F adj. fifth (ordinal) (derived
from mrr " five)
ny, living at one with nature
mesrram: [mE.sr."am] P F n., adv. the day befo- mui: [mu."i.] P F adj. proper, fair, right, justifi-
" days ago (derived from trr
re yesterday, two ed
day) muni: [mun."Pi] P F v. cut
mesrray: [mE.sr."aj] P F n., adv. the day after to- mune: ["mu.nE] P F num. two
morrow, two "days from now (derived from trr munge: ["mu.NE] P F vtr. take, bring
day) mungwrr: [muN."wr] P F adp. except
"
meuia: [mE."u.i.a] P F n. honor munsna: ["mun.sna] P F n. pair (derived from
meuianga: [mE."u.i.a.NaP] P F adj. honorable, mune two and snao set, group)
honorably (derived from meuia honor and muntrr: ["mun.tr] P F n. weekend (derived from
mune two and " trr day)
nga contain)
meyam: [mE."yam] P F vtr. hug, embrace, hold muntrram: ["mun.tr.am] P F n. last weekend (de-
in ones arms rived from muntrr " weekend)

16
muntrray: ["mun.tr.aj] P F n. next weekend (de- muntxate: [mun."t'a.tE] P F n. wife, female
" weekend)
rived from muntrr spouse (derived from muntxatu spouse)
muntxa: [mun."t'a] P F adj. mated, married muntxatu: [mun."t'a.tu] P F n. spouse (derived
from muntxa mated)
muntxa si: [mun."t'a "si] P F vin. mate (with so- muve: ["mu.vE]
P F adj. second (ordinal) (deri-
meone), marry (derived from muntxa mated) ved from mune two)
muntxatan: [mun."t'a.tan] P F n. husband, male muwntxu: [mu.wIn."t'u] P F vtr. introduce,
spouse (derived from muntxatu spouse) present (derived from wntxu show)

na: [na] P F adp. like, as newomum: [nEw."o.mum] P F svin. be curi-

narng: ["naP.RIN] P F n. forest ous, want to know (c.w. from new want and
naer: [na."ER] P F n. drink, something able to be omum know)
drunk neympin: ["nEjm.pin] P F n. light color (derived
nafu: [na.fI."Pu] P F adj. such (c.w. from na as from neyn light, shade of white)
and fu this) neyn: [nEjn] P F adj. light colors, shades of white
namake: [nam."Pa.kE] P F adv. confidently (de- ni: [ni."] P F vtr. grab
rived from amake confident) nikre: ["nik.RE] P F n. hair
nang: [naN] P F part. surprise, exclamation, en- nikroi: [nik."Ro.i] P F n. hair adornment (c.w.
couragement (mirative) from nikre hair and ioi adornment)
nari: ["na.Ri] P F n. eye nim: [nim] P F adj. timid, shy
nari si: ["na.Ri si] P F vin. watch out, be careful ninan: ["ni.nan] P F adv. by reading (derived
(derived from nari eye) from inan read)
natkenong: [nat."kE.noN] P F conj. for example, ningyen: ["niN,jEn] P F adv. mysteriously, in a
as an example (c.w. from na like, as and tke- puzzling fashion (derived from ingyen fee-
nong example) ling of mystery)
nawm: [nawm] P F adj. great, noble nitram: [nit."Ram] P F adj. happy (of people)
nawmtu: ["nawm.tu] P F n. great person (deri- n: [nI] P F adverbial deriving affix
ved from nawm great) naw: [nI."Paw] P F adv. only (derived from aw
nayn: [najn] P F n. the symbol 9 (not the value one)
nine) nawtu: [nI."Paw.tu] P F adv. alone (as one per-
nk: [nk^] P F vtr. drink son) (c.w. from aw one and tute person)
nn: [nn] P F vin. decrease nawve: [nI."Paw.vE] P F adv. first (derived
ne: [nE] P F adp. to, towards (direction) from awve first)
nem: [nE."PIm] P F adv. back (direction) nen: [nI."PEn] P F adv. making an informed
nef: [nE."f] P F adv. up (direction) guess, acting on intuition (derived from en
nekll: [nE."kl] P F adv. down (direction) guess)
"
nekx: [nEk'] P F vtr. burn, consume neng: [nI."PEN] P F adv. equally, on the same le-
nemfa: ["nEm.fa] P F adp. into, inside (c.w. vel (derived from engeng level)
from ne towards and mfa inside) neoio: [nI."PE.o.i.o] P F adv. ceremoniously (de-
nemrey: [nEm."REj] P F adv.,intj. in a fashion as if rived from eoio ceremonious)
ones life were at stake (derived from emrey neveng: [nI."PE.vEN] P F adv. like a child, imma-
survive) turely (derived from eveng child)
neto: [nE."to] P F adv. away (direction) (derived neyng: [nI."PEjN] P F adv. back, in response, in
from ne to) answer (derived from eyng answer)
netrp: ["nEt.RIp^] P F adv. luckily, happily nia: [nI."PiP.a] P F adv. finally, at long last (de-
new: [nEw] P F vtrm. want rived from ia end)

17
nit: [nI."Pit^] P F adv. a bit, a small amount (ab- nhoet: [nI."ho.Et^] P F adv. widely, pervasively
stract) (derived from it bit, a small amount) (derived from hoet vast, broad, expansive)
no: [nI."PoP] P F adv. in a manner which is en- nhol: [nI."hol] P F adv. few, not many (derived
joyable, enjoyably (derived from o exciting) from hol few)
nul: [nI."Pul] P F adv. more nhona: [nI."ho.na] P F adv. endearingly, sweetly
nulul: [nI."Pul.Pul] P F adv. increasingly, more (derived from hona endearing)
and more (derived from ul increase) nkrp: [nIk.".RIp^] P F adv. steadily (derived
nawnomum: [nI.aw."no.mum] P F adv. as from ke rp not move) lit.: without letting
you know, as is known (casual speech it move
[naw."no.mum]) (derived from awn passi- nkong: [nIk."PoN] P F adv. slowly (derived
ve participle infix and omum know) from kong slow)
nayoeng: [nI.aj."wEN] P F adv. like us, as we do nkanu: [nI."ka.nu] P F adv. intelligently, in a
(casual speech [naj."wEN]) (derived from ayo- smart way (derived from kanu smart)
eng us (inclusive)) nkeftxo: [nI.kE."ft'o] P F adv. unfortunately,
nfe: [nI."fEP] P F adv. badly (derived from fe sadly (derived from keftxo unhappy)
bad) nkelkin: [nI.kEl."kin] P F adv. unnecessarily
nfkrr: [nI."fkr] P F adv. lately, currently (deri- (derived from kelkin unnecessary)
"
ved from fkrr this time) nkemweypey: [nI.kEm."wEj.pEj] P F adv. impa-
nflrr: [nI."flr] P F adv. gently, tenderly (derived tiently (derived from ke not and lemwey-
from flrr "gentle) pey patient)
nfmokx: [nI."fmok'] P F adv. jealously, en- nklonu: [nIk.lo."nu] P F adv. firmly, steadfastly,
viously (derived from fmokx jealousy) faithfully (derived from ke lonu not let go)
nfnu: [nI."fnu] P F adv. silently (derived from lit.: without releasing it
fnu quiet) nkmar: [nIk."maR] P F adv. in the right season,
nfrakrr: [nI."fRa.kr] P F adv. as always (derived opportunely (derived from kmar in season)
from frakrr always)" nksman: [nIk."sman] P F adv. wonderfully (de-
nftr: [nI."ftR] P F adv. to the left (derived rived from kosman wonderful)
from ftr left) nksran: [nIk."sRan] P F adv. in a mediocre man-
nftue: [nI."ftu.E] P F adv. easily (derived from ner (derived from kesran mediocre)
ftue easy) nktungzup: [nIk.tuN."zup^] P F adv. carefully,
nftxan: [nI."ft'an] P F adv. so, to such an extent firmly (derived from ke tungzup not drop)
(derived from ftxan so, to such an extent) lit.: without letting it fall
nftxavang: [nI."ft'a.vaN] P F adv. passionately, nkxem: [nI."k'Em] P F adv. vertically (derived
with all heart (derived from ftxavang passio- from kxem be vertical)
nate) nlam: [nI."lam] P F adv. apparently (derived
nfwefwi: [nI."fwE.fwi] P F adv. by whistling, in from lam seem)
a whistling manner (derived from fwefwi nlaw: [nI."law] P F adv. clearly (derived from
whistle) law clear)
nfyao: [nI."fja.Po] P F adv. in a manner (deri- nli: [nI."li] P F adv. in advance (derived from li
ved from fyao way) already)
nfyeyntu: [nI."fjEjn.tu] P F adv. like an adult, nlkeftang: [nIl.kE."ftaN] P F adv. continuously,
maturely (derived from fyeyntu adult) incessantly, without stopping (c.w. from luke
nhawng: [nI."hawN] P F adv. too, excessively without and ftang stop)
>
(derived from hawng overabundance) nltsan: [nIl."tsan] P F adv. well (derived from
nhay: [nI."haj] P rr adv. next (derived from hay sltsan good)
next) nlun: [nI."lun] P F adv. of course, logically,
nhek: [nI."hEk^] P F adv. strangely, oddly (deri- following common sense
ved from hek be curious, odd) (sentence, not nmal: [nI."mal] P F adv. trustingly, without he-
manner, adverbial) sitation (derived from mal trustworthy)

18
nmeyp: [nI."mEjp^] P F adv. weakly, loosely (de- nskien: [nI."ski.En] P F adv. to the right (deri-
rived from meyp weak) ved from skien right)
nmun: [nI."mun] P F adv. again nslele: [nI."slE.lE] P F adv. by swimming (deri-
nmwey: [nIm."wEj] P F adv. calmly, peacefully ved from slele swim)
(derived from mawey calm) nsngi: [nI."sN.Pi] P F adv. originally, at first
nmweypey: [nIm."wEj.pEj] P F adv. patiently (derived from sngi begin)
(derived from maweypey be patient) nsngum: [nI."sNum] P F adv. worryingly, fretful-
nn: [nIn] P F vtr. look at ly (derived from sngum worry)
nNavi: [nI."naP.vi] P F adv. like the Navi, nsoha: [nI."soP.ha] P F adv. enthusiastically
Navi-ly (derived from Navi the People) (derived from soha be enthusiastic about)
nnk: [nI."nk^] P F adv. by drinking, in a liquid nsoaia: [nI.so."a.i.a] P F adv. (together) as mem-
way (derived from nk drink) bers of a family (derived from soaia family)
nnn: [nI."nn] P F adv. less (derived from nn nsteng: [nI."stEN] P F adv. similarly (derived
decrease) from steng similar)
nnnn: [nI."nn.n] P F adv. decreasingly, less nsti: [nI."sti] P F adv. angrily (derived from sti
and less (derived from nn decrease) be angry)
nngay: [nI."Naj] P F adv. truly (derived from nsung: [nI."suN] P F adv. besides, additionally,
ngay true) furthermore (derived from sung add)
nngong: [nI."NoN] P F adv. lethargically, lazily nswey: [nI."swEj] P F adv. optimally, best (deri-
(derived from ngong lazy) ved from swey best)
nno: [nI."no] P F adv. in detail, expansively, tho- nsyayvi: [nI."sjaj.vi] P F adv. by chance or coin-
roughly cidence (derived from syayvi luck)
nnrra: [nI."nr.a] P F adv. proudly, with pride (de- nsyen: [nI."sjEn] P F adv. lastly (derived from
rived from" nrra pride) syen last)
nnu: [nI."nu] P F adv. failingly, falteringly, in nsyep: [nI."sjEp^] P F adv. tightly, in an iron grip
vain, fruitlessly, not achieving the desired or ex- (derived from syep trap) lit.: like a trap
pected end (derived from nui fail, falter) ntam: [nI."tam] P F adv. enough (derived from
nolo: [nI."o.loP] P F adv. (together) as members tam suffice)
of a clan (derived from olo clan) nteng: [nI."tEN] P F adv. too, also, as well, likewi-
nprrte: [nI."pr.tEP] P F adv. pleasurably, gladly, se (derived from teng same, equal)
with pleasure" (derived from prrte pleasurab- ntengfya: [nI."tEN.fja] P F adv. as, same way as
le) (similar action) (derived from tengfya as, sa-
npxay: [nI."p'aj] P F adv. many, manily (deri- me way as (conj.))
ved from pxay many) ntkan: [nIt."kan] P F adv. purposefully, delibera-
npxi: [nI."p'i] P F adv. especially, pointedly, un- tely (derived from tkan aim, goal, purpose)
ambiguously (derived from pxi sharp) ntkanluke: [nIt."kan.lu.ke] P F adv. accidental-
npxim: [nI."p'im] P F adv. erectly, rightly (deri- ly, unintentionally (c.w. from ntkan purpo-
ved from pxim erect, upright) sefully, deliberately and luke- without)
nran: [nI."Ran] P F adv. basically, fundamentally, ntrrtrr: [nI."tr.tr] P F adv. on a daily basis, regu-
larly (derived" " from trr day)
in essence (derived from ran intrinsic charac-
>
ter or nature) ntsim: [nI."tsim] P F adv. originally, in an origi-
nrangal: [nI."Ra.Nal] P F adv. wish (contrary to nal way, with originality (derived from tsim
fact, with perfective or imperfective subjuncti- source)
>
ve) (derived from rangal wish) ntssy: [nI."tsI.syI] P F adv. by whispering, in a
nronsrel: [nI."Ron.sREl] P F adv. in imagination, whisper (derived from tssy whisper, v.)
>
by imagination (derived from ronsrelngop ntsyl: [nI."tsjIl] P F adv. by climbing (derived
imagine) from tsyl climb)
nslpey: [nI.sIl."pej] P F adv. hopefully (derived ntut: [nI."tut^] P F adv. continually (derived
from slpey hope) from tut continuation marker)

19
ntxan: [nI."t'an] P F adv. much (abstract), very nyo: [nI."yoP^] P F adv. perfectly, flawlessly (de-
(derived from txan much) rived from yo be perfect)
ntxay: [nI."t'aj] P F adv. horizontally (derived nyol: [nI."yol] P F adv. briefly, shortly (of time)
from txay be horizontal) (derived from yol short (of time))
ntxi: [nI."t'i] P F adv. hurriedly, in a frenzied way nyrr: [nI."jr] P F adv. naturally, without tam-
(derived from txi hurry) pering with" or changing the nature (derived
ntxiluke: [nI."t'i.lu.kE] P F adv. unhurriedly, lei- from yrr natural)
surely (c.w. from txi hurry and luke without) nzawnong: [nI."zaw.noN] P F adv. safely (deri-
nvingkap: [nI."viN.kap^] P F adv. by the way, ved from awn passive participle infix and
incidentally (derived from vingkap occur to zong save)
one, pop into ones mind) nokx: [nok'] P F vtr. give birth to
nwan: [nI."wan] P F adv. secretly, in hiding, by nong: [noN] P F v. follow, proceed after
hiding (derived from wan hide) nrr: [nr] P F vin. glow, be luminous
nwawe: [nI.wa."wE] P F adv. meaningfully, sig- " .a]
nrra: ["nr P F n. pride, feeling of pride
nificantly (derived from wawe meaning, sig- "
nu+: ["nu.] P F adp. beyond
nificance) nui: ["nu.i] P F vin. fail, falter, go astray, not ob-
nw: [nI."w] P F adv. on the contrary, conver- tain expected or desired result
sely nulkrr: [nul."kr] P F adv. longer (time) (derived
nwte: [nI.w."tE] P F adv. disagreeably, be- from krr time) "
grudgingly (derived from wte argue) nulnew: [nul."nEw] P F vtrm. prefer (ii) (deri-
nwin: [nI."win] P F adv. fast, quickly (derived ved from new want)
from win fast) nume: ["nu.mE] P F vin. learn
nwok: [nI."wok^] P F adv. loudly (derived from numeyu: ["nu.mE.ju] P F n. student (derived
wok loud) from nume learn)
>
nwotx: [nI."wot'] P F adv. all (of), in toto, com- numtseng: ["num.tsEN] P F n. school (c.w. from
pletely (derived from wotx totality, whole) nume learn and tseng place)
>
nyawr: [nI."jawR] P F adv. correctly, rightly (de- numtsengvi: ["num.tsEN.vi] P F n. classroom, di-
rived from eyawr correct, right) vision of a school (derived from numtseng
nyewla: [nI."jEw.la] P F adv. in a disappointing school)
fashion, in a way failing to meet expectations numultxa: [nu.mul."t'a] P F n. class (for instruc-
(derived from yewla disappointment) tion) (c.w. from nume learn and ultxa mee-
nyeyfya: [nI."jEj.fja] P F adv. straight ahead, in ting)
a straight line (derived from yeyfya straight numultxatu: [nu.mul."t'a.tu] P F n. classmate,
line) member of a class (derived from numultxa
nyll: [nI."jl] P F adv. communally, in a communal class (for instruction))
manner "(derived from yll communal) nutx: [nut'] P F adj. thick

Ng

nga: [Na] P F pn. you ngay: [Naj] P F adj. true

nga: [NaP] P F vtr. contain ngaytxoa: [Naj."t'o.a] P F intj. sorry, my apologi-
ngam: [Nam] P F n. echo es (acknowledgment of guilt and regret) (c.w.
ngampam: ["Nam.pam] P F n. rhyme (c.w. from from ngey your and txoa forgiveness)
ngam echo and pam sound) ngn: [N."Pn] P F vin. suffer mentally or
ngampam si: ["Nam.pam si] P F vin. rhyme (de- emotionally, be miserable
rived from ngampam rhyme) ngng: [NN] P F n. stomach
>
ngatsyp: ["Na.tsjIp^] P F pn. little you, you little ngzk: ["N.zIk^] P F adj. difficult, hard
(derived from nga you) ngenga: [NE."Na] P F pn. you (honorific (honouri-
ngawng: [NawN] P F n. worm fic) form) (derived from nga you)

