Scribd

Scribd /skrbd/ is a digital library and e-book and made digital editions of 5,000 titles available for purchase
audiobook subscription service that includes one million on Scribd, including books from bestselling authors like
titles.[2][3][4][5] Scribd hosts 60 million documents on its Stephen King, Dan Brown, and Mary Higgins Clark.[22]
open publishing platform.[6] In October 2009, Scribd launched its branded reader for
Founded in 2007 by Trip Adler, Jared Friedman, and media companies including The New York Times, Los
Tikhon Bernstam, and headquartered in San Fran- Angeles Times, Chicago Tribune, The Hungton Post,
cisco, California, the company is backed by Khosla TechCrunch, and MediaBistro.[23] ProQuest began pub-
Ventures, Y Combinator, Charles River Ventures, and lishing dissertations and theses on Scribd in Decem-
Redpoint Ventures.[7] Scribds e-book subscription ser- ber 2009.[24] In August 2010, many notable documents
vice is available on Android and iOS smartphones and hosted on Scribd began to go viral, including the Cali-
tablets, as well as the Kindle Fire, Nook, and per- fornia Proposition 8 ruling, which received over 100,000
sonal computers. Subscribers can access three books a views in about 24 minutes, and HPs lawsuit against Mark
month[8] from 1,000 publishers, including Bloomsbury, Hurds move to Oracle.[25] [26]
Harlequin, HarperCollins, Houghton Miin Harcourt,
Lonely Planet, Macmillan, Perseus Book Group, Simon
& Schuster, Wiley, and Workman.[9][10] 1.2 Subscription service (2013present)
Scribd has 80 million users, and has been referred to as
the Netix for books.[11][12][13]

1 History

1.1 Founding (20072013)

Scribd began as a site to host and share documents.[12]

While at Harvard, Trip Adler was inspired to start Scribd
after learning about the lengthy process required to pub-
lish academic papers.[14] His father, a doctor at Stanford,
was told it would take 18 months to have his medical re-
search published.[14] Adler wanted to create a simple way
Screenshots of Scribds subscription service
to publish and share written content online.[15] He co-
founded Scribd with Jared Friedman and attended the in-
In October 2013, Scribd ocially launched its unlimited
augural class of Y Combinator in the summer of 2006.[16] subscription service for e-books.[27] This gave users un-
There, Scribd received its initial $12,000 in seed funding
limited access to Scribds library of digital books for a
and then launched in a San Francisco apartment in March at monthly fee.[28] The company also announced a part-
2007.[6] nership with HarperCollins which made the entire back-
Scribd was called the YouTube for documents, allow- list of HarperCollins catalog available on the subscription
ing anyone to self-publish on the site using its document service.[29] According to Chantal Restivo-Alessi, chief
reader.[14] The document reader turns PDFs, Word docu- digital ocer at HarperCollins, this marked the rst time
ments, and PowerPoints into Web documents that can be that the publisher has released such a large portion of
shared on any website that allows embeds.[17] In its rst its catalog.[30] In March 2014, Scribd announced a deal
year, Scribd grew rapidly to 23.5 million visitors as of with Lonely Planet, oering the travel publishers entire
November 2008.[18] It also ranked as one of the top 20 library on its subscription service.[31]
social media sites according to Comscore.[19] In May 2014, Scribd further increased its subscription
In June 2009, Scribd launched the Scribd Store, enabling oering with 10,000 titles from Simon & Schuster.[32]
writers to easily upload and sell digital copies of their These titles included works from authors such as: Ray
work online.[20] That same month, the site partnered with Bradbury, Mary Higgins Clark, Doris Kearns Good-
Simon & Schuster to sell e-books on Scribd.[21] The deal win, Ernest Hemingway, Walter Isaacson, Stephen King,

