Using Instructional Interactivity to

Improve e-Learning Design

by Ethan Edwards, Chief Instructional Strategist
 The interactivity we design for e-learning
must require the learner to do something
that is cognitively demanding and that leads
to improved performance.

Ethan Edwards
chief instructional strategist
Intro
The real benefit of e-learning is being able to create a design need to be intellectually engaged for learning to happen.
that improves learners skills and behavior while simultaneously Lasting change requires meaningful and compelling mental
achieving the operational advantages that e-learning offers engagement and interaction.
organizations. Yet much e-learning is composed of largely
wasted opportunities for useful interactivity. The real challenge as designers of e-learning is not so much
how to best convey information (that part is relatively easy),
What most people fail to understand about e-learning is that the but rather, it is to design experiences that engage learners in
mere presence of technology in a learning environment does not meaningful activitiesactivities in which the otherwise trivial
change the essential aspects of how people learn. Learning does actions of pointing mouse cursors and pressing keys take on
not occur passively. In live teaching, lecture formats with minimal a significance that represents consequential thinking. Read
activity on the part of the learner do not work very well. Yet some on to learn how Allen Interactions Context, Challenge, Activity
e-learning designers tend to create e-learning lessons that and Feedback (CCAF) Design Model achieves true instructional
are little more than exercises in listening or reading. Learners interactivity and leads to actual performance change.

Copyright 2015 Allen Interactions. All rights reserved. | 3

Instructional Interactivity
The heart of effective learninginstructional interactivity (as opposed Achieving instructional interactivity in a lesson requires a holistic view
to just interactivity) is an important design focus that capitalizes of the design. Rather than stringing standard questioning formats
on the potential presented by e-learning technologies. Instructional together in a logical sequence, the design must create a meaningful
interactivity is defined by Dr. Michael W. Allen, in Michael Allens Guide experience for the learner. That experience requires four integrated
to e-Learning, as interactivity that actively engages the learners components known as CCAF.
mind to do those things that improve ability and readiness to perform
effectively. While this definition is direct and complete, it may not
a stimulu
s or urgen
framework
be clear what it means to a designer. The interactivity designed for
cy to act
e-learning must require the learner to do something that is cognitively A meaningful XT
CHA
ns LL
demanding, and that leads to improved performance. Most designs and conditio TE

EN
begin with contentwhat the learner needs to know. Instead, design

CO

GE
needs to center around what the learner needs to do.

FEE

TY
This is a significant but crucial paradigm shift. Designers are easily
misled by subject matter expert (SME) colleagues to focus on getting

VI
BA I

D
the content right and complete. That is not enough. The learner needs CK AC
T
s e o r g esture
n
an opportunity to apply the content to solve some problem or achieve
p h y s i c al respo e challenge
a th
some significant end. the reflection back to the
n r e s p onse to
learner about the effectiveness i
of their actions

Copyright 2015 Allen Interactions. All rights reserved. | 4

Context
Context is the first element a learner encounters that provides a rather than skills. However, unlike e-learning authors, he knew enough
meaningful framework and conditions. The context is conveyed in the to not expect his readers to be intrigued by statements like, After
first seconds of exposure and very quickly sets the learners attitude for reading this book, the reader will be able to act selflessly in human
the learning that will proceed. At a very basic level, the learner decides relationships. Instead, he wrote about a small boy encountering a
if a lesson is going to be boring or interesting based on immediate mysterious, threatening, escaped convict in a cemetery, and created
impressions. The value of starting out with relevance, pleasure, or even the context for Great Expectations that carries the reader through
suspense cannot be underestimated. hundreds of pages of content. In doing so, it makes the moral lesson
at the heart of the work unforgettable. Instructional designers should
Context is best communicated implicitly. If the content is relevant to strive for this kind of contextual integration.
a retail situation, use visual imagery and story elements to put the
learner there immediately, instead of using formal language to describe
framework
the complexity of a setting. Ideally, establishing the context should be
A meaningful X T CHA
ns LL
inseparable from the content for which it is providing a framework of
and conditio TE

N
meaning.