20
ngep: [NEp^] P F n. navel ngopyu: ["Nop.ju] P F n. creator (derived from
nget: [NEt^] P F adj. smell of decaying wood and ngop create)
leaves, dank (non-animal decay) ngrr: [Nr] P F n. root
ngeyn: [NEjn] P F adj. tired "
ngrrpongu: [Nr.po.Nu] P F n. grassroots move-
ngian: [Ni."an] P F,SW adv. however ment (c.w. from" ngrr root and pongu party)
ngim: [Nim] P F adj. long (physical length)
ngimpup: [Nim."pup^] P F n. length (derived ngul: [Nul] P F adj. grey, drab
from ngim long and pup short) ngulpin: ["Nul.pin] P F n. grey (derived from
ngong: [NoN] P F adj. lethargic, lacking sufficient ngul grey, drab)
energy, lazy nguway: ["Nu.waj] P F n. howl, viperwolf cry (de-
ngop: [Nop^] P F vtr. create rived from way song)

oe: ["o.E] P F pn. I, me okup: ["o.kup^] P F n. milk

oeng: ["wEN] P F pn. we two, us two (dual inclu- olo: [o."loP] P F n. clan
sive), you and I (derived from oe I) oloeyktan: [o.lo."PEjk.tan] JC n. clan leader
>
oetsyp: ["wE.tsjIp^] P F pn. little me, little I (de- (c.w. from olo clan and eyktan leader)
rived from oe I)
omum: [o."mum] P F vtr. know (stress moves
oeyk: [o."Ejk^] P F n. cause
to first syllable with infixation)
oeyktng: [o."Ejk.tIN] P F v. explain (why) (ii)
onlor: [on."loR] P F adj. good-smelling (c.w. from
(c.w. from oeyk cause and tng give)
ontu nose and lor pleasant to the senses)
ohakx: [o."hak'] P F adj. hungry >
ohe: ["o.hE] P F pn. I (deferential or ceremonial ontsang: ["on.tsaN] P F n. nose ring (c.w. from
form) ontu nose and tsang piercing)
osss: [o.I"s:] LA intj. angry snarl, watch it! ontu: ["on.tu] JC n. nose
osss si: [o."ISSS si] P F vin. hiss (derived from onv: [on."vP] P F adj. bad-smelling (c.w. from
osss angry snarl) ontu nose and v unpleasant to the senses)

P
>
pao: ["pa.Po] P F n. side pamtseotu: ["pam.tsE.o.tu] P F n. musician (de-
pak: [pak^] P F part. disparagement rived from pamtseo music)
pam: [pam] P F n. sound pan: [pan] P F n. third, one third
pamrel: [pam."REl] P F n. writing (c.w. from pate: ["pa.tE] ZS v. get to a place, arrive
pam sound and rel image) pawm: [pawm] P F vin. ask
pamrelfya: [pam."REl.fja] P F n. spelling (deri- pay: [paj] P F n. water, liquid
ved from pamrel writing and fyao way)
payfya: ["paj.fja] P F n. stream (c.w. from pay
pamrel si: [pam."REl "si] P F vin. write (derived
water and fyao way)
from pamrel writing)
payva: ["paj.I.va] P F n. drop of water (derived
pamrelsiyu: [pam."rEl.si.ju] P F n. writer (deri-
from pay water and lva drop)
ved from pamrel writing)
pamrelvi: [pam."REl.vi] P F n. letter (phonetic paynga: ["paj.NaP] P F adj. moist, humid, damp
symbol) (derived from pamrel writing) (derived from pay water and nga contain)
> payoang: [paj."o.aN] P F n. fish (c.w. from pay
pamtseo: ["pam.tsE.o] P F n. music (c.w. from
pam sound and tseo art) water and ioang animal)
> phem: ["p.hEm] P F vin. arrive
pamtseo si: ["pam.tsE.o "si] P F vin. play music
(with fa for instrument played) (derived from pngkxo: [pN."k'o] P F vin. chat, converse, ha-
pamtseo music) ve a conversation

21
pngkxoyu: [pN."k'o.ju] P F n. chatter, conver- piak: [pi."ak^] P F adj. open, clear (for cloudless
ser (derived from pngkxo chat) skies)
pngkxoyu lekoren: [pN."k'o.ju lE.ko."REn] piak si: [pi."ak^ si] P F vin. open (derived from
P F n. lawyer (c.w. from pngkxoyu chatter piak open)
and lekoren lawlike) pil: [pil] P F n. facial stripe
pnu: ["p.nu] P F n. promise pizayu: ["pi.za.ju] P F n. ancestor
pnutng: ["p.nu.tIN] P F vtr. promise (a thing pmtxan: [pIm."t'an] P F inter. how much allo-
to someone) (ii) (c.w. from pnu promise and morph of hmtxampe
tng give) pwopx: [pI."wop'] P F n. cloud
pe+: [pE] P F affix inter. marker >
pwopxtsyp: [pI."wop'.tsjIp] P F n. nebula (de-
peun: ["pE.Pun] P F vtr. decide rived from pwopx cloud) lit.: little cloud
pefnel: [pE."fnEl] P F inter. which kind allo- pllngay: [pl."Naj] P F vin. admit
morph of fnepe "
plltxe: [pl."t'E] P F v. speak
pefya: [pE."fja] P F inter. how allomorph of fy- "
po: [po] P F pn. he, she
ape
poan: [po."an] P F pn. he (no plural form: use
pefyinepang: [pE.fjin.Ep."PaN] P F inter. how
(ay)fo) (derived from po he, she)
complex? (derived from fyinepang degree of
poe: [po."E] P F pn. she (no plural form: use
complexity) allomorph of fyinepangpe
(ay)fo) (derived from po he, she)
pehem: [pE."hEm] P F inter. what (action) allo-
polpxay: [pol."p'aj] P F inter. how many (c.w.
morph of kempe (c.w. from kem action,
from holpxay number and pe how)
deed)
pom: [pom] P F vtr. kiss
pehrr: [pE."hr] P F inter. when allomorph of krr-
" pongu: ["po.Nu] P F n. group of people, party (de-
pe (c.w. from krr time)
rived from po he/she) ofp.
pekxinum: [pE."k'in.um] P F inter. how tight,
loose? (derived from ekxinum tightness, prrku: ["pr.ku] P F n. womb (c.w. from prrnen
baby and " kelku home)
looseness)
pelu: [pE."lI.Pu] P F inter. what (word, utteran- prrkxentrrkrr: [pr.k'En.tr.kr] Skxawng n. day ti-
"
me smoking pleasure, " "
vibrating tongue (Navi
ce) allomorph of lupe
pelun: [pE."lun] P F inter. why allomorph of idiom) (c.w. from prrte pleasurable, kxener
lumpe smoke, trr day and krr time)
peng: [pEN] P F vtr. tell prrnen: ["pr.nEn] P F n. infant, baby
"
peseng: [pE."sEN] P F inter. where allomorph of prrnesyul: ["pr.nE.sjul] P F n. bud (c.w. from
tsengpe prrnen baby" and syulang flower)
peslosnep: [pE.slo."snEp^] P F inter. what width, prrte: ["pr.tEP] P F adj. pleasurable (of an activi-
ty) "
how wide? (derived from snep narrow) (allo-
morph of slosneppe) prrwll: ["pr.wl] P rr n. moss (c.w. from prrnen
pesomwew: [pE.som."wEw] P F inter. what tem- baby and" ewll" plant)
perature? (derived from somwew tempera- pukap: ["pu.kap^] P F num. six
ture) pum: [pum] P F pn. one (place-holder pronoun
pesu: [pE."su] P F inter. who allomorph of tupe referring to a previously mentioned noun
peu: [pE."u] P F inter. what (thing) allomorph of or pronoun)
upe pup: [pup^] P F adj. short (physical length)
pewn: [pEwn] P F n. neck puve: ["pu.vE] P F adj. sixth (ordinal) (derived
pey: [pEj] P F vin. wait, wait for from pukap six)

22
Px

pxan: [p'an] P F adj. worthy pxi: [p'i] P F adj. sharp (as a point)
pxask: ["p'a.sIk^] P F intj. screw that!, no way! pxim: [p'im] P F adj. erect, upright
(vulgar) pximaw: [p'i."maw] P F adp. right after (c.w.
pxasul: ["p'a.sul] P F adj. fresh, appealing as food from maw after (time) and pxi sharp)
pxaw: [p'aw] P F adp. around pxiset: [p'i."sEt^] P F adv. right now (c.w. from
pxawpa: ["p'aw.pa] P F n. perimeter, circumfe- set now and pxi sharp)
rence, border (c.w. from pxaw around and pxisre+: [p'i."sRE] P F adp. right before (c.w. from
pao side) sre before (time) and pxi sharp)
pxawpxun: ["p'aw.p'un] P F n. armband (c.w. pxiswawam: [p'i.swaw."am] P F adv. just a mo-
from pxaw around and pxun arm) ment ago (c.w. from swaw moment and am
pxay: [p'aj] P F adj. many (used with singular past)
or plural noun forms) pxiswaway: [p'i.swaw."aj] P F adv. in just a se-
pxayopin: ["p'aj.o.pin] P F adj. colorful, multico- cond from now (c.w. from swaw moment and
lored, variegated (c.w. from pxay many and ay future marker)
opin color) pxiyern: [p'i."jEP.RIn] P F adv. immediately (not
pxel: [p'El] P F adp. like, as as soon as pxiswaway) (c.w. from yern soon
pxelo: ["p'E.lo] P F adv. thrice, three times (deri- and pxi sharp)
ved from pxe+ trial marker and alo time) pxm: [p'Im] P F adv. often
pxen: [p'En] P F n. functional clothing (item of) pxmuni: [p'I.mun.P"i] P F vtr. divide, cut into
pxesrram: [p'E.sr."am] P F n., adv. three days ago parts (c.w. from hapx part and muni cut)
(derived from" trr day) pxor: [p'oR] P F vin. explode
pxesrray: [p'E.sr."aj] P F n., adv. three days from pxorpam: ["p'oR.pam] P F n. ejective consonant
now (derived" from trr day) (c.w. from pxor explode and pam sound)
pxey: [p'Ej] P F num. three pxun: [p'un] P F n. arm
pxeyve: ["p'Ej.vE] P F adj. third (ordinal) (deri- pxuntil: ["p'un.til] P F n. elbow (c.w. from pxun
ved from pxey three) arm and til joint)

ral: [Ral] P F n. meaning rawm: [Rawm] P F n. lightning (general term)

ralnga: ["Ral.NaP] P F adj. meaningful, instructi- rawmpxom: ["Rawm.p'om] P F n. thunder and
ve, something from which a lesson can be lear- lightning (derived from rawm lightning and
ned (c.w. from ral meaning and nga contain) rrpxom thunder)
ralpeng: [Ral."pEN] P F vtr. interpret (ii) (c.w. rawn: [Rawn] P F vtr. replace, substitute
from ral meaning and peng tell) r: [R."P] P F part. do not (for negative impe-
ram: [Ram] P F n. mountain ratives, commands only)
>
ramtsyp: ["Ram.tsjIp^] P F n. hill (derived from reo: ["RE.Po] P F n. head
ram mountain) rel: [REl] P F n. image, picture
ramunong: [Ra."mu.noN] P F n. well rel arusikx: ["rEl a.ru."sikx] P F n. movie, film,
ran: [Ran] P F n. intrinsic character or nature, es- video (c.w. from rel picture and rikx move)
>
sence, constititution; basic nature of something reltseo: ["REl.tsE.o] P F n. visual art (c.w. from
resulting from the totality of its properties; of- rel image and tseo art)
>
ten best translated as personality reltseotu: ["REl.tsE.o.tu] P F n. artist (derived
rangal: ["Ra.Nal] P F vin. wish from reltseo art)
raspu: [Ra."spuP] P F n. leggings (used in war) reng: [REN] P F adj. shallow (physically) nfp.
rawke: ["Raw.kE] P F intj. alarm cry, call to defen- rengop: ["rE.Nop^] P F vtr. design (c.w. from
se renu pattern and ngop create)

23
renten: ["REn.tEn] P F n. goggles, (made from in- rn: [RIn] P F n. wood
sect wings, carved from wood, etc) ro+: [Ro] P F adp. at (locative)
renu: ["RE.nu] P F n. pattern roa: ["Ro.Pa] P F vin. be impressive, inspire awe
renulke: ["RE.nul.kE] P F adj. irregular, random or respect
(derived from renu pattern and luke wit- rofa: ["Ro.fa] P F adp. beside, alongside
hout) rol: [Rol] P F v. sing
rewon: ["RE.won] P F n. morning rolun: [Ro."lun] P F intj. Eureka! Ive found it!
rey: [REj] P F vin. live rong: [RoN] P F n. tunnel
reyeng: [REj."PEN] P F n. the Balance of Life (de-
ronsem: ["Ron.sEm] P F n. mind
rived from rey live)
ronsrel: ["Ron.sREl] P F n. something imagined
reyfya: ["REj.fja] P F n. way of living, culture (c.w.
(derived from ronsrelngop imagine)
from rey live and fyao path, way)
ronsrelngop: ["Ron.sREl.Nop^] P F vtr. imagi-
reykol: [REj."kol] P F vtr. play music, make to sing
ne, envision (c.w. of ronsem mind, rel
(poetic) (derived from rol sing and eyk
picture, ngop create, casual pronunciation
causitive infix)
["Ron.sREw.Nop^] )
reypay: ["REj.paj] P F n. blood (c.w. from rey live
and pay water) ropx: [Rop'] P F n. hole (going clear through an
rikx: [Rik'] P F vin. move, shift position object)
rim: [Rim] P F adj. yellow rou: ["Ro.u] P F vin. be, or get drunk (example
rimpin: ["Rim.pin] P F n. yellow (derived from use: rou fa pxir)
rim yellow) rum: [Rum] P F n. ball
rina: [Ri."naP] P F n. seed (derived from atoki- run: [Run] P F vtr. find, discover
rina seeds of the great tree) rurur: [Ru."RuR] P F n. water that is aeriated whi-
rr: ["RIP.IR] P F n. reflection le flowing among the rocks of a very gradually
rr si: ["RIP.IR si] P F vin. reflect, imitate (deri- sloping stream (countable)
ved from rr reflection) rusey: [Ru."sEj] P F adj., n. alive, living, living
rk: [RIk^] P F n. leaf thing (c.w. from rey live and us active par-
rkean: ["RI.kE.an] P F adj. leaf green (c.w. from ticiple infix)
rk leaf and ean green) rutxe: [Ru."t'E] P F intj. please

sanok: ["saP.nok^] P F n. mother (from sat: [sat^] P F pn. that (lenited form of tsat)
saatenuk C ) sau: [sa."u] LA intj. exclamation upon exertion,
sanu: ["saP.nu] P F n. mum, mommy (affectiona- urgh
te form of sanok mother) sayrp: ["saj.RIp^] P F adj. handsome, good looking
>
sanutsyp: ["saP.nu.tsjIp^] P F n. little mommy ofp. (male)
(used for young girls) (derived from sanu sanla: [s."Pan.la] P F n. yearning (derived
mommy) from anla yearn for)
sasem: ["saP.sEm] P F n. parent or set of parents seoio: [s."PE.o.i.o] P F n. ceremony, ritual, rite
(derived from sanok mother and sempul (derived from eoio ceremonious)
father) seoio si: [s."PE.o.i.o si] P F vin. take part in
saa: ["sa:] LA intj. threatening cry a ceremony, perform a ritual (derived from
salew: [sa."lEw] P F v. proceed, go seoio ceremony)
salewfya: [sa."lEw.fja] P F n. direction, course sipu: [s."Pi.pu] P F n. something humorous
(derived from salew proceed and fyao path) (derived from ipu humorous)
san: [san] P F adv. saying, quote so: ["s.Po] P F n. tool, utensil
sang: [saN] P F adj. warm sfeul: [s."fE.Pul] P F n. worsening (specific in-
sar: [saR] P F vtr. use stance) (derived from feul worsen)

24
sfl: [s."fl] P F n. success (an instance of suc- sslpey: [s.sIl."pEj] P F n. hope (particular in-
ceeding) (derived from fl succeed) stance) (derived from slpey hope)
sfmi: [s."fmi] P F n. attempt (derived from sspxin: [s."sp'in] P F n. disease, sickness, ill-
fmi try, attempt) ness (derived from spxin sick)
sfngo: [s."fNoP] P F n. requirement, demand >
sspxintsyp: [s."sp'in.tsjIp^] P F n. minor ail-
(derived from fngo require) ment (derived from sspxin illness)
sfpl: [s."fpIl] P F n. idea (derived from fpl ssrtx: [s."sRt'] P F n. annoyance (derived
think) from srtx annoy)
sftxulu: [s.ft'u."lI.Pu] P F n. speech, oration ssrn: [s."sRIn] P F n. lent or borrowed thing
(derived from ftxulu orate, give speech) (derived from srn temporarily transfer from
sfyep: [s."fjEp^] P F n. handle (derived from one to another)
fyep hold in the hand) sstarsm: [s."staR.sIm] P F n. collection (put
skanom: [s."ka.nom] P F n. something acqui- together intentionally by a person) (derived
red, an acquisition, a possession (derived from from starsm gather, collect)
kanom acquire) ssuln: [s."su.lIn] P F n. hobby, pleasure-
sltxayn: [s.l."t'ajn] P F n. defeat, an instan- yielding activity (derived from suln be busy
ce of defeat (derived from ltxayn defeat) (positive sense))
smok: [s."mok^] P F n. a suggestion (derived ssyep: [s."sjEp^] P F n. trap (derived from
from mok suggest) syep trap)
smyam: [sm."yam] P F n. hug, embrace (deri- stare: [s."ta.RE] P F n. connection, relationship
ved from meyam hug) (derived from tare connect, relate to)
sngn: [s.N."Pn] P F n. bout of suffering;
staron: [s."ta.Ron] P F n. hunt (derived from
episode of depression (derived from ngn
taron hunt)
suffer mentally or emotionally) >
stsanul: [s."tsan.Pul] P F n. improvement
snrr: [s."nr] P F n. glow, an instance of glowing
"
(derived from nrr glow)
(specific instance) (derived from tsanul im-
prove)
snui: [s."nu.i] P F n. failure (particular instance >
stssy: [s."tsI.syI] P F n. whisper (derived
of failure) (derived from nui fail, falter)
from tssy whisper)
snume: [s."nu.mE] P F n. teaching, instruction >
(derived from nume learn) stswayon: [s."tswaj.on] P F n. flight (an in-
stance of flying) (derived from tswayon fly)
snumvi: [s."num.vi] P F n. lesson (derived >
from snume teaching) stsyl: [s."tsjIl] P F n. climbing event, a climb
somum: [s."o.mum] P F n. (piece of) informa- (derived from tsyl climb)
tion (derived from omum know) swsul: [s."w.sul] P F n. a competition (deri-
splltxe: [s.pl."t'E] P F n. statement ved from wsul compete)
" >
splltxevi: [s.pl."t'E.vi] P F n. comment (deri- swsultsyp: [s."w.sul.tsjIp^] P F n. a con-
ved from splltxe" statement) test (derived from swsul a competition)
spom: [s."pom] P F n. kiss (derived from swte: [s.w."tE] P F n. point of contention,
pom kiss) source of argument, thing disputed (derived
srawn: [s."Rawn] P F n. replacement, substitu- from wte argue)
te, something that replaces something else (de- swntxu: [s.wIn."t'u] P F n. a showing, an ex-
rived from rawn replace) hibition (derived from wntxu show)
srengop: [s."rE.Nop^] P F n. design (a par- szrp: [s."z.RIp^] RL,P F n. face lead, rein
ticular instance of designing) (derived from (derived from zarp pull)
rengop design) seayl: [sE."Pajl] P F n. an individual tall, thin wa-
sroa: [s."Ro.Pa] P F n. feat, accomplishment, terfall that pours down a sheer high cliff, or off
great deed of a floating mountain (countable)
sroa si: [s."Ro.Pa si] P F vin. do great deeds sekrr: ["sE.kr] P F n. present (c.w. from set now
(derived from sroa great deed) "
and krr time)