1
2 4 TECHNOLOGY

Chuck Klosterman, and David McCullough.[33] 3 Financials

Scribd added audiobooks to its subscription service
in November 2014 and comic books in February The company was initially funded with US$12,000 from
2015.[34][35] Y Combinator in 2006, and received over US$3.7 mil-
lion in June 2007 from Redpoint Ventures and The Kin-
In February 2016, it was announced that only titles from
sey Hills Group.[50][51] In December 2008, the com-
a rotating selection of the library would be available for
pany raised US$9 million in a second round of funding
unlimited reading, and subscribers would have credits to
led by Charles River Ventures with re-investment from
read three books and one audiobook per month from
Redpoint Ventures and Kinsey Hills Group.[52] David
the entire library; unused credits roll over to the next
O. Sacks, former PayPal COO and founder of Yammer
month.[36]
and Geni, joined Scribds board of directors in January
2010.[53]
In January 2011, Scribd raised an additional US$13 mil-
1.3 Audiobooks
lion in a round led by MLC Investments of Australia and
SVB Capital.[54] In January 2015, the company raised
In November 2014, Scribd added audiobooks to its sub-
US$22 million in new funding from Khosla Ventures
scription library.[37] Wired noted that this was the rst
with partner Keith Rabois joining the Scribd board of
subscription service to oer unlimited access to audio-
directors.[55]
books, and it represents a much larger shift in the way
digital content is consumed over the net. [38] In April
2015, the company expanded its audiobook catalog in a
deal with Penguin Random House.[39] This added 9,000 4 Technology
audiobooks to its platform including titles from authors
like Lena Dunham, John Grisham, Gillian Flynn, and In July 2008, Scribd began using iPaper, a rich document
George R.R. Martin.[40] format similar to PDF built for the web, which allows
users to embed documents into a web page.[56] iPaper
was built with Adobe Flash, allowing it to be viewed the
1.4 Comics same across dierent operating systems (Windows, Mac
OS, and Linux) without conversion, as long as the reader
In February 2015, Scribd introduced comics to its sub- has Flash installed (although Scribd
[57]
has announced non-
scription service.[41] The company added 10,000 comics Flash support for the iPhone). All major document
and graphic novels from publishers including Marvel, types can be formatted into iPaper including Word docs,
Archie, Boom! Studios, Dynamite, IDW, and Valiant.[35] PowerPoint presentations, PDFs, OpenDocument docu-
Through the service, subscribers now had access to se- ments, OpenOce.org XML documents, and PostScript
ries such as Guardians of the Galaxy, Daredevil, X-O les.
Manowar, and The Avengers.[42][43] However, in Decem- All iPaper documents are hosted on Scribd. Scribd allows
ber 2016, comics were pulled from the service due to low published documents to either be private or open to the
demand. larger Scribd community. The iPaper document viewer is
also embeddable in any website or blog, making it simple
to embed documents in their original layout regardless of
le format. Scribd iPaper required Flash cookies to be
2 Timeline enabled, which is the default setting in Flash.[58]
On May 5, 2010, Scribd announced that they would be
In February 2010, Scribd unveiled its rst mobile plans converting the entire site to HTML5 at the Web 2.0 Con-
for e-readers and smartphones.[44] In April 2010 Scribd ference in San Francisco.[59] TechCrunch reported that
launched a new feature called Readcast,[45] which al- Scribd is migrating away from Flash to HTML5. Scribd
lows automatic sharing of documents on Facebook and co-founder and chief technology ocer Jared Friedman
Twitter.[46] Also in April 2010, Scribd announced its in-tells me: 'We are scrapping three years of Flash devel-
tegration of Facebook social plug-ins at the Facebook f8 opment and betting the company on HTML5 because
Developer Conference.[47] we believe HTML5 is a dramatically better reading ex-
Scribd rolled out a redesign on September 13, 2010 to perience than Flash. Now any document can become
become, according to TechCrunch, the social network a Web page.'"[60] In July 2010 Publishers Weekly wrote
for reading.[48] a cover story on Scribd entitled Betting the House on
[61]
In October 2013, Scribd launched its e-book subscrip- HTML5.
tion service, allowing readers to pay a at monthly fee Scribd has its own API to integrate external/third-
in exchange for unlimited access to all of Scribds book party applications,[62] but is no longer oering new API
titles.[49] accounts.[63]
5.2 Controversies 3