EN
CO

GE
One of my favorite writers, Charles Dickens, was a master of this.
Similar to authors of e-learning, he had a strong intent to teach his

FEE

TY
readers. Dickens learning objectives happened to be moral messages

VI
BA I

D
CK T
AC

Copyright 2015 Allen Interactions. All rights reserved. | 5

Challenge
The great benefit of a powerful and meaningful context is that it need to know that theres something personal at stake in the training.
creates an opportunity to engage the learner in a compelling and They need to know that what they do actually matters. Designing
non-trivial challenge. meaningful challenges is a critical skill in creating instructional
interactivity in e-learning. The challenge can be overt or implied, but
The challenge in the context of an e-learning courses instructional the main thing is that the learner knows that success is possible, but
design is the part of the experience that creates in the learner some not guaranteed without some exertion of mental effort and personal
desire, urgency, and willingness to perform. The e-learning provides investment.
visual (and sometimes auditory) stimuli to which the learner must
respond. Learners need to be engaged to carry out the most successful a stimulu
s or urgen
responses to the tasks presented. This is mainly a function of the sense cy to act
CHA
XT LL
of challenge embodied in the e-learning.
TE

EN
CO

GE
The common reaction that e-learning is boring is more about the lack
of a challenge than some intrinsic boring quality of content. Learners

FEE

TY
VI
BA I

D
CK T
AC

Copyright 2015 Allen Interactions. All rights reserved. | 6

Activity
The activity of an e-learning course is a physical response or gesture on the content, mirror the real world, require the learner to engage in
in response to the challenge. Of course, most activities should be the expected outcomes, add a level of physical challenge matching the
focused on demonstrating mastery rather than on navigation, but it is anticipated outcome, and require a level of thoughtful effort, will greatly
important to be mindful of what the learner is to master when devising enhance the engagement and long-term effectiveness of e-learning
activities. People tend to remember what they do more than what experiences.
they read or hearso it is important to have learners do those things
that are most important. Most traditional activities direct the learner
to remember content, when the focus should really be on using the
T CHA
X LL
information to successfully perform. TE

EN
CO

GE
Too many instructional designs rely on a relatively small set of arbitrary
activities as the core of their instruction without realizing how critical

FEE
the specific activities the learner will perform are to the ultimate

TY
outcomes of a training piece. Creating activities that focus the learner

VI
BA I

D
T ure
CK AC p o n s e or gest
al res enge
a physic se to the chall
on
in resp

Copyright 2015 Allen Interactions. All rights reserved. | 7

Feedback
Feedback is what happens in response to any learner action. Feedback evaluates correctness through consequences embedded directly in the
should be helpful and informative with the intention of providing simulated environment. For those wishing to add gaming aspects to
everything the learner needs in order to improve performance. their e-learning, manipulating consequences and presenting intrinsic
feedback are some of the most effective strategies.
Often feedback in e-learning is limited to judgmentthat is,
indicating whether the learner was right or wrong. While this is an
T CHA
important part of evaluation, by itself it is not particularly helpful X LL
for instruction. Learner-centered feedback focuses on providing TE

EN
CO
content-rich, multi-faceted coaching and instruction specific to the

GE
particular errors made by each learner. Also, to build expertise, it is
useful to fade out extrinsic feedback (explicit statements of judgment

FEE

TY
and direction) and, particularly in conceptual and problem solving

VI
arenas, transition to intrinsic feedback systems where the learner
BA I

D
CK C T
A
the reflection back to the
learner about the effectiveness
of their actions

Copyright 2015 Allen Interactions. All rights reserved. | 8

A CCAF Design Example
This e-learning course provides instruction and practice in safe navigation of railroad crossings for school bus drivers. The performance goal is to
build confidence in carrying out the safe rail crossing driving principles.

Context: The learner is immersed in a version of the real

performance environmentdriving down the road in the drivers
seat of a school bus.

Challenge: Safely deliver the cargo of youngsters to the

destination, being careful to avoid any traffic violations or
accidents along the way that the learner encounters at a variety
of rail crossings.

Activity: Use the controls and devices accessible on the bus

dashboard to control the stopping and starting of the vehicle,
status of doors and windows, warning lights and accessories,
and even an intercom to monitor and communicate to the
passengers.

Feedback: Tickets and newspaper articles communicate the

consequences of bad decisions. A best practices checklist
reinforces safe driving techniques.

Remember that the most important aspect of creating interactive e-learning is in creating meaningful, engaging and productive performance
challenges supported by appropriate instructional resources and content. The CCAF Design Model for creating Instructional Interactivity is an
effective tool for creating e-learning that makes a difference in learner performance and drives business change.
Ethan Edwards
chief instructional strategist
@ethanaedwards

Ethan Edwards draws on more than 30 years of industry

experience as an e-learning instructional designer and
developer. He is responsible for the delivery of the internal
and external training and communications that reflect Allen
Interactions unique perspective on designing and developing
meaningful and memorable e-learning programs.

Edwards is the primary instructor for ATDs e-Learning

Instructional Design Certificate Program. In addition, he is an
internationally recognized speaker on e-learning instructional
design. He is a primary blogger on Allen Interactions e-Learning
Leadership Blog and has published several white papers on
creating effective e-learning. Ethan holds a masters degree and
significant doctoral work in educational psychology from the
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.
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