25
sempu: ["sEm.pu] P F n. daddy (affectionate sl: [sl] P F conj. but
form of sempul father) slr: [slR] P F n. cave
sempul: ["sEm.pul] P F n. father slele: ["slE.lE] P F vin. swim
set: [sEt^] P F adv. now sleyku: [slEj."ku] P F vtr. produce (derived from
sevin: [sE."vin] P F adj. pretty ofp. (female) slu become and eyk causative infix)
seykxel: [sEj."k'El] P F adj. strong (emotionally, sloa: ["slo.a] P F adj. wide
spiritually, not physical), confident sloan: [slo."an] P F vtr. pour
seyri: ["sEj.Ri] JC n. lip slosnep: [slo."snEp^] P F n. width (derived from
>
seysonltsan: [sEj.so.nIl."tsan] P F intj. well do- snep narrow)
ne! (derived from hasey soli nltsan accom- slosneppe: [slo."snE.pE] P F ques. what width,
plished well) how wide? (derived from snep narrow) (allo-
si: [si] P F auxiliary verb, postpositional non- morph of peslosnep)
bound verb do, make deriving affix slu: [slu] P F vin. become (noun predicate with
sim: [sim] P F svin. be near ne in ambiguous constructions)
s: [sI] P F conj. and (connects two things, can smar: [smaR] P F n. prey, hunted thing
be attached as s: for clauses use ulte and) smon: [smon] P F vin. be familiar, be known
sk: [sIk^] P F adv. unquote (with dative)
slpey: [sIl."pEj] P F vin. hope (with tsn for thing snao: ["sna.Po] P F n. set, group, pile, clump,
hoped, unless in independent clause) (ii) (c.w. stand nfp.
from sltsan good and pey wait) snafplfya: [sna."fpIl.fja] P F n. philosophy (c.w.
slronsem: [sIl."Ron.sEm] P F adj. clever, smart from snao group and fplfya way of thin-
(thing) (c.w. from sltsan good and ronsem king) lit.: a group of mindsets
mind) snanumultxa: [sna.nu.mul."t'a] P F n. course (as
>
sltsan: [sIl."tsan] P F adj. good (of its kind), well a collection of classes) (derived from numul-
done txa class (for instruction))
sn: [sIn] P F adp. on, onto snapamrelvi: [sna.pam."REl.vi] P F n. alphabet
skaa: [ska."Pa] P F vtr. destroy (derived from pamrelvi letter (phonetic sym-
skepek: ["skE.pEk^] P F adj. formal bol))
skiempa: ["ski.Em.pa] P F n. right side (c.w. snatanh: [sna.tan."hI] P F n. constellation (c.w.
from skien right and pao side) from snao clump and tanh star) lit.: a
skien: ["ski.En] P F adj. right (not left) clump of stars
>
sko+: [sko] P F adp. as, in the capacity of, in the snatanhtsyp: [sna.tan."hI.tsjIp] P F n. star
role of cluster (c.w. from snao group and tan-
skxakep: ["sk'a.kEp^] P F adj., adv. probable, pro- h(tsyp) star)
bably snatxrem: [sna."t'.REm] P F n. skeleton (c.w.
skxawng: [sk'awN] P F n. moron, idiot from snao group and txrem bone) lit.: set
skxir: [sk'iR] P F n. wound of bones
skxir si: ["sk'iR "si] P F vin. wound (derived snay: [sna."jI] P F n. staircase, series of step-like
from skxir wound) levels (derived from y level, step)
>
skxirtsyp: ["sk'iR.tsjIp^] P F n. cut, bruise, minor snaytu: ["snaj.tu] P F n. loser (derived from
wound (derived from skxir wound) snaytx lose)
skxom: [sk'om] P F n. chance, opportunity snaytx: [snajt'] P F vtr. lose
>
slatsu: ["slaP.tsu] P F vtr. describe snep: [snEp^] P F adj. narrow
slan: [slan] P F vtr. support (emotional, social or snew: [snEw] P F vtr. constrict, tighten
personal support) ofp. snewsye: ["snEw.sjE] P F adj. weird, spooky (c.w.
slantire: [slan.ti."RE] P F n. inspiration (c.w. from from snew tighten, constrict and syeha bre-
slan support and tirea spirit) ath)
slantire si: [slan.ti."RE si] P F vin. inspire (deri- sney: [snE."j] P F pn. his own, her own, its own
ved from slantire inspiration) (derived from sno his self, her self, its self )

26
sngap: [sNap^] P F vtr. sting sppeng: [sp."pEN] P F vin. restore oneself (me-
sngi: ["sN.Pi] P F vim. begin, start taphorically) (derived from speng restore)
sngikrr: ["sN.Pi.kr] P F n. beginning, starting spee: [spE."PE] P F vtr. capture
"
time (c.w. from sngi begin and krr time) speetu: [spE."PE.tu] P F n. captive (derived
>
sngitseng: ["sN.PI.tsEN] P F n. beginning, from spee capture)
starting position, initial location (c.w. from speng: [spEN] P F vtr. restore
sngi start and tseng place) spono: ["spo.no] P F n. island
sngiyu: ["sN.Pi.ju] P F n. beginner (derived spule: ["spu.lE] P F vtr. propel
from sngi begin) spulmokri: [spul."mok.Ri] P F n. telephone (deri-
sngel: [sNEl] P F n. garbage, trash, rubbish ved from spule propel and mokri voice)
>
sngeltseng: ["sNEl.tsEN] P F n. rubbish place, gar- spuwin: ["spu.win] P F adj. old, former nfp.
bage dump (c.w. from sngel garbage and spxam: [sp'am] P F n. mushroom, fungus
tseng place) spxin: [sp'in] P F adj. sick
sngum: [sNum] P F n. worry srak(e): ["sRak(E)] P F part. inter. marker for yes
>
sngumtsim: ["sNum.tsim] P F n. worrisome mat- or no questions
ter, source of worry (c.w. from sngum worry sran: [sRan] P F part., intj. yes (colloquial)
and tsim source) srane: ["sRa.nE] P F part., intj. yes
sngunga: ["sNu.NaP] P F adj. worrisome, sraw: [sRaw] P F adj. painful
troubling (derived from sngu worry) sr: [sR] P F n. cloth; a piece of cloth woven on a
sno: [sno] P F pn. his self, her self, its self (reflex- loom
ive, genitive form sney) srtx: [sRt'] P F vtr. annoy, bother
snomo: ["sno.mo] P F n. private space that one can sre+: [sRE] P F adp. before (time)
retreat to (c.w. from sno his or her self and sre: [sREP] P F n. tooth
mo space) srefey: [sRE."fEj] P F vtr., vin. expect (c.w. from
snonrra: [sno."nr.a] P F n. self-pride (negative sre+ before and pey wait)
"
connotation) (c.w. from sno his/her self and srekamtrr: [sRE."kam.tr] P F n. the time before
nrra pride) noon (c.w. from sre "before and kxamtrr mid-
snumna: ["snu.mI.na] CP adj. dim ofp. (refers day)
to a dim person) srekamtxon: [sRE."kam.t'on] P F n. before mid-
soha: ["soP.ha] P F vtr. be enthusiastic about, night (c.w. from sre before and kxamtxon
show enthusiasm for, be excited about (Note: midnight)
Being enthusiastic is always transitive in srekrr: [sRE."kr] P F adv. before, already, ahead of
Navi -PF) "
time (c.w. from sre before and krr time)
soaia: [so."a.i.a] P F n. family (irregular genitive srer: [sRER] P F vin. appear, materialize, come into
form soai) view
sok: [sok^] P F adj. recent sresea: [sRE.sE."Pa] P F vtr. prophetize, prophe-
som: [som] P F adj. hot size, prophesy, predict (c.w. from sre+ before
somwew: [som."wEw] P F n. temperature (deri- and tsea see)
ved from som hot and wew cold) sresrrong: [sRE.sr."PoN] P F n. before dawn (c.w.
somwewpe: [som."wEw.pE] P F inter. what tem- from sre before" and trrong dawn)
perature? (more common) (derived from sretonong: [sRE.ton."PoN] P F n. dusk, evening
somwew temperature) before sunset (c.w. from sre before and tx-
sop: [sop^] P F vin. travel onong night-fall)
sopyu: ["sop.ju] P F n. traveller (derived from srew: [sREw] P F vin. dance
sop travel) srn: [sRIn] P F vtr. transfer from one to another
sosul: [so."sul] P F adj. pleasant smell of nearby (rarely used without prefix)
running water, rain, moist vegetation srok: [sRok^] P F n. bead (decorative)
spaw: [spaw] P F vtr. believe sru: [sRuP] P F vtr. crush, trample
sp: [sp] P F v. jump srung: [sRuN] P F n. help, assistance

27
srung si: ["sRuN "si] P F vin. help (derived from swek: [swEk^] P F n. bar, rod, pole
srung help) swey: [swEj] P F adj. best
srungsiyu: ["sRuN.si.ju] P F n. assistant, helper sweylu: ["swEj.lu] P F v. should (derived from
(derived from srung help) swey best and lu is)
>
srungtsyp: ["sRuN.tsjIp^] P F n. helpful hint, tip swir: [swi."R] P F n. creature
(derived from srung help) swizaw: [swi."zaw] P F n. arrow
starsm: ["staR.sIm] P F vtr. gather, collect swoa: ["swo.a] P F n. intoxicating beverage, or
stawm: [stawm] P F vtr. hear spirits
>
stawmtswo: ["stawm.tswo] P F n. (sense of) hea- swok: [swok^] P F adj. sacred
ring (derived from stawm hear) swotu: ["swo.tu] P F n. sacred place
stn: ["stP.nI] P F vtr. catch syam: [sjam] P F vtr. to smell (intentially)
steftxaw: [stE."ft'aw] P F vtr. examine, check syanan: ["sja.nan] P F n. a single drop or series of
steng: [stEN] P F adj. similar smaller waterfalls occurring sequentially along
steyki: [stEj."ki] P F vtr. anger, make someone an- a stream or series of pools (countable)
gry (derived from sti be angry and eyk syaw: [sjaw] P F vin. call
causative infix) syay: [sjaj] P F n. fate
sti: [sti] P F vin. anger (intransitive), be angry syayvi: ["sjaj.vi] P F n. luck, chance (derived
sto: [sto] P F vtrm. refuse (to do something) from syay fate)
stum: [stum] P F adv. almost sy: ["sj.P] P F adj. bitter
stxeli: ["st'E.li] P F n. gift syeha: ["sjE.ha] P F n. breath
stxenu: ["st'E.nu] P F n. offer (c.w. from stxeli syeha si: ["sjE.ha si] P F vin. breathe (derived
gift and lonu release) from syeha breath)
stxenutng: ["st'E,nu,tIN] P F vtr. offer (derived syen: [sjEn] P F adj. last, final
from stxenu offer, n.) syep: [sjEp^] P F vtr. trap
stxong: [st'oN] P F adj. strange, unfamiliar, unk- syeprel: [sjEp."REl] P F n. camera (c.w. from syep
nown trap and rel image)
suln: ["su.lIn] P F svin. be busy (positive sense), syo: [sjo] P F adj. light (physical weight),
be engrossed in something one finds especially lightweight
pleasant and energizing (derived from n be syon: [sjon] P F n. feature, trait, attribute, charac-
busy) teristic, point, aspect, facet, property
sung: [suN] P F vtr. add syor: [sjoR] P F vin. relax, chill out
sunu: ["su.nu] P F vin. be pleasing or likeable, syulang: ["sju.laN] P F n. flower
bring enjoyment syura: [sju."Ra] P F n. energy (physical or spiritu-
sur: [suR] P F n. taste, flavor al)
sutx: [sut'] P F vtr. track, follow syuratan: [sju."Ra.tan] P F,JC n. bioluminescence
swaw: [swaw] P F n. moment (c.w. from syura energy and atan light)
>
swawtsyp: ["swaw.tsjIp^] P F n. little moment, syuve: ["sju.vE] P F n. food (collective noun, can-
second (derived from swaw moment) not be pluralised)

ta: [ta] P F adp. from (locative), from (temporal tafral: [ta."fRal] P F adv. therefore, because of that
sense with other time words) takip: [ta."kip^] P F adp. from among (c.w. from
taem: [ta."PEm] P F adv. from above ta from and kip among)
taleng: ["taP.lEN] P F n. skin takrra: [ta."kr.a] P F conj. since (temporal) allo-
talengean: ["taP.lE.NE.an] P F adj. skin blue morph of "akrrta (c.w. from krr time and ta
(c.w. from taleng skin and ean blue) from)
tafkip: [ta."fkip^] P F adp. from up among (c.w. takuk: ["ta.kuk^] P F vtr. strike
from ta from and fkip up among) talun: [ta."lun] P F adp. because of, due to

28
talun(a): [ta."lun(a)] P F conj. because, from the tewng: [tEwN] P F n. loincloth
reason (c.w. from ta from and lun reason) tewti: ["tEw.ti] P F intj. wow, expression of surpri-
tam: [tam] P F vin., intj. that will suffice, that se and pleasure
will do, OK teya: [tE."ja] P F adj. full
tam tam: ["tam "tam] M intj. calm, be content, teya si: [tE."ja "si] P F vin. fill (with dative of
there there thing filled) (derived from teya full)
tangek: ["ta.NEk^] P F n. trunk (of a tree) teynga: ["tEjN.a] P F n. that answer (contraction
tanh: [tan."hI] P F n. star, bioluminescent freckle of teyng a)
tare: ["ta.RE] P F vtr. connect, relate to, have a re- teyngla: ["tEjN.la] P F n. that answer (agentive)
lationship with (contraction of teyngl a)
tarnioang: ["taR.ni.o.ang] P F n. predator animal teyngta: ["tEjN.ta] P F n. that answer (patientive)
(c.w. from taron hunt and ioang animal) (contraction of teyngit a)
taron: ["ta.Ron] JC,P F vtr. hunt teyr: [tEjR] P F adj. white
taronyu: ["ta.Ron.ju] JC,P F n. hunter (c.w. from teyrpin: ["tEjR.pin] P F n. white (derived from
taron hunt and yu agent suffix) teyr white)
>
taronyutsyp: ["ta.Ron.ju.tsjIp^] P F n. little hun- til: [til] P F n. joint, hinge
ter (derived from taronyu hunter)
tinan: ["ti.nan] P F n. reading (derived from in-
tatep: ["ta.tEp^] P F vtr. lose track, lose aware-
an read)
ness of something
tirea: [ti."RE.a] P F n. spirit
tatlam: [tat."lam] P F adv. apparently (derived
tireafyao: [ti."RE.a.fja.Po] P F n. spirit path (c.w.
from lam seem)
from tirea spirit and fyao path)
taw: [taw] P F n. sky
tireaioang: [ti."RE.a.i.o.aN] P F n. spirit animal
taweyk(a): [ta."wEjk(a)] P F conj. because, based
(c.w. from tirea spirit and ioang animal)
on the cause
tawng: [tawN] P F vin. duck, dive tireapngkxo: [ti."RE.a.pN.k'o] P F v. commu-
ne (c.w. from tirea spirit and pngkxo chat)
tawsyuratan: [taw.sju."Ra.tan] P F,LN n. au-
rora (c.w. from taw sky and syuratan tawm: [tI."Pawm] P F n. camping (derived
(bio)luminescence) from awm camp)
tftxu: [t."ft'u] P F vtr. weave tawm si: [tI."Pawm "si] P F vin. camp (derived
tftxuyu: [t."ft'u.ju] P F n. weaver (derived from awm camp)
from tftxu weave and yu agent suffix) tawpo: [tI."Paw.po] P F n. individuality (nega-
ttxaw: [t."t'aw] P F vin. return tive connotation), selfishness (derived from
te: [tE] JC part. used in full names awpo one individual)
tel: [tEl] P F vtr. receive tefu: [tI."PE.fu] P F n. feeling (derived from
telem: [tE."lEm] P F n. cord efu feel)
tem: [tEm] P F vin. shoot tem: [tI."PEm] P F n. the art of cooking (derived
temrey: [tEm."REj] P F n. survival (derived from from em cook)
emrey survive) teylan: [tI."PEj.lan] P F n. friendship (derived
teng: [tEN] P F adj. same, equal from eylan friend)
tengfya: ["tEN.fja] P F conj. as, same way as (situ- teyng: [tI."PEjN] P F n. answer, response (deri-
ational similarity) (c.w. from teng same, equal ved from eyng answer)
and fyao path) tia: [tI."PiP.a] P F n. ending, conclusion (deri-
tengkrr: [tEN."kr] P F conj. while, same time as ved from ia end)
(c.w. from teng " same, equal and krr time) tiavay: [tI."PiP.a.vaj] P F adv. until the end
teri: [tE."Ri] P F adp. about, concerning (c.w. from ia end and vay until)
terkup: ["tER.kup^] P F vin. die tipu: [tI."Pi.pu] P F n. humor (derived from
teswotng: [tE."swo.tIN] P F vtr. grant (ii) (c.w. ipu humorous)
from tng give) to: [tI."PoP] P F n. fun, excitement (derived
tete: ["tE.tE] P F adj. dull (as a blade) from o exciting)