Since 2010, Scribd has been available on mobile phones available from Scribd. A quick search throws up novels
and e-readers, in addition to personal computers. As of from Salman Rushdie, Ian McEwan, Jerey Archer, Ken
December 2013, Scribd is available through the various Follett, Philippa Gregory, and JRR Tolkien.. [79]
app stores on iOS and Android smartphones and tablets,
as well as the Kindle Fire and Nook tablets.
5.2 Controversies
In March 2009, the passwords of several Comcast cus-
5 Reception tomers were leaked on Scribd. The passwords were later
removed when the news was published by The New York
Scribd has been praised by several newspapers and mag- Times.[80][81][82]
azines, including The New York Times, Fast Company,
In July 2010, GigaOM reported that the script of The So-
Forbes, and The Wall Street Journal.[64] The company has
[27] cial Network (2010) movie was uploaded and leaked on
been dubbed the Netix for e-books by Wired, and is
Scribd; it was promptly taken down per Sonys DMCA
a known pioneer of the all-you-can-read model for e-
[65] request.[83]
books. Its founders, Trip Adler and Jared Friedman,
have been named to Forbes 30 Under 30 and Inc. 35 Un- Following a decision of the Istanbul 12th Criminal Court
der 35.[66][67] of Peace, dated 8 March 2013, access to Scribd is blocked
for Internet users in Turkey.[84]
In April 2015, Los Angeles favorably reviewed Scribds
subscription service by saying, Subscribing to Scribd is In July 2014, Scribd was sued by Disability Rights Advo-
sort of like shopping at Trader Joes: you may not nd ev- cates, on behalf of the National Federation of the Blind
ery product you want, but it sure as hell is convenient, and a blind Vermont resident, for allegedly failing to pro-
inexpensive, and downright delectable. [68] Scribd has vide access to blind readers, in violation of the Americans
[85]
grown to more than 100 million users in 75 countries who with Disability Act. Scribd moved to dismiss, argu-
use the site on a monthly basis. As of June 2015, the ing that the ADA only applied to physical locations. In
[69]

Scribd app has been downloaded 5.7 million times on An- March 2015, the U.S. District Court of Vermont ruled
droid and 3.3 million times on iOS.[70] that the ADA covered online businesses as well. A set-
tlement agreement was reached, with Scribd agreeing to
Notable users of Scribd include Virginia senator Mark
provide content accessible to blind readers by the end of
Warner,[71] former California gubernatorial candidate
2017.[86]
Meg Whitman, New York Times DealBook reporter
Andrew Ross Sorkin, All Things D Reporter Kara
Swisher, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission 5.3 BookID
(FCC), Red Cross, UNICEF, World Economic Forum,
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, The To counteract the uploading of unauthorized content,
World Bank, Ford Motor Company, Hewlett-Packard, Scribd created BookID, an automated copyright protec-
Samsung and the Hasmonean High School Living Torah. tion system that helps authors and publishers identify
unauthorized use of their works on Scribd. [87] This pro-
prietary technology works by analyzing documents for se-
5.1 Accusations of copyright infringement mantic data, meta data, images, and other elements and
creates an encoded ngerprint of the copyrighted work.
Scribd has been accused of copyright infringement. In [88] BookID is available for free for authors and publishers
September 2009, American author Elaine Scott alleged whether or not they choose to make their content available
that Scribd shamelessly prots from the stolen copy- through the Scribd platform. [89]
righted works of innumerable authors.[72] Her attorneys
sought class action status in their eorts to win damages
from Scribd for allegedly egregious copyright infringe-
ment and accused it of calculated copyright infringe-
6 Supported le formats
ment for prot.[73][74][75] The suit was dropped in July
2010.[76][77] Supported formats include:[90]
In 2007, one year after its inception, Scribd was served
with 25 Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) take- Microsoft Excel (.xls, .xlsx)
down notices.[78] Microsoft PowerPoint (.ppt, .pps, .pptx, .ppsx)
The Guardian writes, Harry Potter author [J.K. Rowl-
ing] is among writers shocked to discover their books Microsoft Word (.doc, .docx)
available as free downloads. Neil Blair, Rowlings lawyer, OpenDocument (.odt, .odp, .ods, .odf, .odg)
said the Harry Potter downloads were 'unauthorised and
unlawful'...Rowlings novels aren't the only ones to be OpenOce.org XML (.sxw, .sxi, .sxc, .sxd)
4 8 REFERENCES

