Hot Rolled Steel - Composite Beam Design
Hot Rolled Steel - Composite Beam Design
mk:@MSITStore:C:\Program%20Files\RISA91\risaflrw.chm::/Floor_Only_Topics/Hot%2... 5/24/2011
Hot Rolled Steel - Composite Beam Design Page 2 of 7
z The 13th Edition of AISC's Steel Construction Manual (LRFD & ASD)
z The 9th Edition of AISC's Steel Construction Manual for Allowable Stress Design (ASD)
z The 2nd and 3rd Editions of AISCs Steel Construction Manual for Load & Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
z The 2001 Edition of the Canadian code (CAN/CSA-S16)
All beams are assigned a set of Design Rules that may be used to control the beam's geometry, allowable stress / capacity
ratios, and deflection. For un-shored construction, the steel shape alone must satisfy these Design Rules when subjected to its
construction and pre-composite loads. See the sections on Design Rules and Load Combinations for more information.
Pre-Composite Design
The maximum allowable stress or moment capacity for the pre-composite beam is based entirely on Chapter F of the AISC
Specifications. The capacity of the pre-composite beam is compared to the actual pre-composite loading and stresses to
determine the adequacy of the beam. The pre-composite design values can be reviewed in the Non-Composite Bending
Capacity section of the Member Detail Report.
Note
z Pre-Composite beam design is only performed for load combinations that contain the DL-Pre load category.
z For shored construction, the steel beam is assumed to be fully supported during the construction period and will not
be designed for loading in the pre-composite state. Pre-DL loads, such as beam and deck self weight, will be added
into the post-composite loads to be resisted by the full composite section.
z For ASD design, the transformed moment of inertia used to calculate post-composite stresses is based on normal
weight concrete per the requirements in the ASD specification. However, the post composite deflection will be based
on the weight of concrete specified by the user or the Elastic modulus entered on the Deck Properties Spreadsheet.
mk:@MSITStore:C:\Program%20Files\RISA91\risaflrw.chm::/Floor_Only_Topics/Hot%2... 5/24/2011
Hot Rolled Steel - Composite Beam Design Page 3 of 7
Deflection Design
Total Deflection Design and Beam Camber
The total beam deflection is a summation of the pre-composite deflection (minus beam camber) and the post composite
deflection. The pre-composite deflection is based on the unfactored pre-composite loads and the non-composite beam
properties. The post composite deflection is based on the additional post composite loads and the composite beam
properties.
Beams are cambered to reduce a portion of the pre-composite dead load deflection of the beam. This percentage and the
other various camber controls are specified by the user in the Global Parameters screen. See Global Parameters for more
information.
Note:
z The self-weight column here is what is used to assign camber. None of the load defined in the PreDL load category
will be considered when cambering members.
z The maximum moment will not always result in the maximum required stud density. For this reason, the program
calculates the required stud distribution for each load combination and retains the maximum requirement for its
design values.
Uniform Studs When a uniform stud distribution is used, the program will calculate the maximum stud density required in
the beam and apply that stud density to the entire beam.
Segmented Studs When a segmented stud distribution is allowed, the program first fills the segments at the ends of the
beam. The studs in these segments see a greater percentage of the total shear than the studs towards the mid-span of the
beam.
The program will use the fewest number of stud rows possible. Once the number of studs in a segment reaches the number
that can be fit into one row, the program will begin to add studs to the next beam segment. This continues until all the beam
mk:@MSITStore:C:\Program%20Files\RISA91\risaflrw.chm::/Floor_Only_Topics/Hot%2... 5/24/2011
Hot Rolled Steel - Composite Beam Design Page 4 of 7
segments resisting the applied moment are filled. If necessary another row of studs will be added, starting again with the
outer segments.
Note
z The maximum number of segments used for stud distribution is five. If a composite beam has more than five
segments it will be designed using a uniform stud distribution.
Deck Ranking
RISAFloor allows different composite slabs on either side of a beam. The slab properties are "left" and "right" where the
beam is oriented such that its start point is at the bottom and its end point is at the top. When there are multiple decks on one
side of a beam span, the program finds the deck with the most conservative design properties for each side of the beam. This
will be based on the deck orientation (parallel or perpendicular), the thickness of the slab, the elastic modulus of the concrete,
and the distance from beam flange to slab centroid. Since perpendicular decks receive no additional stiffness from the
concrete filled ribs and control stud placement, they are always assumed to control over parallel ones.
Note
z By default a deck that makes an angle to the beam of 10 degrees or less is considered parallel to the beam. This
default may be changed on the Global Parameters screen.