29
tong: [tI."PoN] P F n. blooming, unfolding (deri- tkn: [tIk."PIn] P F n. free time, the absence of bu-
ved from ong bloom) siness (derived from n be busy)
teyktan: [tI."Ejk.tan] P F,JC n. leadership (deri- tkan: [tI."kan] P F n. aim, goal, purpose, target
ved from eyktan leader) (derived from kan aim)
tfeul: [tI."fE.Pul] P F n. worsening (in the general tkangkem: [tI."kaN.kEm] P F n. work (derived
or abstract sense) (derived from feul worsen) from kem action, deed)
tfkeytok: [tI."fkEj.tok^] P F n. state, condition, tkangkem si: [tI."kaN.kEm "si] P F vin. work
situation (derived from fkeytok exist) (derived from tkangkem work)
tfl: [tI."fl] P F n. success (in general) (derived tkangkemvi: [tI."kaN.kEm.vi] P F n. project, pie-
from fl succeed) ce of work (derived from tkangkem work)
tflrr: [tI."flr] P F n. gentleness, tenderness (deri- tkanu: [tI."ka.nu] P F n. intelligence (derived
ved from " flrr gentle) from kanu smart)
tfmetok: [tI."fmE.tok^] P F n. test (derived from tkawng: [tI."kawN] P F n. evil (derived from
fmetok test) kawng bad)
tfmi: [tI."fmi] P F n. attempt (derived from fmi tkenong: [tI."kE.noN] P F n. example (derived
attempt) from kenong model)
tfnu: [tI."fnu] P F n. quiet, silence (derived from tketeng: [tI."kE.tEN] P F n. difference (c.w. from
fnu quiet) ke not and teng same)
tkin: [tI."kin] P F n. need (derived from kin
tfnunga: [tI."fnu.NaP] P F adj. quiet (derived
need)
from fnu quiet) nfp.
tkusar: [tI.ku."saR] P F n. teaching (the act) (de-
tftang: [tI."ftaN] P F n. stopping, the glottal stop
rived from kar teach)
(derived from ftang stop)
tkxey: [tI."k'Ej] P F n. incorrectness, mistakeness
tftang si: [tI."ftaN si] P F vin. stop (someone or
(derived from kxeyey mistake)
something) (derived from tftang stopping)
tkxey si: [tI."k'Ej "si] P F vin. mess up, foul, do
tftia: [tI.fti".a] P F n. study (derived from ftia
wrong (derived from tkxey incorrectness)
study)
tlam: [tI."lam] P F n. appearance (derived from
tftia kifkey: [tI.fti".a ki."fkE.j] P F n. science, lam seem)
the study of the physical world (c.w. from tf-
tlen: [tI."lEn] P rr n. event, happening (derived
tia study and kifkey world)
from len happen)
tftxavang: [tI."ft'a.vaN] P F n. passion (derived tlor: [tI."loR] P F n. beauty (derived from lor
from ftxavang passionate) beautiful)
tftxey: [tI."ft'Ej] P F n. choice (derived from ftx- tm: [tIm] P F adj. low
ey choose) tmal: [tI."mal] P F n. trustworthiness (derived
tftxulu: [tI.ft'u."lI.Pu] P F n. speech-making, from mal trustworthy)
public speaking (derived from fxtulu orate, tmeem: [tI."mE.PEm] P F n. harmony (general
give speech) sense) (derived from meem harmonious)
tfyawntxu: [tI.fja.wIn."t'u] P F n. guidance tmeyp: [tI."mEjp] P F n. weakness (derived
(derived from fyawntxu guide) from meyp weak)
tfyeyn: [tI."fjEjn] P F n. ripeness, maturity, full tmllan: [tI.ml."Pan] P F n. acceptance (derived
fruition (derived from fyeyn ripe, mature) from mllan" accept)
thawl: [tI."hawl] P F n. preparations, plan (deri- tmok: [tI."mok^] P F n. abstract idea of a sugges-
ved from hawl prepare) tion (derived from mok suggest)
thawnu: [tI."haw.nu] P F n. protection (derived tmuntxa: [tI.mun."t'a] P F n. mating, marriage
from hawnu protect, shelter) (derived from muntxa mated)
thawnu si: [tI."haw.nu "si] P F vin. protect (de- tmweypey: [tIm."wEj.pEj] P F n. patience (deri-
rived from thawnu protection) ved from maweypey be patient)
thona: [tI."ho.na] P F n. cuteness, adorableness tmwi: [tIm."wi.] P F n. fairness, justice (deri-
(derived from hona endearing) ved from mui proper, fair, right, justified)

30
tmy: ["tIm.jI] P F n. low level (c.w. from tm low tran: [tI."Ran] P F vin. walk
and y level) trawn: [tI."Rawn] P F n. replacement, the act of
tn: [tIn] P F n. activity that keeps one busy (deri- replacing (derived from rawn replace)
ved from n be busy) trengop: [tI."rE.Nop^] P F n. design (the act or art
tng: [tIN] P F vtr. give of designing (derived from rengop design)
tngay: [tI."Naj] P F n. truth (derived from ngay trey: [tI."REj] P F n. life (derived from rey live)
true) trol: [tI."Rol] P F n. song (vocal) (derived from
tngzk: [tI."N.zIk^] P F n. difficulty, problem rol sing)
(derived from ngzk difficult) tronsrel: [tI."Ron.sREl] P F n. imagination (deri-
tng lawr: [tIN lawR] P F vin. sing wordlessly, gi- ved from ronsrelngop imagine)
ve out a tune or melody (derived from lawr tskaa: [tI.ska."Pa] P F n. destruction (derived
melody) from skaa destroy)
>
tng mikyun: ["tIN "mik.jun] P F vin. listen (de- tslatsu: [tI."slaP.tsu] P F n. description (derived
rived from tng give and mikyun ear) from slatsu describe)
tng nari: ["tIN "na.Ri] P F vin. look (derived tslan: [tI."slan] P F n. support (emotional, social
from tng give and nari eye) or personal support) (derived from slan sup-
tngong: [tI."NoN] P F n. lethargy, laziness (deri- port) ofp.
ved from ngong lazy) tsnaytx: [tI."snajt'] P F n. loss (derived from
tngop: [tI."Nop^] P F n. creation (derived from snaytx lose)
ngop create) tsoha: [tI."soP.ha] P F n. enthusiasm, having a
>
tng tseng: ["tIN "tsEN] P F vin. back down, gi- good attitude (derived from soha be entusi-
ve ground (derived from tng give and tseng astic about)
ground) tsom: [tI."som] P F n. heat (derived from som
tno: [tI."no] P F n. thoroughness, attention to de- hot)
tail tsop: [tI."sop^] P F n. journey (derived from sop
tnomum: [tI."no.mum] P F n. curiosity (derived travel)
from newomum be curious) tspee: [tI.spE."PE] P F n. capture (derived from
tnui: [tI."nu.i] P F n. failure (abstract concept) spee capture)
(derived from nui fail, falter) tspxin: [tI."sp'in] P F n. the state of being ill, sick-
toeyktng: [tI."o.Ejk.tIN] P F n. explanation (de- ness (derived from spxin sick)
rived from eyk cause (root)) (Pronounced tsraw: [tI."sRaw] P F n. pain (derived from sraw
[tI."wEjk.tIN] in casual speech) painful)
tohakx: [tI.o."hak'] P F n. hunger (derived from tsraw seyki: [tI."sRaw sEj."ki] P F vtr. hurt (so-
ohakx hungry) meone or something) (c.w. from tsraw pain
tomum: [tI."o.mum] P F n. knowledge (derived and seyki make (causative))
from omum know) tsraw si: [tI."sRaw "si] P F vin. hurt, be painful
tpawm: [tI."pawm] P F n. question (derived (derived from tsraw pain)
from pawm ask) tsresea: [tI."sRE.sE.Pa] P F n. prophecy (derived
tphem: [tI."p.hEm] P F n. arrival (derived from sresea prophetize)
from phem arrive) tsteftxaw: [tI.stE."ft'aw] P F n. examination (de-
tpngkxo: [tI.pN."k'o] P F n. conversation, di- rived from steftxaw examine)
scussion (derived from pngkxo chat) tsti: [tI."sti] P F n. anger (derived from sti be
>
tpngkxotsyp: [tI.pN."k'o.tsjIp^] P F n. little angry)
conversation (derived from tpngkxo con- tsung: [tI."suN] Lance n. addition, post script
versation) (P.S.) (derived from sung add)
tpeun: [tI."pE.Pun] P F n. decision (derived tsyor: [tI."sjor] P F n. relaxation (derived from
from peun decide) syor relax)
tprrte: [tI."pr.tEP] P F n. pleasure (derived ttaron: [tI."ta.Ron] P F n. hunting (derived from
from prrte"pleasurable) taron hunt)

31
tterkup: [tI."tER.kup^] P F n. death (in abstract tyawr: [tI."jawR] P F n. correctness (derived
sense) (derived from terkup die)Death is in- from eyawr correct)
evitable." tyo: [tI."yoP^] P F n. perfection (derived from
>
ttsanul: [tI."tsan.Pul] P F n. improvement (in yo be perfect)
the general or abstract sense) (derived from tyora: [tI.jo"RaP] P F n. victory, a win (derived
tsanul improve) from yora win)
>
ttslam: [tI."tslam] P F n. understanding, intelli- tyusom: [tI.ju."som] P F n. eating (the act) (de-
gence (derived from tslam understand) rived from yom eat)
>
ttstew: [tI."tstEw] P F n. courage, bravery to: [to] P F part. comparative marker than (be-
>
ttstewnga: [tI."tstEw.NaP] P F adj. courageous, haves like an adp.)
brave (derived from ttstew courage, brave- tok: [tok^] P F vtr. be at, occupy a space
ry) nfp. (e.g. a brave deed) tokx: [tok'] P F n. body
>
ttstunwi: [tI."tstun.wi] P F n. kindness (derived tolel: [to."lEl] P F intj. Eureka! I found it! I un-
from tstunwi kind) derstand! (synonym: tslolam)
>
ttsunslu: [tI."tsun.slu] P F n. possibility (deri- toltem: [tol."tEm] P F vtr. shoot
ved from tsunslu may, be possible) tompa: ["tom.pa] P F n. rain
>
ttsyr: [tI."tsjR] P F n. rejection (derived from tompameyp: [tom.pa."mEjp^] P F n. drizzle (de-
tsyr reject) rived from tompa rain and meyp weak)
ttusaron: [tI.tu."sa.Ron] P F n. hunting (derived tomperw: ["tom.pER.wI] P F n. sleet (derived
from taron hunt) from tompa rain and herw snow)
ttxanew: [tI."t'a.nEw] P F n. greed (derived tompva: ["tom.pI.va] P F n. raindrop (derived
from txanew greedy) from tompa rain and lva drop)
ttxen: [tI."t'En] P F n. awakeness, the state of wa- tor: [toR] P F adj. last, ultimate, terminal (derived
king (derived from txen awake) from toruk last shadow)
ttxen si: [tI."t'En si] P F vin. to wake, to waken, toruk makto: ["to.Ruk^ "mak.to] JC n. toruk ri-
wake up (derived from ttxen awakeness) der (c.w. from toruk leonopteryx and makto
ttxula: [tI."t'u.la] P F n. construction, construc- ride)
ted thing (derived from txula build) trr: [tr] P F n. day
ttxur: [tI."t'uR] P F n. strength, power (derived "
trrawve: [tr."Paw.vE] P F n. Sunday (c.w. from
from txur strong) trr day and " awve first)
tvawm: [tI."vawm] P F n. darkness (derived trrong: [tr."PoN] P F n. dawn, sunrise (c.w. from
from vawm dark) "
trr day and ong unfold)
tvng: [tI."vN] P F n. thirst (derived from trrongmaw: [tr."PoN.maw] P F n. dawn after
vng thirsty) "
sunrise (c.w. from trrong dawn and maw af-
tvek: [tI.vEP."kI] P F n. hatred (derived from ter)
vek hate) trram: [tr."am] P F adv. yesterday (derived from
twan: [tI."wan] P F n. obfuscation, cover up (de- trr day" and ham previous)
rived from wan hide) trray: [tr."aj] P F adv. tomorrow (derived from
twsul: [tI."w.sul] P F n. competition (derived trr day" and hay next)
from wsul compete) trrkive: [tr."ki.vE] P F n. Saturday (c.w. from trr
twte: [tI.w."tE] P F n. dispute, argument (de- day and" kive seventh)
rived from wte argue) trrmrrve: [tr."mr.vE] P F n. Thursday (c.w. from
twew: [tI."wEw] P F n. coldness, cold (derived trr day and" mrrve
" fifth)
from wew cold) trrmuve: [tr."mu.vE] P F n. Monday (c.w. from
twusem: [tI.wu."sEm] P F n. fighting (derived trr day and" muve second)
from wem fight) trrpeve: [tr."pE.vE] P F inter. which day (derived
tyawn: [tI."jawn] P F n. love (derived from from trr" day and pe interrogative marker
yawne beloved) and ve ordinal number marker)

32
trrpuve: [tr."pu.vE] P F n. Friday (c.w. from trr tungzup: [tuN."zup^] P F vtr. drop (c.w. from
day and "puve sixth) tung allow and zup fall)
trrpxeyve: [tr."p'Ej.vE] P F n. Tuesday (c.w. from tup: [tup^] P F conj. instead of, rather than
trr day and" pxeyve third) tupe: ["tu.pE] P F inter. who allomorph of pesu
>
trrtsve: [tr."tsI.vE] P F n. Wednesday (c.w. from tut: [tut^] P F part. continuation marker
" tsve fourth)
trr day and
tut: [tu."tE] P F n. female (person) (derived from
trrtxon: [tr.t'on] P F n. the day and night cycle of
Pandora" (c.w. from trr day and txon night)
tute person)
tukru: [tuk."Ru] P F n. spear tutan: [tu."tan] P F n. male (person) (derived
tul: [tul] P F vin. run from tute person)
tumpin: ["tum.pin] P F n. red, orange (derived tute: ["tu.tE] P F n. person
from tun red, orange) tuteo: ["tu.tE.o] P F pn. somebody, someone (de-
tun: [tun] P F adj. red, orange rived from tute person)
tung: [tuN] P F v. allow tuvon: ["tu.von] P F v. lean

Ts
> >
tsau: ["tsa.Pu] P F dem. that (thing) (c.w. from tsapalute: [tsap."Pa.lu.tE] P F n. apology
>
tsa that and u thing) tsapalute si: [tsap."Pa.lu.tE "si] P F vin. apologi-
>
tsafya: [tsa."fja] P F adv. that way, like that (c.w. se (apologize) (derived from tsapalute apolo-
from tsa- that and fyao way) gy)
> >
tsa-hey: ["tsa."hEj] ZS intj. expression of warning tsapo: ["tsa.po] P F pn. that one (for people only)
or frustration, crap!, ah, hell! (c.w. from tsa that and po he/she)
> >
tsaheyl si: [tsa."hEjl "si] P F vin. bond with, tsaria: ["tsa.Ri.a] P F pn., sbd. that (c.w. from
establish a neural connection (derived from tsau-ri that (topical) and a subordinator)
>
tsaheylu bond) tsat: [tsat^] P F pn. that, it (as object)
> >
tsaheylu: [tsa."hEj.lu] JC,P F n. bond (neural con- tsata: ["tsa.ta] P F pn., sbd. that (c.w. from
nection) tsau-t that (patientive) and a subordinator)
> > > > > >
tsakem: ["tsa.kEm] or [tsa."kEm] P F dem. that tsatseng: [tsa."tsEN] or ["tsa.tsEN] P F dem., n.
(action) (derived from tsa- that and kem ac- there, that place (c.w. from tsa that and tseng
tion) place)
> >
tsakrr: [tsa."kr] P F adv. then, at that time (deri- tsatu: ["tsa.tu] P F dem. that person (c.w. from
ved from tsa- " that and krr time) tsa that and tute person)
> >
tsakrrvay: [tsa."kr.vaj] P F adv. until then, in the tsaw: [tsaw] P F dem., pn. that, it (as intransitive
meantime (c.w." from tsakrr then and vay up subject)
>
to) tsawa: ["tsa.wa] P F pn., sbd. that (c.w. from
>
tsal: [tsal] P F pn. that, it (transitive subject) tsau that (subjective) and a subordinator)
> >
tsalsungay: [tsal.su."Naj] P F adv. nevertheless, tsawke: ["tsaw.kE] P F n. sun
>
even so tsawl: [tsawl] P F adj. big (in size), tall ofp.
> >
tsam: [tsam] P F n. war tsawlh: [tsawl."hIP] P F n. size (c.w. from tsawl
>
tsamopin: ["tsa.mo.pin] P F n. warpaint (c.w. big (in size) and hi small (in size))
>
from tsam war and opin color) tsawl slu: ["tsawl "slu] P F vin. grow (c.w. from
>
tsampongu: ["tsam.po.Nu] P F n. war party (c.w. tsawl big and slu become)
>
from tsam war and pongu party) tsawlultxa: [tsawl.ul."t'a] P F n. large gathering,
>
tsamsiyu: ["tsam.si.ju] P F n. warrior (derived conference (c.w. from tsawl big and ultxa me-
from tsam si make war and yu agent suffix) eting)
> >
tsanul: ["tsan.Pul] P F vin. improve, get better ts: [tsP] P F v. squirt
>
(c.w. from siltsan good and ul increase) tse: [tsE] P F part. well (conversation starter)
> >
tsang: [tsaN] P F n. a piercing tsea: [tsE."Pa] P F vtr. see (physical sense)