Plain text (.txt) [14] Jill Kransy (June 24, 2014). Scribd: The Library of the
Future?". Inc.
Portable Document Format (.pdf)
[15] Best Young Tech Entrepreneurs 2010. Bloomberg.
PostScript (.ps)
[16] Scribd. Y Combinator.
Rich text format (.rtf)
[17] Robert MacMillan (October 7, 2009). From the desk of
Tagged image le format (.tif, .ti) [your news outlet] and Scribd. Reuters.

[18] Erick Schonfeld (December 31, 2008). Scribd Had

A Blowout Year, And So Did the Web Document.
7 See also Techcrunch.

[19] Scribd had a blowout year and so did the web document.
Amazon Lending Library and Kindle Unlimited
[20] Brad Stone (17 May 2009). Site Lets Writers Sell Digital
Document collaboration Copies. The New York Times. Retrieved 11 October
2010.
Oyster (company)
[21] Brad Stone (11 July 2009). Simon & Schuster to Sell
Wayback Machine Digital Books on Scribd.com. The New York Times.
Retrieved 11 October 2010.
Webcite
[22] Brad Stone (June 12, 2009). Simon & Schuster to Sell
Digital Books on Scribd.com. The New York Times.

8 References [23] From The Desk Of Your News Outlet And Scribd.
Reuters. 2009-10-07. Retrieved 2009-10-07.
[1] Scribd.com Site Info. Alexa Internet. Retrieved 2016- [24] Scribd to publish dissertations and theses. TeleRead.
08-18. November 17, 2009.
[2] Alexandra Alter (April 16, 2015). Scribd Expands Au- [25] Liz Gannes (August 4, 2010). Prop 8 Ruling Is Scribds
diobook Catalog in Deal With Penguin Random House. Most Viral Doc Ever. Gigaom.
The New York Times.
[26] MG Siegler (September 7, 2010). HP Conrms It Is Su-
[3] Zoran Basich (January 5, 2015). The Daily Startup. The ing Mark Hurd For Potential Leakage Of Trade Secrets
Wall Street Journal. To Oracle. Techcrunch.

[4] Scribd Adds Audiobooks To All-You-Read Library, Pil- [27] Metz, Cade. Scribd Challenges Amazon and Apple With
ing Pressure On Amazon. Forbes. November 6, 2014. 'Netix for Books". Wired. Retrieved 2013-12-30.

[5] Jacob Kastrenakes (April 16, 2015). Scribd adds over [28] Cade Metz (October 1, 2013). Scribd Challenges Ama-
9,000 more audiobooks to better take on Audible. The zon and Apple with Netix for Books". Wired.
Verge.
[29] Julie Bosman (October 1, 2013). HarperCollins Joins
[6] Scribd | Interview with its Co-Founder & CEO Trip Scribd in E-Book Subscription Plan. The New York
Adler. Cleverism. December 10, 2014. Times.

[7] Crunchbase. Crunchbase. January 2, 2015. [30] Anthony Ha (1 October 2013). With HarperCollins
Deal, Scribd Unveils Its Bid To Become The Netix For
[8] Scribd - Read books, audiobooks, and more. Scribd. Books. TechCrunch. AOL Inc. Retrieved 1 October
Retrieved 1 February 2017. 2013.