The second parameter used to control effective width calculations is the Orthogonal Beam Angle which lets you define what
angle constitutes orthogonal framing and therefore does not encroach on the effective width. In the figure above, Beam A and
Beam C truly are orthogonal and therefore have no affect on each others effective widths. Beam B, however, is skewed to its
supports and may or may not be considered orthogonal. For example, if the Orthogonal Beam Angle is set to 45 degrees
then the Beam B Beam C connection, which forms a 60 degree angle, is considered orthogonal. However, the Beam B
mk:@MSITStore:C:\Program%20Files\RISA91\risaflrw.chm::/Floor_Only_Topics/Hot%2... 5/24/2011
Hot Rolled Steel - Composite Beam Design Page 5 of 7
Beam A connection forms a 30 degree angle and therefore is not considered orthogonal and effective width calculations will
not be performed there (i.e. the effective width above Beam A is zero). If you would like to override this effective width
calculation you may do so by entering a value in the B-eff Left or B-eff Right columns on the Hot Rolled tab of the Beams
spreadsheet.
General Limitations
Negative Moments - All beams with negative moments will be designed as non-composite beams. Typically these will be
continuous beams and cantilevers.
Beams with Slender Webs Beams that have slender webs will be designed as non-composite beams.
Long Term Deflections No calculations are performed to account for additional deflections due to the creep or shrinkage
of the concrete slab.
Neutral Axis within Slab - RISAFloor assumes that the entire concrete slab will be on the compression side of the neutral
axis. When the neutral axis is within the slab, the program does NOT adjust the composite section properties to neglect the
portion of the concrete slab that is in tension.
z No subtraction for the pull-out area is being done for beams adjacent to slab edges (i.e. spandrel beams).
z No provisions is given for pull-out area in cases with more than two rows of studs.Therefore, the maximum number
of stud rows is limited to two for beams with perpendicular decks.
z The c/c spacing between two rows of studs is taken as 4 times the diameter of the studs for calculating the additional
pull-out area in case of two rows.
1. The Deck properties may not be sufficient for composite behavior. Some of these requirements are:
a. Thickness of Slab must be at least 2.0 in (per ASD I5.1-5 or LRFD I3.5a)
b. Height of Studs must extend at least 1.5 in into slab above deck (per I5.1-4 or LRFD I3.5a)
c. Diameter Of Studs should not exceed 3/4 of an inch (per I5.1-3 or LRFD I3.5a)
d. Rib Width must be greater than 2 in (per I5.1-2 or LRFD I3.5a)
mk:@MSITStore:C:\Program%20Files\RISA91\risaflrw.chm::/Floor_Only_Topics/Hot%2... 5/24/2011
Hot Rolled Steel - Composite Beam Design Page 6 of 7
e. Weight of Concrete must be greater than 90 pcf (per ASD table I4.2 or LRFD I5.1)
f. Strength of Concrete must be greater than 3 ksi (per ASD table I4.1)
2. There may not be enough room to add the required number of studs to achieve composite behavior. This may happen
when a deck forms a relatively steep angle with the beam and there are ribs available for stud placement. The
minimum composite behavior may designated on the Global Parameters.
3. Load combinations that use a "DLpre" load are considered to be pre-composite load combinations. If you do not have
a "shored" deck, then you should have at least one pre-composite load combination.
4. Load Combinations that do NOT use a DLpre load, are considered to be post-composite load combinations. You
MUST have at least one post-composite load combination to get composite behavior.
5. Beams with negative bending are not currently designed for composite behavior.
6. The beam alone may satisfy the loading and deflection requirements without needing any help from composite
behavior. In this case, you may force a composite design by clearing the Use Non-Composite if Optimum option in
the Global Parameters.
Deck
This section will display the deck type that controlled on each side of the beam. along with the deck properties (Height,
Wr_top, Wr_bot, and pitch).
Concrete
This section will display the concrete information for the controlling deck as well as the calculated effective width for each
side of the beam.
Studs
This section displays the input stud information along with the following calculated values:
Shear Capacity of each stud, Qn.
The total number of studs on the beam, Quantity,
The Total Q shear force transferred between beam and slab.
The percent of full composite behavior.
Composite Section
This section displays the information used to calculate much of the composite properties and is very useful for comparison to
hand calculations. Items that are reported include:
The distance from the Elastic Neutral Axis to the extreme top concrete fiber, YTop.
mk:@MSITStore:C:\Program%20Files\RISA91\risaflrw.chm::/Floor_Only_Topics/Hot%2... 5/24/2011
Hot Rolled Steel - Composite Beam Design Page 7 of 7
The Compressive force in the concrete flange required to achieve full composite behavior, Cf, along with the actual flange
compression force, Cf'. For ASD 9th edition, these values will be reported as Vh and Vh'.
The full transformed moment of inertia, Itr, as if the beam were fully composite along with the effected moment of inertia
based on the partial composite behavior, Ieff.
The Distance from the Plastic Neutral Axis to the top of the steel section, PNA Y1.
The moment demand, Mu versus the nominal moment capacity, Mn.
The depth of the effective compression block, a, in the concrete versus the compression capacity of the full concrete slab,
Cmax.
The tension capacity of the full steel section in yield, Tmax.
For ASD 9th edition, there will be other actual stress and allowable stress values reported as describe in the sections on Pre
and Post Composite design.
mk:@MSITStore:C:\Program%20Files\RISA91\risaflrw.chm::/Floor_Only_Topics/Hot%2... 5/24/2011