33
 > > >
tseatswo: [tsE."Pa.tswo] P F n. (sense of) sight, tsngawpay: ["tsNaw.paj] P F n. tears (c.w. from
vision (derived from tsea see) tsngawvk cry and pay water)
> > >
tseltsul: ["tsEl.tsul] P F n. whitewater rapids tsngawpayvi: ["tsNaw.paj.vi] P F n. teardrop
(countable, but only rarely) (c.w. from tsngawvk cry and pay+vi water,
>
tsenga: ["tsE.Na] P F conj. where, place where (de- with partitive marker)
>
rived from tseng place) tsngawvk: ["tsNaw.vIk^] P F vin. cry, weep
> >
tseng(e): ["tsEN(E)] P F n. place tsn: [tsnI] P F sbd. that (function word) (with
>
tsengo: ["tsE.No] P F pn. somewhere (derived subjunctive verb in dependant clause)
>
from tseng place)
> tsong: [tsoN] P F n. valley
tsengpe: ["tsEN.pE] P F inter. where allomorph >
tsongropx: ["tsoN.Rop'] P F n. hole, cavity, exca-
of peseng vation with a bottom (visible or presumed) (c.w.
>
tseo: ["tsE.o] P F n. art from tsong valley and ropx hole)
> > >
tsewtx: [tsEwt'] P F adj. dirty tsongtsyp: ["tsoN.tsjIp] P F n. dimple (derived
>
tsim: [tsim] P F n. source from tsong valley)
> >
tsk: [tsIk] P F adv. suddenly, without warning tsop: ["tso.pI] P F n. lung
> >
tslpey: [tsIl."pEj] P F n. hope (abstract idea) (de- tspang: [tspaN] P F vtr. kill
rived from tslpey hope) >
> tsranten: ["tsRan.tEn] P F vin. matter, be of im-
tsng: [tsIN] P F num. four portance
> >
tssy: ["tsI.syI] P F vin. whisper tsray: [tsRaj] P F n. village
> >
tsve: ["tsI.vE] P F adj. fourth (ordinal) (derived tsrei: ["tsRE.Pi] P F vtr. throw
from tsng four) >
> tsrul: [tsRul] P F n. nest; protected area serving as
tskalep: ["tska.lEp^] P F n. crossbow
> the home of Pandoran fauna
tsko: [tsko] P F n. bow (weapon) >
> tstal: [tstal] P F n. knife
tsko swizaw: ["tsko swi."zaw] P F n. bow and ar- >
tstew: [tstEw] P F adj. brave ofp.
row (c.w. from tsko bow and swizaw arrow) >
> > tstu: [tstu] P F adj. closed, shut, overcast (for
tskxaytsyp: ["tsk'aj.tsjIp^] P F n. hail (derived
cloudy skies)
from tskxepay ice) >
> tstunwi: ["tstun.wi] P F adj. kind, thoughtful,
tskxe: [tsk'E] P F n. rock, stone
> considerate
tskxekeng: ["tsk'E.kEN] P F n. training, exercise >
> tstu si: ["tstu "si] P F vin. close (derived from
tskxekeng si: ["tsk'E.kEN "si] P F vin. exercise,
tstu closed)
train (derived from tskxekeng training)
> >
tskxepay: ["tsk'E.paj] P F n. ice (derived from tstxo: [tst'o] P F n. name
>
tskxe stone and pay water) tstxolu: ["tst'o.lI.Pu] P F n. noun (c.w. from
> tstxo name and lu word)
tslam: [tslam] P F vtr. understand >
> tsuo: ["tsu.Po] P F n. ability
tsleng: [tslEN] P F adj. false >
> tsuksm: ["tsuk.sIm] P F n. chin
tslolam: [tslo."lam] P F intj. get it, I understand > >
(derived from tslam understand and ol tsuktswa: [tsuk."tswaP] P F adj. forgettable (de-
perfective aspect infix) rived from tswa forget)
> >
tsmm: [tsmIm] P F n. track, trace (of animal or tsukyom: [tsuk."jom] P F adj. edible (derived
person) from yom eat)
> >
tsmuk: [tsmuk^] P F n. sibling tsulf: [tsul."f] P F n. mastery
> >
tsmukan: ["tsmu.kan] P F n. brother (derived tsulf si: [tsul."f "si] P F vin. master (derived
from tsmuk sibling) from tsulf mastery)
> >
tsmuke: ["tsmu.kE] P F n. sister (derived from tsulftu: [tsul."f.tu] P F n. master of an art,
tsmuk sibling) craft, or skill, expert (derived from tsulf
>
tsmuktu: ["tsmuk.tu] P F n. sibling (derived mastery)
>
from tsmuk sibling) tsulftunay: [tsul.f.tu."naj] P F n. near-master
>
tsngal: [tsNal] P F n. cup (derived from tsulftu master)
> >
tsngan: [tsNan] P F n. meat tsun: [tsun] P F vim. can, be able

34
 > >
tsunslu: ["tsun.slu] P F vin. may, be possible tsyal: [tsjal] P F n. wing
>
(c.w. from tsun be able and slu become) tsyr: [tsjR] P F vtr. reject
> >
tsurokx: [tsu."Rok'] P F vin. rest tsyeym: [tsjEjm] P F n. treasure; something rare
>
tswa: [tswaP] P F vtr. forget and of great value
> >
tswayon: ["tswaj.on] P F vin. fly tsyl: [tsjIl] P F vtr. climb, scale (pulling entire bo-
>
tswin: [tswin] P F n. queue, braid dy up)
> > >
tswintsyp: ["tswin.tsjIp^] P F n. little queue (de- tsyo: [tsjo] P F n. flour
>
rived from tswin queue) tsyokx: [tsjok'] P F n. hand
> >
tsyafe: ["tsja.fE] P F adj. mild, moderate, comfor- tsyosyu: ["tsjo.sju] P F n. food made from flour
table (c.w. from tsyo flour and syuve food)

Tx

txa: [t'aP] P F adj. hard txasom: ["t'a.som] P F adj. very hot (derived
txal: [t'al] P F n. back (of the body) from txan much and som hot)
txampay: [t'am."paj] P F n. sea, ocean (c.w. from txawew: ["t'a.wEw] P F adj. very cold (derived
txan much and pay water) from txan much and wew cold)
txampx: [t'am."p'I] P F n. majority, most, large txay: [t'aj] P F vin. be horizontal, lie flat
part (derived from txan much) txayo: ["t'a.jo] P F n. field, open terrain, plain
txan: [t'an] P F adj. much txrem: ["t'.REm] P F n. bone
txanatan: ["t'a.na.tan] P F adj. bright, vivid (c.w. txelan: [t'EP."lan] P F n. heart
from txan much and atan light) txele: ["t'E.lE] P F n. matter (subject)
txanew: ["t'a.nEw] P F adj. greedy (c.w. from tx- txen: [t'En] P F adj. awake
an much and new want) txep: [t'Ep^] P F n. fire
txanfwerw: [t'an."fwER.wI] P F n. blizzard (de- txepva: ["t'E.pI.va] P F n. ash, cinder (derived
rived from txan much and hufwe+herw from txep fire and lva flake)
>
wind+snow) txeptseng: ["t'Ep.tsEN] P F n. place where a fire
txankrr: [t'aN."kr] P F adv. for a long time (c.w. is burning or has burned (c.w. from txep fire
from txan much " and krr time) and tseng place)
>
txanroa: [t'an."Ro.Pa] P F vin. be famous (c.w. txeptsyp: ["t'Ep.tsjIp^] P F n. dear or cute little
from txan much and roa inspire awe or re- fire (derived from txep fire)
spect) txepvi: ["t'Ep.vi] P F n. spark (derived from txep
txantompa: [t'an."tom.pa] P F n. rainstorm, he- fire)
avy rain (c.w. from txan much and tompa txew: [t'Ew] P F n. edge, brink, limit, border, end
rain) txewk: [t'Ewk^] P F n. club (weapon)
>
txantsan: ["t'an.tsan] P F adj. excellent txewm: [t'Ewm] P F adj. scary, frightening
>
txantslusam: ["t'an.tslu.sam] P F adj. wise (c.w. txewnga: ["t'Ew.NaP] P F adj. having a limit, not
from txan much and tslusam understand) without bounds, finite (c.w. from txew limit
>
txantstew: ["t'an.tstEw] P F n. hero (c.w. from and nga contain)
txan much and tstew brave) txey: [t'Ej] P F v. halt
txantur: ["t'an.tuR] P F adj. powerful (c.w. from txi: [t'i] P F n. hurry, hurriedness, frenzy
txan much and txur strong) txin: [t'in] P F adj. main, primary
txantxew: [t'an."t'Ew] P F n. maximum (c.w. txintn: ["t'in.tIn] P F n. occupation, primary role
from txan much and txew limit, border, end) in society (c.w. from txin main and tn activi-
txantxewvay: [t'an."t'Ew.vaj] P F adv. maximal- ty that keeps one busy)
ly (derived from txantxew maximum) txm: [t'Im] P F n. butt, rear end, ass
txanwawe: [t'an.wa."wE] P F adj. personally me- txng: [t'IN] P F vtr. leave, abandon
aningful, significant (c.w. from txan much txo: [t'o] P F conj. if
and wawe significance) txoa: ["t'o.a] P F n. forgiveness

35
txokefyaw: ["t'o.kE.fjaw] P F conj. if not, or else, txonkrr: ["t'on.kr] P F adv. at night (c.w. from
otherwise (c.w. from txo-ke-fyao-aw if not txon night and" krr time)
one path) txopu: ["t'o.pu] P F n. fear
txon: [t'on] P F n. night txopu si: ["t'o.pu "si] P F vin. be afraid (derived
txonong: [t'on."PoN] P F,P rr n. night-fall, sun- from txopu fear)
set, dusk, gloaming (c.w. from txon night and txukx: [t'uk'] P F adj. deep (physically)
ong unfold)
txula: ["t'u.la] P F vtr. build, construct
txonongmaw: [t'on."PoN.maw] P F n. twilight,
the time before dark, after sunset (c.w. from tx- txum: [t'um] P F n. poison
onong sunset and maw after) txumnga: ["t'um.NaP] P F adj. poisonous (deri-
txonam: [t'o."nam] P F adv. last night (derived ved from txum poison and nga contain)
from txon night and ham previous) txur: [t'uR] P F adj. strong (physically)
txonay: [t'o."naj] P F adv. tomorrow night (deri- txurtel: ["t'uR.tel] P F n. rope (c.w. from txur
ved from txon night and hay next) strong and telem cord)

uk: [uk^] P F n. shadow (derived from toruk last dreamwalker and tokx body)
shadow) uniltranyu: [u.nil.tI."Ran.ju] P F n. dreamwalker
ukxo: [u."k'o] P F adj. dry (c.w. from unil dream and tranyu walker)
ulte: ["ul.tE] P F conj. and (clausal conjunction) unyor: [un."joR] P F adj. sweetly aromatic (a flo-
ultxa: [ul."t'a] P F n. meeting wery or aromatic woody sort of smell; may also
ultxarun: [ul."t'a.Run] P F vtr. encounter, meet refer to some spices used in Navi cooking)
by chance (ii) (c.w. from ultxa meeting and uo: ["u.o] P F adp. behind
run find) uran: ["u.Ran] P F n. boat
ultxa si: [ul."t'a "si] P F vin. meet with someone utral: ["ut.Ral] P F n. tree
>
intentionally (use hu with) (derived from ul- utraltsyp: ["ut.Ral.tsjIp^] P F n. bush (derived
txa meeting) from utral tree)
ultxatu: [ul."t'a.tu] P F n. meeting participant uvan: [u."van] P F n. game
(derived from ultxa meeting) uvan letokx: [u."van lE."tok'] n. physical or
um: [um] P F adj. loose athletic game, sport (c.w. from uvan game
unil: ["u.nil] JC n. dream and letokx physical)
uniltrantokx: [u.nil.tI."Ran.tok'] JC,P F n. ava- uvan si: [u."van "si] P F vin. play (a game) (deri-
tar, dreamwalker body (c.w. from uniltranyu ved from uvan game)

var: [vaR] P F vim. to persist in a state, to conti- vek: [vEP."kI] P F vtr. hate
nue to perform an action
veo: ["vEP.o] P F n. order (as opposed to disorder
vawm: [vawm] P F adj. dark or chaos), organization
vawmpin: ["vawm.pin] P F n. dark color (deri-
ved from vawm dark) vefya: ["vE.fja] P F n. system, process, procedure,
approach (c.w. from veo order, organization
vawt: [vawt^] P F adj. solid, not hollow
and fyao way, manner)
vay: [vaj] P F adp. up to
vaykrr: [vaj."kr] P F conj. until (c.w. from vay velek: ["vE.lEk^] P F vin. give up, surrender, con-
up to and krr" time) cede defeat
v: [vP] P F adj. unpleasant to the senses, noiso- velke: ["vEl.ke] P F adj. chaotic, messy, disorgani-
me zed, in shambles (c.w. from veo order, organi-
vng: [vN] P F adj. thirsty zation and luke without)

36
venga: ["vE.NaP] P F adj. organized, on top of vll: [vl] P F vin., vtr. indicate, point at
"
things" (c.w. from veo order, organization vol: [vol] P F num. eight
and nga contain) volve: ["vol.vE] P F adj. eighth (ordinal) (derived
venu: ["vE.nu] P F n. foot from vol eight)
venzek: ["vEn.zEk^] P F n. toe (c.w. from venu vospx: [vo."sp'I] P F n. month (derived from
foot and zekw finger) vospx twelfth and zst of a year)
vewng: [vEwN] P F vtr. look after, take care of, be vospxam: [vo.sp'I."am] P F n. last month (deri-
responsible for ved from vospx month)
vey: [vEj] P F n. food made from animal origin,
vospxay: [vo.sp'I."aj] P F n. next month (deri-
flesh
ved from vospx month)
vezeyko: [vE.zEj."ko] P F vtr. put in order, orga-
nize (derived from vezo be in order) vrrn: ["vr.In] P F svin. be busy (negative sen-
"
se): be tired out and overwhelmed by an activi-
vezo: [vE."zo] P F vin. be in order, be organized
(c.w. from veo order and zo be as it should ty thats keeping one busy (derived from n
be) be busy)
vin: [vin] P F vtr. request, ask for vrrtep: ["vr.tEp^] P F n. demon
"
vingkap: ["viN.kap^] P F vtr. occur to one, pop vul: [vul] P F n. branch (of a tree)
into ones mind vur: [vuR] P F n. story
vir: [vi."R] P F v. spread, proliferate vurvi: ["vuR.vi] P F n. summary, synopsis (deri-
vitra: [vit."Ra] P F n. soul ved from vur story)

walak: ["wa.lak^] P F adj. energetic, active wem: [wEm] P F vin. fight

wan: [wan] P F vtr. hide wempongu: ["wEm.po.Nu] P F n. squad, milita-
wawe: [wa."wE] P F n. meaning, importance, sig- ry clan, battle party (c.w. from wem fight and
nificance pongu group)
way: [waj] P F n. song (ancient, ceremonial) wew: [wEw] P F adj. cold
way a plltxe: [waj a pl.t'E] P F ph. spoken poem weyn: [wEjn] P F vtr. draw, illustrate
(as a melodic recital) "(derived from way sing win: [win] P F adj. fast
(ceremonial register)) win spi: ["win s."pi] P F vin. hurry (c.w. from
way a rol: [waj a Rol] P F ph. sung poem (deri- win fast and spi do (reflexive))
ved from way sing (ceremonial register)) win si: ["win "si] P F vin. rush something, make
way aylu: [waj. ajlI.Pu] P F ph. words of a something fast (derived from win fast)
poem or lyrics of a song (derived from way wip: [wip^] P F adj. salty
sing (ceremonial register)) wiya: ["wi.ja] ZS intj. expression of warning or
way si: ["waj "si] P F vin. sing (derived from frustration, damn!
way song) wntxu: [wIn."t'u] P F vtr. show
waytelem: ["waj.tE.lEm] P F n. song cord (c.w. wo: [wo] P F vtr. reach for
from way song and telem cord) wok: [wok^] P F adj. loud
w+: [w] P F adp. against (as in: fight against) wokau: [wok."a.u] JC,P F n. pendulum drum
wsul: ["w.sul] P F vin. compete (c.w. from wok loud and au drum)
wte: [w."tE] P F vtr. argue, dispute wotx: [wot'] P F n. totality, whole
wtu: ["w.tu] P F n. opponent (derived from wrrpa: ["wr.pa] P F n., adv. outside
w- against) wum: [wum " ]
P F adv. approximately, roughly
wtx: [wt'] P F vtr. be bad at wur: [wuR] P F adj. cool, chilly
>
weay: ["wE.Paj] P F adj. sour wutso: ["wu.tso] P F n. dinner, served meal