[9] David Carnoy (January 29, 2014). Scribd extends e- [31] Anthony Ha (March 26, 2014). Scribds Subscription E-
book subscription app to Kindle Fire. CNet. Book Service Moves Into Travel With The Full Lonely
Planet Library. Techcrunch.
[10] Carolyn Kellogg (January 5, 2015). Scribd brings in
$22 million to expand e-book subscription service. LA [32] Jerey A. Trachtenberg (March 21, 2014). Simon &
Times. Schuster, E-Book Services Strike Deal. The Wall Street
Journal.
[11] Cade Metz (October 1, 2013). Scribd Challenges Ama-
zon and Apple With Netix for Books". Wired. [33] Laura Hazard Owen (May 21, 2014). Simon & Schus-
ter adds its books to ebook subscription sites Scribd and
[12] Andy Orin (June 11, 2014). Behind the App: The Story Oyster. Gigaom.
of Scribd. Lifehacker.
[34] Ryan Mac (November 6, 2014). Scribd Adds Au-
[13] Jenna Schnuer (November 8, 2013). We Test It: Scribds diobooks To All-You-Read Library, Piling Pressure On
All-You-Can Read Digital Buet. Entrepreneur. Amazon. Forbes.
 5

[35] Anthony Ha (February 10, 2015). Scribd Adds Comics [56] iPaper: a Simple Way to View and Share Documents on
From Marvel, IDW, And Others To Its Subscription E- the Web. Wired. 2008-02-20. Retrieved 2014-08-28.
Book Service. TechCrunch.
[57] Scribd on your iPhone.
[36] Scribd will change its subscription service from unlim-
ited to semi-unlimited. TeleRead. Retrieved February [58] Global Storage Settings panel. Macromedia.com. Re-
16, 2016. trieved 2009-02-01.

[37] Jacob Kastrenakes (November 6, 2014). Scribd ex- [59] HTML5 and The Future of Publishing. Web 2.0 Expo.
pands its subscription library to include audiobooks. The Retrieved 2010-05-06.
Verge.
[60] Erick Schonfeld (May 5, 2010). Scribd CTO: We Are
[38] Cade Metz (November 6, 2014). Scribd Rolls Out the Scrapping Flash And Betting The Company On HTML5.
Internets First All-You-Can-Listen Audiobooks Service. Retrieved October 11, 2010.
Wired.
[61] Betting the House on HTML 5. Publishers Weekly. Re-
[39] Mic Wright (April 16, 2015). Scribd adds 9,000 Pen- trieved 2010-07-26.
guin Random House audiobooks including Game of
[62] Scribd SAP Largest API Integration Press Release.
Thrones". The Next Web.
Scribd. 2009-03-10. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
[40] Alexandra Alter (April 16, 2015). Scribd Expands Au-
[63] Scribd Developer Documentation. Archived from the
diobook Catalog in Deal With Penguin Random House.
original on 2015-07-28.
The New York Times.
[64] Press. Scribd. Retrieved 2013-12-30.
[41] Davey Alba (February 10, 2015). Scribd Unveils Netix
for Comics". Wired. [65] Schnuer, Jenna (2013-11-08). We Test It: Scribds All-
You-Can Read Digital Buet. Entrepreneur.com. Re-
[42] Seth Fiegerman (February 10, 2015). Scribd gains the
trieved 2013-12-31.
superpower of an unlimited comic book subscription.
Mashable. [66] Je Bercovici, Emily Inverso. 30 Under 30. Forbes.
[43] Sarah Mitro (February 10, 2015). Scribd serves up all [67] Jill Krasny. Scribd: The Library of the Future?". Inc.
the comics you can read, for $9 per month. CNet.
[68] Thomas Harlander (April 16, 2015). E-Book Throw-
[44] Fowler, Georey A. (2010-02-10). Scribd Plans Mobile down: Which Digital Library Service is Right for You?".
Application. Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2010-02-10. LA Mag.
[45] Scribd gets 'Readcasting': Autosharing made easy. [69] J.E. Cooper (June 1, 2015). Authors, readers explore the
CNet. Retrieved 2010-04-21. digital world. SF Gate.
[46] Scribd launches readcast. Marketwire. Retrieved 2010- [70] Scribd. XYO. June 29, 2015.
04-15.
[71] Mark Warner. scribd.com. 29 March 2009. Retrieved
[47] Scribds bet on the Facebook Eect. CNN. 2010-04-21. 1 January 2010.
Retrieved 2010-04-21.
[72] Johnson, Bobbie (2009-09-21). Book sharing site Scribd
[48] Scribd Redesign Is An Attempt To Become A Social
rejects claims of copyright infringement. The Guardian.
Network For Reading"". TechCrunch. Retrieved 2010-
London.
09-13.
[73] Class Action Copyright Suit Filed Against Scribd... By
[49] Carr, Austin (2013-10-01). Scribd, HarperCollins
Jammie Thomas Lawyers?". TechDirt. 2009-09-21. Re-
Launch $8.99 Subscription Book Service. Fast Com-
trieved 2009-09-21.
pany. Retrieved 2013-12-30.
[74] Greg Sandoval (September 19, 2009). Jammie Thomas
[50] Scribd Banks $3.5 Million from Redpoint.
lawyers le suit against Scribd. Retrieved October 11,
[51] Scribd CrunchBase Company Prole. 2010.