37
Y

ya: [ja] P F n. air yemstokx: ["jEm.stok'] P F vtr. put on (clot-

yafkeyk: ["ja.fkEjk^] P F n. weather (derived hing), don (c.w. from yem sn put on and to-
from fkeytok exist) kx body)
yak: [jak^] P F n. fork, branch, point of divergence yevng: ["jE.vN] P F adj. satisfied from thirst by
yak si: [jak^ si] P F vin. diverge, change direc- drink, feeling quenched, slaked (derived from
tion, go astray (derived from yak point of di- ye satisfied and vng thirsty)
vergence) yewla: ["jEw.la] P F n. disappointment, emotional
yapay: ["ja.paj] P F n. mist, fog, steam (c.w. from let-down, failed expectation
ya air and pay water) yey: [jEj] P F adj. straight
yawne: ["jaw.nE] P F adj. beloved yeyfya: ["jEj.fja] P F n. straight line (derived
yawnetu: ["jaw.nE.tu] P F n. loved one (derived from yey straight and fyao path)
from yawne beloved)
y: [jI] P F n. shelf, ledge, level, step, rung (Can al-
yawntu: ["jawn.tu] P F n. loved one (derived
so be used metaphorically to refer to the le-
from yawne beloved)
vel of anything scalable - anything that can
yawnyewla: [jawn."jEw.la] P F n. broken heart,
have levels or degrees, highs and lows, wa-
broken heartedness (c.w. from yawne beloved
ter level, temperature, talent, anger, etc.)
and yewla disappointment)
ym: [jIm] P F vtr. bind
yawo: [ja."wo] P F vin. take off, launch (c.w.
from ya air and wo reach for) yll: [jl] P F adj. communal
"
yayayr: [ja."jajR] P F n. confusion ylltxep: ["jl.t'Ep^] P F n. communal fire or fire pit
(c.w. from" yll communal and txep fire)
yayayrnga: [ja."jajR.NaP] P F adj. confusing (de-
rived from yayayr confusion) yo: [jo] P F n. surface
> yo: [joP^] P F svin. be perfect, flawless
yayayrtsim: [ja."jajR.tsim] P F n. something con-
fusing, source of confusion (c.w. from yayayr yoko: ["jo.ko] P F n. circle (derived from yo
confusion and tsim source) perfect and koon ring)
yaymak: ["jaj.mak^] P F adj. foolish, ignorant yoa: ["jo.a] P F adp. in exchange for
yayo: ["ja.jo] P F n. bird (c.w. from ya air and yol: [jol] P F adj. short (of time)
ioang animal) yom: [jom] P F vtr. eat
>
yayotsrul: ["ja.jo.tsRul] P F n. birds nest (c.w. yomtng: ["jom.tIN] P F vin. feed (with dative ob-
from yayo bird and tsrul nest) ject) (ii) (c.w. from yom eat and tng give)
yn: [jn] P F vtr. fasten, tie down
yora: [jo."RaP] P F vtr. win
ye: [jE] P F adj. satisfied, content, satiated, full
yoratu: [jo."RaP.tu] P F n. winner (derived from
yekrr: ["jEP.kr] P F adv. early (derived from
yern soon "and krr time)
yora win)
yern: ["jEP.RIn] P F adv. soon yrr: [jr] P F adj. wild, natural (something in its
"
original, unmodified, untampered-with natural
yehakx: ["jE.hak'] P F adj. satisfied from hunger,
full (derived from ye full and ohakx hungry) state)
yem: [jEm] P F vtr. put, place yrrap: ["jr.ap^] P F n. storm (derived from ya air
"
and hrrap danger)
yemfpay: [jEm."fpaj] P F n. dipping, immersion
(into liquid) (c.w. from yem put and pay wa- yuey: ["ju.Ej] P F adj. beautiful (inner beauty)
ter) ofp.
yemfpay si: [jEm."fpaj "si] P F vin. dip into yune: ["ju.nE] P F vtr. listen to (intentionally)
liquid (derived from yemfpay dipping) yur: [juR] P F vtr. wash

38
Z

zarp: [za."P.RIp^] P F vtr. pull (derived zey: [zEj] P F adj. special, distinct
from rp move) zeyko: [zEj."ko] P F vtr. heal, fix (derived from
zau: ["za.Pu] P F vin. come zo be well and eyk causative infix)
zam: [zam] P F num. sixty four zir: [ziR] P F n. touch, feel, texture
zamunge: [za."mu.NE] P F vtr. bring (derived zm: [zIm] P F vtr. feel (not intentially)
from munge bring) zmauyu: [zI."ma.Pu.ju] P F n. newcomer, some-
zapx: [za."p'I] P F n. front (part or section) (deri- one who has just arrived on the scene
>
ved from hapx part) zmtswo: ["zIm.tswo] P F n. (sense of) touch (de-
zare: [za."REP] P F n. forehead, brow (c.w. from rived from zm touch)
zapx front and reo head) zskrr: ["zI.sI.kr] P F n. season (derived from
zasrn: [za."sRIn] P F vtr. borrow (derived from zst year and" krr time)
srn temporarily transfer from one to another) zst: ["zI.sIt^] P F n. year
zawng: [zawN] P F vin. scream zstay: ["zI.sIt.aj] P F n. next year (derived from
zfi: ["z.fi] P F adj. modified, interfered with, no zst year)
longer in a natural state zo: [zo] P F svin. be well, be intact, be as it should
zekw: ["zEk.w] P F n. finger be, work correctly or as nature intended
zel: [zEl] P F adv. then (counterfactual use) zong: [zoN] P F v. save, defend
>
zene: ["zE.nE] P F vim. must zongtseng: ["zoN.tsEN] P F n. safe place, refuge
zenke: ["zEN.kE] P F vim. must not (ii) (c.w. (c.w. from zong save and tseng place)
from zene must and ke not) zoplo: [zop."lo] P F n. offence, insult
zerok: ["zE.Rok^] P F v. remember zoslu: ["zo.slu] P F vin. heal, become well, get fix-
zeswa: ["zE.swa] P F n. grass ed (ii) (c.w. from zo be well and slu become)
zeswavi: ["zE.swa.vi] P F n. blade of grass (deri- zun: [zun] P F conj. if (counterfactual use)
ved from zeswa grass) zup: [zup^] P F vin. fall
zet: [zEt^] P F vtr. treat (emotionally), display an zusawkrr: [zu."saw.kr] P F n. future (c.w. from
attitude towards zusau coming and " krr time)

39
A The Number System
The following are charts of Navi numbers, which are adjectives that modify nouns in their
singular form, like awa tute. Note that it is not a decimal, but an octal system. Underlining
indicates where the stress ought to fall. The numbers 8 and 9 are included for terrestrial number
reference, such as in phone numbers. They do not signify the value of 8 or 9.
Note that when using numbers in conversational Navi, Dr. Frommer has introduced a
grammatical rule, called the Koren Holpxay, or the Number Principle, which states that
in referring to the same entity, express number only once per clause. For example, the sentence You
two are teachers. in Navi would be Menga lu karyu. and the sentence They are teachers.
would be Fo lu karyu..

Navi Numbers: 0 39
0 1 2 3 4
0 kew vol mevol pxevol tsvol
1 aw volaw mevolaw pxevolaw tsvolaw
2 mune vomun mevomun pxevomun tsvomun
3 pxey vopey mevopey pxevopey tsvopey
4 tsng vosng mevosng pxevosng tsvosng
5 mrr vomrr mevomrr pxevomrr tsvomrr
6 pukap vofu mevofu pxevofu tsvofu
7 kin vohin mevohin pxevohin tsvohin

Navi Numbers: 40 63 Ordinal Numbers

5 6 7 Number + -ve
0 mrrvol puvol kivol 0 8 volve
1 mrrvolaw puvolaw kivolaw 1 awve 9 volawve
2 mrrvomun puvomun kivomun 2 muve 10 vomuve
3 mrrvopey puvopey kivopey 3 pxeyve 11 vopeyve
4 mrrvosng puvosng kivosng 4 tsve 12 vosve
5 mrrvomrr puvomrr kivomrr 5 mrrve 13 vomrrve
6 mrrvofu puvofu kivofu 6 puve 14 vofuve
7 mrrvohin puvohin kivohin 7 kive 15 vohive

More Navi Numbers:

x1 combining x8 x64 x512 x4096
1 aw -aw vol zam vozam zazam
2 mune -mun mevol mezam mevozam mezazam
3 pxey -pey pxevol pxezam pxevozam pxezazam
4 tsng -sng tsvol tszam tsvozam tszazam
5 mrr -mrr mrrvol mrrzam mrrvozam mrrzazam
6 pukap -fu puvol puzam puvozam puzazam
7 kin -hin kivol kizam kivozam kizazam

40
 Example Number
zamtsvosng zam + tsvo + sng 64 + 48 + 4 100

Non-Navi Numbers
8 eyt 9 nayn

B Time
Here is a list of the Pandoran times of the day, as well as names made for the terrestrial week.
Stress is again shown with underlining.

Trrtxon
trrong dawn
trrongmaw after dawn
rewon morning
srekamtrr before noon
kxamtrr noon
Days of the Terrestrial Week
kxamtrrmaw after noon
Sunday trrawve
hangir early afternoon
Monday trrmuve
kaym late afternoon
Tuesday trrpxeyve
sretonong before nightfall
Wednesday trrtsve
txonong nightfall
Thursday trrmrrve
txonongmaw after nightfall
Friday trrpuve
txon night
Saturday trrkive
srekamtxon before midnight
kxamtxon midnight
kxamtxomaw after midnight
txon night
sresrrong before dawn
trrong dawn

C Navi Loan Words

ngls: ["PIN.lI.sI] P F n. English language (loa- kunsp: ["kun.sIp^] P F n. gunship (loaned from
ned from Eng. English) Eng. gunship)
Rrta: ["Pr.ta] P F,P rr prop.n. Earth (loaned lupuk: ["lI.Pu.puk^] P F n. dictionary (loaned
" Earth)
from Eng. from Navi / Loan Word liu puk word
Europa: [E.u."Ro.pa] P F prop.n. Europe (loaned book)
>
from Greek Europe) matsa: [ma.tsa] P F n. matsa, crackers (loaned
ewro: ["Ew.Ro] n. euro (loaned from Eng. eu- from Hebrew matsa)
PF
ro) nFranse: [nI."fRan.sE] P F adv. French, in
> French (loaned from Eng. French)
hamets: [ha.mE.tsI] P F n. leavened bread (loa-
ned from Hebrew chametz) nToitsye: [nI."to.i.tsjE] P F adv. German,
Jakesully: [ZEjk'su:li] M n. moron, toruk mak- Deutsch (loaned from Deutsch German)
" >
toyu (loaned from Eng. Jake Sully) (not nor- nTsyungwen: [nI."tsjuN.wEn] P F adv. Zhong-
mally allowable under Navi phonotactic wen (loaned from Mandarin Chinese
rules) Zhongwen)

41
Pari: [pa.Ri] P F prop.n. Paris (loaned from tawsp: ["taw.sIp^] P F n. sky-ship (loaned
French Paris) from Eng. ship)
>
paynpll: ["paj.n.pl] P F n. pineapple (loaned Toitslan: ["to.i.tslan] P F prop.n. Germany (lo-
from Eng. pineapple) " aned from German Deutschland)
>
psketpol: [p.skEt.pol] P F n. basketball (lo- Toitsye: ["to.i.tsjE] P F adj. German (language)
aned from Eng. basketball) (loaned from German Deutsch)
> toktor: ["tok.toR] P F n. doctor (loaned from
pts: ["p.tsI] P F n. badge (loaned from Eng.
badge) Eng. doctor)
>
plok: [pI."lok^] P F n. blog (loaned from Eng. tsynel: [tsj.nEl] P F n. TV channel (loaned
from Eng. channel)
blog) >
tsyrf: [tsjI.R.fI] P F n. giraffe (loaned from
post: ["po.stI] P F n. (forum/blog) post (loaned
Eng. giraffe)
from Eng. post) >
tsyoklt: ["tsjok.lIt^] P F n. chocolate (loaned
puk: [puk^] P F n. book (loaned from Eng. from Eng. chocolate)
book)
> txolar: ["t'o.lar] P F n. dollar (loaned from
puktsyp: ["puk.tsjIp^] P F n. pamphlet, book- Eng. dollar)
let (derived from puk book) wou: ["wo.u] P F svin. be amazing, fascina-
pxir: [p'iR] P F n. beer (loaned from Deutsch ting (slang) (loaned from Eng. whoa)
bier) Yeysu: [jEj.su] P F prop.n. Jesus (loaned from
skxaypxe: ["sk'aj.p'E] P F n. Skype (loaned Italian Jesu)
from English Skype) Yuesey: [ju.E.sEj] P F prop.n. U.S.A. (loaned
Sweriye: [swERijE] P F prop.n. Sweden from Eng. U.S.A.)

42
D Navi Proper Nouns
Akwey: [ak."wEj] JC prop.n. male Navi Neytiri: [nEj.ti.Ri] JC prop.n. female Navi of the
Amhul: [am."hul] P F prop.n. female Navi Omatikaya
Ateyitan: [a.tEj.i.tan] JC prop.n. son of Ateyo Ninat: [ni.nat^] JC prop.n. female singer of the
(derived from Ateyo male name and itan Omatikaya
son) Omatikaya: [o.ma.ti."ka.ja] JC prop.n. Blue
Ateyo: [a."tE.jo] JC prop.n. male Navi Flute Clan
ayRam aLusng: [aj."Ram a.lu."sIN] P F prop.n. Otranyu: [ot."Ran.ju] JC prop.n. name
the Floating Mountains (c.w. from ram Peyral: [pEj."Ral] P F prop.n. female of the Oma-
mountain and lng hover) tikaya
ayVitray Ramunong: [aj.vit."Ra.j Ra."mu.noN] Ralu: ["Ra.lu] P F prop.n. male Navi
JC prop.n. Well of Souls (c.w. from vitra soul Rini: ["Ri.ni] P F prop.n. female Navi
and ramunong well) Rongloa: ["RoN.lo.a] JC prop.n. a clan
nst: ["n.sIt^] P F prop.n. male Navi Seze: ["sE.zE] ZS prop.n. Neytiris banshee
Entu: ["En.tu] P F prop.n. male Navi Silwanin: [sil.wa.nin] JC prop.n. Neytiris sister
Eytukan: ["Ej.tu.kan] JC prop.n. male leader of Sorewn: [so."REwn] P F prop.n. female Navi
the Omatikaya Swotulu: ["swo.tu.lu] P F prop.n. sacred river
Eywa: ["Ej.wa] JC prop.n. world spirit, Gaia (de- (derived from swotu sacred place)
rived from Proto-Indo-European *aiw) RL Tawtute: ["taw.tu.tE] P F prop.n. Sky-person,
Eywaeveng: [Ej.wa."PE.vEN] JC,P F prop.n. human (c.w. from taw sky and tute person)
>
Pandora (informal pronunciation [Ej."wE.vEN]) Tsahk: ["tsa.hIk^] JC prop.n. matriarch, high
(c.w. from Eywa Gaia and eveng child) priestess, interpreter
>
Iknimaya: ["ik.ni."ma.ja] JC prop.n. Stairway to Tsenu: ["tsE.nu] P F prop.n. female Navi
>
Heaven, the rite of passage for young Navi Tskaha: ["tska.ha] JC prop.n. a tribe or clan
>
staw: [I."staw] P F prop.n. male Navi Tsutey: [tsuP."tEj] JC prop.n. male of the Oma-
Kamun: ["ka.mun] P F prop.n. male Navi (affec- tikaya
>
tionate form Kamtsyp) Tsumongwi: [tsu.moN.wi] JC prop.n. original
Kelutral: ["kEl.ut.Ral] P F prop.n. Hometree (c.w. name for the Omatikaya
from kelku home and utral tree) Tuke: ["tu.kE] P F prop.n. female Navi
Lona: [lI.Po.na] G,P F prop.n. a clan Txew: ["t'E.wI] P F prop.n. male Navi
Loak: ["lo.ak^] P F prop.n. male Navi Txilte: ["t'il.tE] P F prop.n. female Navi
Moat: ["mo.Pat^] JC prop.n. tsahk of the Oma- Uniltaron: [u.nil."ta.Ron] P F prop.n. Dream
tikaya (also pronounced Moat) Hunt (c.w. from unil dream and taron hunt)
Moatite: [mo.Pat.Pi.tE] JC prop.n. daughter of Utral Aymokriy: ["ut.Ral aj."mok.Ri.j] JC,P F
Moat (derived from Moat a woman and ite prop.n. Tree of Voices (c.w. from utral tree
daughter) and mokri voice)(from utraya mokri)
Navi: ["naP.vi] P F prop.n. the People, indige- Varu: ["vaP.Ru] P F prop.n. male Navi
nous Pandoran sentient race Vitrautral: [vit."Ra.ut.Ral] P F prop.n. Tree of
Newey: [nE."wEj] P F prop.n. female Navi Souls (c.w. from vitra soul and utral tree)

43
E Flora and Fauna
Flora

ampirikx: ["Pam.pi.Rik'] P F n. leaf pitcher plant pxayzekw: [p'aj."zEk.w] P F n. spiny whips

(c.w. from ampi touch and rikx move) (c.w. from pxay many and zekw finger)
o: ["P.Po] P F n. pitcher plant pxiut: ["p'i.ut^] P F n. razor palm, sharp tree (c.w.
elewll: ["PE.lEP.wl] P F n. thorny paw, cactus from pxi sharp and utral tree)
(derived from ewll " plant) pxiwll: ["p'i.wl] P F n. hermit bud plant (c.w.
" and ewll plant)
anheyu: [a.nI."hE.ju] P F n. fibonacci, blue spiral from pxi sharp
plant (c.w. from ean blue and heyu spiral) pxorna: ["p'oR.naP] P F n. episoth, exploding seed
apxangrr: [a."p'a.Nr] P F n. delta tree (c.w. from (c.w. from pxor explode and rina seed)
apxa large and ngrr " root) pxornalor: ["p'oR.naP."loR] P F n. sari, beautiful
atokirina: [a.to.ki."Ri.naP] JC n. seeds of the gre- exploding seed plant (c.w. from pxorna ex-
at tree ploding seed and lor beautiful)
awaiei: [a.wa.i."E.i] P F n. banshee of paradise rawp: [Rawp^] P F n. bladder polyp
eanean: ["E.an."E.an] P F n. cheadle, herbaceous rumut: ["Rum.ut^] P F n. ball tree (c.w. from rum
plant (c.w. from ean blue) ball and utral tree)
eyaye: [E."ja.jE] P F n. warbonnet seze: ["sE.zE] P F,ZS n. blue flower
fkxakewll: ["fk'a.kE.wl] P F n. itch plant (c.w. smaoe: [sma."o.E] P F n. phalanxia, heavily thor-
from fkxake itch and " ewll plant) ned plant
flefle: ["flE.flE] P F n. Sols delight, magnetotrophic sngukx: [sNuk'] P F n. grub plant
plant somtlor: ["som.tI.loR] P F n. popsicle, hot beauty
fngapsutxwll: ["fNap.sut'.wl] P F n. metal- (c.w. from som hot and tlor beauty)
following plant (c.w. from" fngap metal and syeptute: ["sjEp.tu.tE] P F n. hyneman, person
sutx follow) trapper (c.w. from syep trap and tute person)
fwkwll: ["fw.kI.wl] P F n. mantis orchid (c.w. tautral: ["ta.ut.Ral] P F n. sky tree (c.w. from taw
from fwk mantis" and ewll plant) sky and utral tree)
>
hrumwll: [hI."Rum.wl] P F n. puffer plant tawtsngal: ["taw.tsNal] P F n. panopyra, sky cup
"
kllpxiwll: [kl."p'i.wl] P F n. lionberry (c.w. from (c.w. from taw sky and tsngal cup)
" "
kllte ground and pxiwll sharp plant) thawnuwll: [tI."haw.nu.wl] P F n. spartan, pro-
kxaylte: ["k'ajl.tE] P F n. cillaphant (derived tection plant (c.w. from" thawnu protection
from kxayl high) and ewll plant)
loreyu: [lo."RE.ju] P F n. helicoradian, beautiful tompawll: ["tom.pa.wl] P F n. geode, rain plant
spiral (c.w. from lor beautiful and heyu spi- (c.w. from tompa rain " and ewll plant)
ral) torukspxam: ["to.Ruk.sp'am] P F n. octoshroom,
mnyu: ["mIn.ju] P F n. turner, twisted lily (deri- great leonopteryx fungus (c.w. from toruk
ved from mn turn) great leonopteryx and spxam mushroom)
>
mulpxar: [mul."p'aR] P F n. roosterhead plant tsawlapxangrr: ["tsawl.a.p'a.Nr] P F n. unidelta
paliwll: ["paP.li.wl] P F n. direhorse pitcher plant tree, lit. tall large root (c.w." from tsawl big
(c.w. from pali" direhorse and ewll plant) and ngrr root)(for short, tsawlapx)
> >
pamtseowll: ["pam.tsE.o.wl] P F n. cat ear, mu- tstxaa: ["tst'a.Pa] P F n. canalyd
" >
sic plant (c.w. from pamtseo music and ewll tsyorinawll: [tsjo.Ri."naP.wl] P F n. cycad, flour
plant) seed plant (c.w. from rina " seed and ewll
paywll: ["paj.wl] P F n. water plant, dapophet plant)
(c.w. from pay " water and ewll plant) txllu: ["t'l.Pu] P F n. hookagourd
"
penghrrap: [pEN."hr.ap^] P F n. binary sunshine, txumpaywll: ["t'um.paj.wl] P F n. scorpion
fringed lamp (c.w." from peng tell and hrrap thistle, poison water plant " (c.w. from txum
danger) poison and paywll water plant)

44
 >
txumtswll: [t'um."tsP.wl] P F n. Baja tickler, vrumut: ["v.Ru.mut^] P F n. vein pod (c.w.
" from ts squirt
poison-squirting plant (c.w. from v unpleasant and rum ball)
and ewll plant) yomhang: [jom."hIP.aN] P F n. small ani-
mal/insect eater, dakteron (c.w. from yom eat
vfewll: ["v.fE.wl] P F n. Centipede, bad-smell and hang insect)
plant (c.w. from" v unpleasant and fahew yomioang: [jom.i."o.aN] P F n. chalice plant (c.w.
smell) from yom eat and ioang animal)

Fauna
>
angtsk: ["PaN.tsIk^] P F n. hammerhead ratus costatus, striped armored wolf
eltungawng: ["El.tu.NawN] P F n. brainworm pali: ["paP.li] P F n. direhorse
(c.w. from eltu brain and ngawng worm) palulukan: [pa.lu."lu.kan] JC n. thanator (col-
fkio: ["fki.o] P F n. tetrapteron loquial [pa."lu.kan])
fpxafaw: ["fp'a.faw] P F n. medusa riti: ["Ri.ti] JC n. stingbat
fwampop: ["fwam.pop^] P F n. tapirus syaksyuk: [sjak."sjuk^] P F n. prolemuris
fwk: ["fw.kI] P F n. mantis talioang: ["tal.i.o.aN] JC n. sturmbeest (derived
ikran: ["ik.Ran] JC n. banshee from ioang animal)
ikranay: [ik.Ra."naj] JC/P F n. forest banshee teylu: ["tEj.lu] JC n. beetle larva
kaliweya: [ka.liP.wE.ja] ASG n. species of poiso- toruk: ["to.Ruk^] JC n. great leonopteryx, last sha-
nous arachnid dow
kenten: ["kEn.tEn] P F n. fan lizard yerik: ["jE.Rik^] P F n. hexapede
nantang: ["nan.taN] JC,P F n. viperwolf Canifer- zize: [zi."zEP] P F n. hellfire wasp

45
F Useful Phrases
These are some useful phrases. Often the word order can be changed, although the morphe-
mes are probably invariable. Weve included these not only to show instances where a phrase
encapsulates a single semantic meaning, but also to illustrate set common constructions. For
this reason we have also included some single words again here. Most of these are taken from
Dr. Frommers blog at Naviteri.org. Theyve been included in no specific conversational order,
but rather alphabetically.

awa swawtsyp: [] P F ph. just a tiny moment, hold on a bit

efu ohakx: ["PE.fu o."hak'] P F ph. be hungry
ivong nkong: [] P F ph. slow is fine
n nga fyape nfkrr: [] P F ph. whats been keeping you busy lately?
aytele a ngey hapxm kifkey lu fyape?: [] P F ph. How are things in your part of the world?
txle pa(lu)lukanur: [."t'.lE pa."lu.ka.nuR] P F ph. Navi idiom: txle si palulukanur tsn
smarit livonu; Ask a thanator to release its prey, its a foregone conclusion
etrpa syayvi: ["Et.RI.pa "sjaj.vi] P F ph. good luck
Eywa ngahu: ["Ej.wa "Na.hu] P F,JC ph. goodbye, Eywa (be) with you
fpor syaw fko staw: [] P F ph. this is staw
fnu, ma evi. Sanur leru hawtsyp. Tsivurokx ko.: [] P F ph. Quiet, young one. Mommy is taking
a nap. Let her rest.
ftia oel lfyati leNavi no nwotx: [] P F ph. studying Navi is a ton of fun for me!
ftxey...fuke: [ft'Ej fu."kE] P F ph. whether...or (derived from ftxey whether and fuke or not)
fwa kan ke tam; zene swizawit livonu.: [] LN,P F ph. Navi proverbial phrase: To aim is not
enough; one must release the arrow.; Intent is not enough; its action that counts.
fwk ke fwefwi: ["fw.kI kE "fwE.fwi] P F ph. Navi idiom: a mantis doesnt whistle, its against
someones or somethings nature
fyape fko syaw ngar?: ["fja.pE fko sjaw NaR] P F ph. what are you called, what is your name
hayalo ta oe (oeta): [ha."ja.lo ta "o.E ("wE.ta)] P F ph. next time from me
hayalovay: [ha."ja.lo.vaj] P F ph. until next time (c.w. from hayalo next time and vay- until)
irayo: [i."Ra.jo] P F intj. thanks, thank you
kaltx: [kal."t'I] P F intj. hello (casual)
kaltx sivi, ma staw: [] P F ph. say hello, staw
ka wotx: [ka wot'] P F ph. generally, for the most part (literally: across the totality)
kea tkin: ["kE.a tI."kin] P F ph. no need (for thanks)
kefya srak: [kE."fja "sRak^] P F ph. isnt that so? right? no?
ke...kawit: [kE kaw."Pit^] P F ph. not...at all (derived from ke not and kawit at all)
kem amui, kum afe: [] P F ph. Navi proverbial phrase: Proper action, bad result (Said when
something that should have turned out well didnt)
ke pxan: [kE p'an] P F ph. Im not worthy
ke tare: [kE "ta.RE] P F ph. Its irrelevant; It doesnt matter
ke tslolam: [] P F ph. I didnt get that, I didnt understand
ke zene win spivi: [] P F ph. take your time, dont rush
kyevame: [kI.jE."va.mE] P F intj. good-bye, see you again soon
krro krro: ["kr.o "kr.o] P F ph. at times, on occasion
kunspri txana " tmeyp
" lu tsyal a mn.: [] P F ph. The gunships main weakness is the rotor system.
>
kxetse s mikyun kop plltxe: ["k'E.tsE sI "mik.jun kop^ pl."t'E] LN,P F ph. Navi proverbial phrase:
the tail and ears also speak; body language is important "

46
ma frapo, ayngaru oey tsmukit alu Newey: [] P F ph. everybody, please allow me to introduce (to
you) my sister, Newey
makto zong: ["mak.to zoN] P F ph. take care, travel safely
ne kllte: ["nE "kl.tE] P F ph. get down (c.w. from ne to and kllte ground)
"
nga lpivawk nit nul ko: [] P F ph. tell me a bit more about yourself
nga lpivawk nno ko: [] P F ph. tell me all about yourself
nga pesuhu kteng ntrrtrr: [] P F ph. who do you normally spend time with?
ngari solalew polpxaya zst: [] P F ph. how old are you?, how many years have you passed?
ngari txelan mawey livu: ["Na.Ri t'EP."lan ma."wEj li."vu] P F ph. dont worry, may your heart be
calm
ngaru lu fpom srak?: ["Na.Ru lu fpom sRak^] P F ph. How are you? are you well?
ngaru lu pefnetxintn ntrrtrr: [] P F ph. what is your primary role in society?
ngaru oey lertut: [] P F ph. allow me to introduce my colleague
>
ngaru tsulf: ["Na.Ru tsul."f] P F ph. to your the mastery
ngaru tut: ["Na.Ru tut^] P F ph. and to you? and you? (After a question with a dative subject)
nga yawne lu oer: [Na "jaw.nE lu wER] P F ph. I love you, you are beloved to me
nga z(ol)au ftu peseng: [] P F ph. where are you from?
ngenga lu tupe: [] P F ph. who are you?
>
ngey kxetse lu oeru: ["NEj. "k'E.tsE lu "wE.Ru] P F,JC ph. Navi idiom: your tail is mine!,
youre going down!
nlun ayioi aeoio ayeyktan lu lor frato: [] P F ph. Of course the ceremonial wardrobes of the
leaders are the most beautiful
nprrte: [nI."pr.tEP] P F adv. gladly, I did it with pleasure
" sray a txampayri sim, sl set kelku si m Helutral: []
oe olongokx m P F ph. I was born in a
town near the ocean, but I now live in Hometree
oe irayo si ngaru: ["o.E i."Raj.o si "Na.Ru] P F ph. I give thanks to you, thank you
oel ngati kameie: [wEl "Na.ti "ka.mE.i.E] P F ph. I see you, hello (familiar)
oeri solalew zst apxevol: [] P F ph. I am 24 years old
oeru meuia: ["wE.Ru mE."u.i.a] P F ph. an honor to me, it was an honor
oeru syaw (fko) Txew: [] P F ph. my name is Txew
oeru teya si: ["wE.Ru tE."ja si] P F ph. fills me with satisfaction, joy
oeru txoa livu: ["wE.Ru "t'o.a li."vu] P F ph. please forgive me, may forgiveness be to me
oe tskxekeng si ssulnur alu tsko swizaw: [] P F ph. I practice my hobby, which is archery
oey txintn lu fwa stn fayoangit: [] P F ph. my central role in society is to catch fish
pefya nga fpl: [] P F ph. what do you think? (literally: how do you think?)
pum ngey: [pum "NE.j] P F ph. yours, I should thank you
rutxe lpivawk nit: [] P F ph. please talk a little bit about yourself
rutxe liveyn: [] P F ph. could you repeat that please?
rutxe tivng mikyun, ma frapo: [] P F ph. Your attention, please, everyone!
sfpl asteng tkan ateng: [] P F ph. Navi proverbial phrase: Great minds think alike!
seykxel s nitram: [sEj."k'El sI nit."Ram] P F ph. strong and happy!, congratulations
smon nprrte: [smon nI."pr.tEP^] P F ph. nice to know you
"
srake fnan ngal lfyati leNavi: [] P F ph. are you good at Navi?
srake smon ngar oey meylan alu Entu s Kamun: [] P F ph. do you know my friends Entu and
Kamun?
srefereiey nprrte: [] P F ph. looking forward to it
sre fwa sngap zize: [] P F ph. as quickly as possible (Navi idiom: before the hellwasp stings)
stum ke: [stum kE] P F ph. almost not (Note: Use instead of hardly, barely, or scarcely.)

47
taronyut yom smarl: ["ta.Ron.jut jom smaR.Il] P F ph. Navi idiom: the prey eats the hunter, a
totally botched situation, chaos
tefum oey: [tI."PE.fu.mI "wE.j] P F ph. in my opinion
tiavay krr: [tI."PiP.a.vaj "kr.] P F ph. forever, until the end of time
"
tori peu sunu ngar frato: [] P F ph. what is your favorite (favourite) way to have fun?
tknri kempe si nga: [] P F ph. what do you do in your free time?
tkangkemri varmrrn oe nwotx: [] P F ph. I was completely swamped at work
tkxey ngaru: [tI."k'Ej "Na.Ru] P F ph. youre wrong
tomumm oey: [tI."o.mum.mI wE.j] P F ph. to my knowledge
tyawr ngaru: [tI."jawR "Na.Ru] P F ph. youre right
tokx eo tokx: ["tok' "E.o "tok'] P F ph. face to face, in person
tsaluri alu X, ral lu upe: [] P F ph. what does X mean?
>
tstunwi: ["tstun.wi] P F adj. kind, that was kind of you to say
tsun mivkxu hkrr srak: [] P F ph. may I interrupt a moment?
tsun nga law sivi nit srak: [] P F ph. could you make that a bit clearer?, could you explain that
further?
txm aaw ke tsun hiveyn m tal mefaliy.: [] LN,P F ph. Navi proverbial phrase: One butt
cannot sit on the backs of two direhorses.; You cant take two positions or sit on the fence; you
need to decide.
>
txo ke nyo tsakrr nyol: [t'o kE nI."yoP tsa."kr nI."yol] P F ph. Navi proverbial phrase: If you
cant be flawless, at least be brief" "
txon lefpom: [t'on lE."fpom] P F ph. good night, peaceful night
X-()ri peral: [] P F ph. what does X mean?
X nNavi (slu) pelu: [] P F ph. how do you say X in Navi?
Yewla!: ["jEw.la] P F conv. Bummer! Thats a shame! What a shame!
zau neng: ["za.Pu nI."PEN] P F ph. share an interest in common
zolau nprrte: [zol."a.Pu nI."pr.tEP] P F ph. come pleasurably, welcome
"

48
G The Alphabet
Kemaweyan, Plumps, Prrton, and Tirea Aean came up with a uniquely Navi way of listing and
pronouncing the 33 phonemes (distinct sounds) in the language20 consonants, 7 vowels, 2
pseudo-vowels (ll, rr), and 4 diphthongs (aw, ay, ew, ey). Here is that list.

The Alphabet
tFtang k KeK s S
a A kx Kxekx t TeT
aw AW l LeL tx TxeTx
ay AY ll Ll ts Ts
m MeM u U
e E n NeN v V
ew EW ng NgeNg w W
ey EY o O y Y
f F p PeP z Z
h H px PxePx
i I r ReR
rr Rr

49
H Inflections
Verbal Infixes

alm: [al.m] LN perfective past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. PAST), derived from am +
ol: Oe tsngalmawvk. I wept.
aly: [al.j] LN perfective future tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. FUT.), derived from ay + ol:
Oe halyangham. I will have laughed.
am: [a.m] LN past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PAST.): Oe tswamayon. I flew.
arm: [aR.m] LN imperfective past tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. PAST.), derived from am
+ er: Oe tsngarmawvk. I was weeping.
ary: [aR.j] LN imperfective future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. FUT.), derived from ay
+ er: Oe haryangham. I will be laughing.
asy: [a.sj] P F future tense with determination verbal infix in position 1 (FUT. D .): Oel tspasyang
palulukanit. I will definitely kill the thanator.
>
ats: [a.ts] LN inferential, indicating uncertainty or indirect knowledge verbal infix in position
2 (INFR .): Oel tspatsang poanit. I killed him (I think.)
awn: [aw.n] P F passive participle verbal infix in position 1 (P. PART.): Oe tawnaron-a tte lu.
I am a hunted person.
ay: [a.j] LN future tense verbal infix in position 1 (FUT.): Oel yerikit tayaron. I will hunt the
yerik.
ng: [.N] LN pejorative affect verbal infix in position 2 (PEJ .): Oe srngew. I dance (ugh!).
Optionally, when ng occurs before the vowel i, the vowel of the infix may be raised,
giving eng. For example, Fskxawngri tsapalute sengi oe.
p: [.p] P F reflexive verbal infix the pre-first position (REFL .): Oe stpeftxaw. I check myself.
ei: [E.i] LN laudative affect verbal infix in position 2 (LAUD .): Oe sreiew. I dance (hooray!).
er: [E.R] P F imperfective aspect verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF.): Oe terran. I am walking.
eyk: [Ej.k] P F causative verbal infix the pre-first position (CAUS .): Oel teykerkup pot. I caused
him to die.
ilv: [il.v] P F present perfective subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PRES . PER . SUBJ .): Oe new
tslilvam. I want to understand.
imv: [im.v] P F past subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PAST. SUBJ .): Oey swizaw nngay
timvakuk. May my arrow have struck true.
irv: [iR.v] P F present imperfective subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (PRES . IMPF. SUBJ .): Oe
new tslirvam. I want to be understanding.
iv: [i.v] LN subjunctive mood verbal infix in position 1 (SUBJ .): Ngal new futa oe wivem. You
want this thing: for me to fight.
iyev: [i.jE.v] P F future subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (FUT. SUBJ .): Oel kiyevame ngati.
I will see you.
lm: [Il.m] LN perfective recent past tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. REC . PAST.), derived
from m + ol: Oe tlmtxaw. I just now returned.
ly: [Il.j] LN perfective immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (PERF. IMM . FUT.), deri-
ved from y + ol: Oe hlyahaw. I will have slept soon.
m: [I.m] LN recent past verbal infix in position 1 (REC . PAST.): Oe tswmayon. I just flew.
rm: [IR.m] LN imperfective recent past tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. REC . PAST.), derived
from m + er: Oe trmtxaw. I was just now returning.
ry: [IR.j] LN imperfective immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMPF. IMM . FUT.),
derived from y + er: Oe hryahaw. I will be sleeping soon.