[52] Scribd raises $9 million, hires new president for social [75] Motoko Rich (2009-09-19). Jammie Thomas lawyers
publishing. le suit against Scribd. CNET News.com. Retrieved
2009-09-19.
[53] David Sacks. AngelList.
[76] Lawsuit Saying Scribds Copyright-Protection Filters
[54] David Kaplan (January 18, 2011). Scribd Raises $13 Infringe On Copyrights Has Been Dumped. Scribd.
Million To Support Mobile Moves, Product Expansion. TechDirt. 19 July 2010. Retrieved 24 September 2010.
Gigaom.
[77] Kravets, David (2010-07-19). Lawsuit Dropped;
[55] Ha, Anthony. Scribd Raises $22M For Its Subscription Claimed That Copyright-Filtering Violates Copyright.
E-Book Service. Wired. Retrieved 2013-02-21.
6 9 EXTERNAL LINKS

[78] Scribd looks like a winner. Scribd. TechCrunch. 29

March 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2010.

[79] Flood, Alison (2009-03-30). JK Rowling leads ght

against free books site Scribd. The Guardian. ISSN
0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-07-21.

[80] Stone, Brad (29 March 2009). passwords of comcast

customers exposed. nytimes.com. Retrieved 1 January
2010.

[81] Comcast passwords leaked onto the web. cnet.com. 29

March 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2010.

[82] Comcast passwords exposed. hothardware.com. 29

March 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2010.

[83] Gannes, Liz. Leaked Facebook Movie Script Paints

Zuckerberg as Vindictive and Naive. Gigaom.

[84] Freedom on the Net Turkey 2013. Freedom House.

Retrieved October 3, 2013.

[85] Adwar, Corey (August 20, 2014). 26-Year-Old Deaf-

Blind Lawyer Sues Scribd For Alleged Discrimination.
Business Insider. Retrieved April 21, 2017.

[86] National Federation of the Blind, et al. v. Scribd, Inc..

Disability Rights Advocates. July 14, 2016. Retrieved
April 21, 2017.

[87] BookID. Scribd. June 29, 2015.

[88] Michael Kozlowski (October 13, 2014). French Watch-

dog Accuses Scribd of eBook Piracy. Good eReader.

[89] BookID for Authors and Publishers. Scribd. June 29,

2015.

[90] Jason (February 26, 2009). Info, FAQs, and Fo-

rums/FAQ: Writing, Uploading and Managing Docu-
ments. Retrieved October 11, 2010.

9 External links
Media related to Scribd at Wikimedia Commons

Ocial website
 7

10 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

10.1 Text
Scribd Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scribd?oldid=794572375 Contributors: Jimbo Wales, Mjb, Lfh, Chrisjj, Dale Arnett, Psy-
chonaut, HaeB, Alan Liefting, Yama, Edcolins, Beland, Billposer, Halo, Tastiles, Mike Rosoft, ArnoldReinhold, YUL89YYZ, Spoon!,
Stesmo, Mike Schwartz, R. S. Shaw, Gary, Geo Swan, Apoc2400, Fritzpoll, DreamGuy, Mimosinnet, BD2412, Josh Parris, Rjwilmsi,
Nightscream, Ground Zero, Nihiltres, Bgwhite, Adoniscik, Wavelength, Spielberg, ErkDemon, Thnidu, AndrewWTaylor, 3en, SmackBot,
InverseHypercube, C.Fred, Rojomoke, Mcld, Chris the speller, Thumperward, Snori, Timneu22, Gyrobo, BullRangifer, DMacks, Lam-
biam, Attys, Gobonobo, CartesianAngst, Meco, Ric, WilliamJE, Agent007bond, Cydebot, Doug Weller, Scarpy, Andosmith, PKT, Jm3,
Mack2, WWB, Deective, MER-C, Ph.eyes, TAnthony, Gavia immer, Magioladitis, Mathematrucker, Froid, Andrewnpeters, Fallschir-
mjger, Kxmsf, Keith D, Rob Burbidge, Maproom, Leecolinharvey, Ineedspeed2007, Philip Trueman, Perohanych, Metaed, Natg 19,
Rcasati, Urbanrenewal, Falcon8765, Agentq314, RISCfuture, Alexbrn, Colfer2, OKBot, Fuddle, Motyka, ClueBot, SummerWithMorons,
Fadesga, Frmorrison, Aidar24, Niceguyedc, StigBot, Ottawahitech, Trivialist, 718 Bot, LeoFrank, Alexbot, Totie, Alejandrocaro35, Thesu-
permat, DumZiBoT, Badmachine, Paulmnguyen, Feministo, Tinyrock, Sgpsaros, Addbot, Aakash.goenka, Melab-1, Prairieplant, Zorrobot,
Balabiot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, TaBOT-zerem, AnomieBOT, Funcrunch, , Materialscientist, DSisyphBot, Almabot, Novonium,
ChrisSquire99, Slipslide, Ute in DC, Omnipaedista, LimeHat, Batmandk, Masrudin, FrescoBot, Anna Roy, Alarics, Ajnnadeau, MarB4,
I dream of horses, LittleWink, Stoelsz, Michael herr, Full-date unlinking bot, Treyharris1, Sylye, Deskford, 3dh3m, Lotje, Coercorash,
Dskrvk, Reach Out to the Truth, RjwilmsiBot, SimonRM, VernoWhitney, QuipQuotch, GoingBatty, Ida Shaw, KuduIO, Cappert, Theyann
PentaGram, AndyAgr, L Kensington, Philafrenzy, Donner60, MainFrame, AndyTheGrump, Rudymoman, EdoBot, Anita5192, ClueBot
NG, Onano, Goalloverhere, JimDustyRhodes, BG19bot, Petrarchan47, Wikiedit555, Pbeltranl, Mananshah15, DPL bot, WikiHanni-
bal, MaryanMS, Proxyma, Soulparadox, Vecto Rerso, Rezonansowy, Mogism, Manojranaweera, Youngblood20, Tslancaster, Tubeyak,
Ekips39, Mreasons, Bluelight999, RaphaelQS, Ugog Nizdast, Xrt6L, Bjorn.wastvedt, Prasidpathak1, JaconaFrere, BeccaCory, Melcous,
Wesalius, Satyam263, Madmike111, Usmanaslam30, Zaixar, Ayeletshacar, Daylen, Voloum, Thesampsonator, ProprioMe OW, AdamG,
NGPublishing, BBMatBlood, Bender the Bot, Gyoby, PrimeBOT, Marke Anthony I eru'd, Zoe.evans530, Ryecomp2 and Anonymous:
113

10.2 Images
File:Decrease_Positive.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors:
Decrease2.svg Original artist: Decrease2.svg: Sarang
File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-by-
sa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Scribd_Books.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Scribd_Books.jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Con-
tributors: Own work Original artist: Thesampsonator
File:Scribd_logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Scribd_logo.svg License: Public domain Contribu-
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10.3 Content license

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