50
sy: [I.sj] P F immediate future tense with determination verbal infix in position 1 (IMM . FUT. D .):
Oel tspsyang palulukanit. I will definitely kill the thanator soon.
y: [I.j] LN immediate future tense verbal infix in position 1 (IMM . FUT.): Oel yerikit tyaron.
I will hunt the yerik soon.
yev: [I.jE.v] P F future subjunctive verbal infix in position 1 (FUT. SUBJ .): Oel kyevame ngati.
I will see you.
ol: [o.l] P F perfective aspect verbal infix in position 1 (PERF.): Oe tolran. I walked (finished
action).
us: [u.s] LN active participle verbal infix in position 1 (A . PART.): Oe tusaron-a tte lu. I am a
hunting person.
uy: [u.j] P F honorific (honourific) or ceremonial verbal infix in position 2 (HON .): Naviy,
luyu hapx. You are part of The People.

Noun Case Inflections

: [] P F genitive suffix for nouns ending in a everything but a, , e, i and (allomorph of y)

(GEN .): Oel yom ikran yerikit. I eat the ikrans yerik.
it: [it^] P F patientive suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allo-
morph of t, ti) (PAT.): Oel taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik.
l: [Il] P F agentive case suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel
(allomorph of l) (ERG .): Ikranl taron yerikit. The ikran hunts the yerik.
ri: [IRi] P F topical suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allo-
morph of ri) (TOP.): Fskxawngri tsapalute sengi oe. I apologise for this moron.
l: [l] LN agentive case for nouns ending in a vowel (ERG .): Oel taron yerikit. I hunt the yerik.
r: [R] LN dative suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (allomorph of ru) (DAT.): eltur ttxen si
intriguing
ri: [Ri] P F topical for nouns ending in a vowel (TOP.): Ayngari zene hivum You must leave.
ru: [Ru] LN dative suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (allomorph of ur) (DAT.): Oel syuvet
ngaru tng. I give food to you.
t: [t^] LN patientive suffix for nouns ending in a vowel (allomorph of it, ti) (PAT.): Oel ngat
kame. I see you.
ti: [ti] LN patientive for pronouns and nouns (PAT.): Ngati taron torukl. The toruk hunts you.
ur: [uR] P F dative suffix for nouns ending in a consonant, dipthong, or pseudo-vowel (allo-
morph of ru) (DAT.): Ayeylanur oey. To my friends.
y: [j] P F genitive for pronouns ending in a or e (casual speech) (GEN .): Ngey toruk sltsan lu.
Your toruk is good.
ya: [ja] P F,M vocative suffix for collective nouns: Mawey, Naviya. Calm, you Navi.
y: [j] LN genitive suffix for nouns ending in a a, , e, i and (allomorph of ) (GEN .): Oel
yeiom Neytiriy yerikit. I happily eat Neytiris yerik. (Causes vowel fronting of a in pronouns:
may look like ey)

Other Inflections

This is a list of Navi morphemes that can attach to the word that changes some aspect of
the meaning. Not all Navi inflections are productive. (pro.) indicates complete productivity,
where they can be applied to any of the subset of words that Dr. Frommer has indicated they
can modify, and would be canonical, even if unattested. They cannot be used on parts of speech
that arent specified. All of the verbal infixes and case markers above are entirely productive.

51
a: [a] P F (pro.) adjectival attribution and subordination marker: Oel txantsana ikranit aean
tswayon. I fly the excellent blue ikran.
an: [an] LN masculine suffix for certain nouns: Poan tftxuyu lu. He is a weaver.
ay+: [aj] P F (pro.) plural for nouns (PL .): Ay+horen fl. The rules succeed.
e: [E] P F feminine suffix for certain nouns: Poe taronyu lu. She is a hunter.
fay+: [faj] P F (pro.) these for nouns (THESE): Fayawkx tsawl lu. These cliffs are tall.
f: [fI] P F (pro.) this for nouns (THIS): Oel kame fnantangit. I see this viper-wolf.
fkeyk: [fkEjk^] P F (pro.) suffix for nouns meaning state, condition: Kilvanfkeyk lu fyape ftrr?
Whats the condition of the river today?
fne: [fnE] P F (pro.) kind, type for nouns (KIND): Fneutralpe tsau lu? What kind of tree is that?
fra: [fRa] P F (pro.) every deriving affix Oel kamame frapot. I saw everyone.
kaw: [kaw] P F not one deriving affix Oe kawkrr ke kam. I never went.
lo: [lo] P F multiplicative number suffix for aw, mune, pxey: Awlo oe ramol. Once I sang.
me+: [mE] LN (pro.) dual for nouns (DU .): Oel new me+orati. I want two lakes.
munsna: [mun.sna] P F (pro.) pair for nouns (PAIR): munsnahawnven a pair of shoes
nay: [naj] P F (unpro.) creates a new noun that is related to the original by being a step down
in some relevant heirarchy - size, rank, accomplishment, etc.: . .
o: [o] P F (pro.) indefinite suffix, durative suffix: Oel kalmame tuteot ayzsto. I saw someone
for years.
pay+: [paj] P F (pro.) plural inter. marker: Paystalit ngal tsramei? What knives did you throw?
pe+: [pE] LN (pro.) affix inter. marker: pe+hrr nga lrrtok sayi. What time (when) will you smile?
pxe+: [p'E] P F (pro.) trial for nouns and pronouns (TRI .): Pxoeng Pxe+veng lu. We are three
children. (Note that e + e cannot be together, and so ellision occurs, and that oe is a pronoun
which often undergoes ellision)
sna: [sna] P F prefix group marker for nouns; pro. when referring to living things, unpro.
otherwise. : snanantang a pack of viperwolves Note: sna- indicates naturally occurring groups
or sets. Use sstarsm to indicate a collection intentionally put together by a person.
>
tsa: [tsa] P F (pro.) that for nouns (THAT): Oel tsea tsanantangit. I see that nantang.
>
tsay+: [tsaj] P F (pro.) those for nouns (THOSE): Tsayora txukx lu. Those lakes are deep.
>
tsyp: [tsjIp^] P F (pro.) diminutive suffix for nouns, pronouns: Zau ftseng, ma itetsyp.
Come here, little daughter.
ve: [vE] P F (pro.) ordinal suffix for numbers: Koren aawve trusey awsiteng. The first rule
of living together.
vi: [vi] P F partitive relationship marker: Oe nume m numtsengvi. I learn in the classroom.

Other Inflectional Morphology

These derivational morphemes are different than the inflectional morphemes (in technical
speak) above. In other words, the markers here dont just change the meaning - they change
the part of speech. Some of these, only Dr. Frommer can use in order to make a canonical word,
like t. Others are productive for certain subsets, like yu, which can go on any verb.
>
ketsuk: [kE.tsuk^] P F (pro.) not able to (do the verb prefixed) deriving affix Swaw lamu
ketsuktswa The moment was unforgettable
le: [lE] P F adjective deriving affix Poan lehrrap lu. He is dangerous.
nga: [NaP^] P F adjective deriving affix Akra apaynga lu. It is moist soil.
n: [nI] LN adverbial deriving affix Oe nNavi plltxe. I speak navi-ly. (Like a Navi.) (Pro. for
adjectives only, unproductive for other forms - otherwise modify nfyao with appropriate
adjective or relative clause)

52
s: [s] P F instrumental noun deriving affix Snumeri oe nume. I learn the teaching.
si: [si] LN postpositional verb deriving affix Oe kelku si Kelutralm. I live in Hometree. (lit. I
home make in Hometree.)
t: [tI] LN noun deriving affix Tngay sltsan lu. The truth is good.
t us: [tI us] P F (pro.) gerund (verbal noun) deriving affix Tkusar eltur ttxen si. Teaching
is interesting.
>
tsuk: [tsuk^] P F (pro.) able to (do the verb prefixed) deriving affix Fioang lu tsukyom. This
animal is edible / can be eaten.
>
tswo: [tswo] P F (pro.) suffix that changes a verb to a noun indicating the ability to perform
the action of the verb: Pori wemtswo fratsamsiyur roloa ntxan. His ability to fight greatly
impressed all the warriors.
tu: [tu] P F person noun from non-verbal stem deriving affix Oe reltseotu lu. I am an artist.
yu: [ju] LN (pro.) agent noun deriving affix Oe kea skaayu ke lu. I am no destroyer.

53
I Non-Frommerian Words
These are words that are not from Dr. Frommer: We have included them as they are in the
extant corpus, but they are not to be regarded as Navi words. They are, for the most part, spu-
rious inventions for the Activists Survival Guide, Pandorapedia, or the Avatar Game. None
of these words were run by Dr. Frommer before being published, and the general consensus
is that they ought to be ignored. They are included here for those who would otherwise not
know what their definitions or derivations are. These words are not canonical, and their use
is highly discouraged. Many of them flout Navi inflectional rules or phonotactic constraints.
Some include illegal sounds, as illustrated below.

h [Ph], b [b], c [k], ch [tS], d [d], g [g], h [hP], ii [i:], j [Z], sh [S], uu [u:]

Amanti: [a.man.ti] G prop.n. female of the Tipa- lenayga: [lEnajPga] ASG n. slinger, predatory
ni animal
Anurai: [a.nu.Ra.i] G prop.n. clan name Lompo: [lom.po] G prop.n. male of the Tawkami
arlek: [arPlEk^] G n. a seed-bearing plant Lungoray: [lu.No.Raj] G prop.n. shaman of the
Beydaamo: [bEjdaPamo] G prop.n. male warri- Tipani
or of the Tipani mreshtuyu: [mPRESPtuju] or [mPREshPtuju]
chantu gorek nuuto: [tSanPtu gorPEk^nuuto] ASG n. shield

ASG n. stone jar

Malimi: [ma.li.mi] G prop.n. male of the Tawka-
chey: [tSEj] ASG n. possesions rack (derived from mi
Pah sivil chey rack) malmoks: [malmoks] G n. rings of stone
Eywa ksey nivibrista: [Ejwa kPsEj niviP- Marali: [ma.Ra.li] G prop.n. female of the Tipani
briPsta] ASG n. hammock, from Eywa cradles maskit nivi sanok: [masPkit^nivi saPnok^]
everyone ASG mother loom

Eywa silivi maskit nivi: [Ejwa sPilivi masP- Maweytakuk: [ma.wEj.ta.kuk^] G prop.n. male
kit^nivi] ASG Ewyas wisdom is revealed to all Navi
of us Mekanei: [mE.ka.nE.i] G prop.n. male of the Ti-
pani
Eywa te _ tansey makta: [Ejwa tEP tanP-
Mendala: [mEn.da.la] G prop.n. male of the Ti-
sEj makPta] ASG n. ikran queue harness, lit.
pani
the love of Eywas embrace is gifted to (personal
mereshti caupla: [mERESPti kauPpla] or
name)
[meReshPti kauPpla] ASG n. banshee catcher,
feru mpreduk: [fEru mPpREduPk^] ASG n. bas-
bola, lit. nothing to see
ket
meshkai huru: [mESPkai huRu] P N D n. cooking
Fmilam: [fmi.lam] G prop.n. female of the Tipani
pot
Grolryc: [gRoPlRjc] G prop.n. a series of caves
mreki ulito: [mREki uPlito] ASG n. fire pit
Hukato: [hu.ka.to] G prop.n. male of the Tipani Mukata: [mu.ka.ta] G prop.n. male of the Taw-
Ikalu: [i.ka.lu] G prop.n. male of the Tipani kami
iveh knivi sdir: [ivEh kPnivi sPdir] ASG n. ba- nahla bukne: [naPhla bukPnE] ASG n. direhor-
by sling se lead, lit. face pull
ksey nivi: [kPsEj nivi] ASG n. group sleep Naalot: [na:.lot^] G prop.n. male of the Tipani
Kaoli Tei: [ka.o.li. tE.i] G prop.n. the plains Neranak: [nE.RaP.nak^] G prop.n. female of the
of Goliath Tawkami
> >
Koo Tsura: [ko: tsu.Ra] G prop.n. a Tipani vil- niktchey: [niktPtshEj] or [niktPtSEj] ASG n.
lage small bit of food, packed lunch
Kusati: [ku.sa.ti] G prop.n. female warrior of the nivi: [ni.vi] ASG n. hammock (informal), us (de-
Tipani rived from Eywa ksey nivibrista Ewya
Kyuna: [kjuna] G prop.n. female of the Anurai cradles everyone)

54
Nok: [nok^] G prop.n. male of the Tawkami Tawkami: [taw.ka.mi] G prop.n. a clan (c.w.
Oloniwin: [o.lo.ni.win] G prop.n. male elder of from taw sky and kame see)
the Tipani Tilikaru: [ti.li.ka.Ru] G prop.n. a Tipani village
Omati: [o.ma.ti] G prop.n. male of the Tawkami Tipani: [ti.pa.ni] G prop.n. a clan
omati sampta: [omati sPampta] ASG n. blue ttakuk: [tI."ta.kuk^] G n. strike (derived from
flute takuk strike)
Onantu: [o.nan.tu] G prop.n. male of the Tawka- tmi natsey: [tmi natPsEj] ASG n. bladder lan-
mi tern, from food here
>
Otamu: [o.ta.mu] G prop.n. male of the Tipani Tsalaw: [tsaP.law] G prop.n. male of the Tawka-
Pah sivil chey: [pPah sPivil tSEj] ASG n. perso- mi
>
nal belongings rack Tsaro: [tsa.Ro] G prop.n. male of the Tipani
>
pxtxawng: [p't'awN] JC n. douchebag Tsmuke: [tsmu.kE] G prop.n. a Tipani village
Raiuk: [Ra.i.Puk^] G prop.n. male of the Anurai txei: [t'E.i] G n. plain
Raltaw: [Ral.taw] G prop.n. male hunter of the uimi: [u.Pi.mi] ASG n. streamer, pendant
Tipani Uimi huyuticaya: [uPimi hujutikaja] ASG
Snume: [s.nu.mE] G prop.n. tsahk of the Ti- prop.n. a clan
>
pani (derived from snume teaching) Ukamtsu: [u.kam.tsu] G prop.n. male of the Ti-
Seyvaro: [sEj.va.Ro] G prop.n. male of the Taw- pani
>
kami ulivi maritsey makdinito: [Ulivi mariPtsEj
shah-tell: [Sah.tEl] ASG n. shuttle (loaned from makPdiniPto] ASG loom, lit. branches of the
Eng. shuttle) (not normally allowable under tree look to each other for strength, or many
Navi phonotactic rules) branches together are strong
sushiri tacto sa: [suPshiri tPacto sa] or ulutah inibsey mulsi: [uluPtah inibPsEy mul-
[suPshiri tPacto sa] ASG n. toy ikran si] ASG n. leaf plate
suminsey hulleh: [suminPsEj hulEh] ASG slee- Umkansa: [um.kan.sa] G prop.n. a Tipani vil-
ping outside of the group " lage
sumin jiitluy: [sumin ZiitPluy] ASG n. leaf plate Unipey: [u.ni.pEj] G prop.n. female of the Tipani
Swawta: [swaw.ta] G prop.n. male of the Tipani utral utu mauti: [ut.Ral u.tu ma.u.ti] ASG n.
triti so jahmka: [tPRiti so Zahmka] ASG n. pen- push fruit tree (c.w. from utral tree and utu
dulum drum mauti push fruit)
Taantasi: [ta.Pan.ta.si] G prop.n. Tantalus, utu mauti: [u.tu ma.u.ti] ASG n. banana fruit,
rocky place on Pandora push fruit
Tan Jala: [tan jala] G prop.n. male of the Tipani Vaer Ramunong: [va.PE.R Ra.mu.noN] G
Tasun: [ta.sun] G prop.n. male hunter of the prop.n. Vaderas Hollow
Lona Vayaha: [va.ja.ha] G prop.n. a Tipani village

55
J The Changelog
Following is a brief record of the most recent revisions...

13.06 - Vocabulary added from naviteri.org, March 31, 2014.

13.05 - Vocabulary added from naviteri.org, February 28, 2014.

13.04 - Added tsteftxaw. Thanks to Plumps for catching this long lost noun.

13.03 - Clarified definition of kawit

13.02 - Added nyawr

13.01 - Added glosses to o- , io- and nwin, per Paul.

13.00 - Vocabulary added from naviteri.org, September 30, 2013. sresea and weyn marked
as vtr. (Not really worthy of a major revision increment, but I ran out of decimals! :)
-Mark)

12.9961 - Corrected entry for -tu by removing (pro.) reference since its not.

12.996 - Corrected example in s- (Other inflectional morphology)

12.995 - Added nkemweypey and kelemweypey per email from Paul to Blue Elf.

12.994 - Corrected a bunch of URLs in the preface. Thanks to Blue Elf!

12.993 - Vocabulary added from naviteri.org, July 31, 2013. vm. tag retired. Irregular ver-
sion increment, pending major revision coming soon.

12.992 - Clarified distinction between smok and tmok

12.991 - Clarified grammatical note on transitivity in the dictionary preface.

12.99 - Added new vocabulary from naviteri.org, June 30, 2013 and wokau

12.985 - Various corrections suggested by Plumps. See: http://forum.learnnavi.org/website-

info/the-dictionary-part-ii/msg586654/#msg586654

12.984 - nume marked as intransitive.

12.983 - Fixed IPA for tng mikyun (spelling) and ewku (infix position), corrected fng
(was missing glottal stop at the end), removed quotes from words definition fields becau-
se it breaks stuff in projects/mobile app

12.982 - Deleted a affix from main block because its already in Inflections appendix;
Fixed definition of frato, thanks to Blue Elf.

12.981 - Fixed IPA for ekxinum and ekxinumpe. Irayo ma Neytiri!

12.98 - Moved all prefix. entries out of Main Block and into the Inflections appendix.

12.973 - Changed all instances of ques. part of speech to inter. for consistency.

12.972 - Added ekxinumpe, which was previously missing. Thanks to Blue Elf for spot-
ting it.

56