A SURVEY OF MAC PROTOCOLS FOR WIRELESS SENSOR

NETWORKS

Rajesh Yadav
Electronis and Radar Development Establishment
Defense R & D Organization, Bangalore, India

Shirshu Varma
Indian Institute of Information Technolgy, Allahabad, India

N. Malaviya
Institute of Engineering & Technology, Lucknow, India

ABSTRACT
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have become an active research area for the
researchers. The sensor nodes are generally unattended after their deployment in
hazardous, hostile or remote areas. These nodes have to work with their limited and non
replenish able energy resources. Energy efficiency is one of the main design objectives
for these sensor networks. In this paper, we present the challenges in the design of the
energy efficient medium access control (MAC) protocols for the wireless sensor network.
We describe several MAC protocols for the WSNs emphasizing their strength and
weakness wherever possible. Finally, we discuss the future research directions in the
MAC protocol design.

Keywords: Energy Efficiency, Medium Access Control, Wireless Sensor Network

1 INTRODUCTION power efficient MAC protocol is one of the ways to

prolong the life time of the network. In this work we

W IRELESS Sensor Networks (WSNs) have

emerged as one of the dominant technology
trends of this decade (2000-2010) that has
carried the study of the energy efficient MAC
protocols for the wireless sensor network.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows.
potential usage in defence and scientific applications. Section 2 discusses challenges in the design of the
These WSNs can be used for different purposes such MAC protocol. Section 3 presents the different
as target tracking, intrusion detection, wildlife proposed MAC protocols emphasizing their strength
habitat monitoring, climate control and disaster and weakness wherever possible. Section 4 discusses
management [1]. A typical node in the WSN consists future research directions in the MAC protocol
of a sensor, embedded processor, moderate amount design. Finally, Section 5 concludes the paper.
of memory and transmitter/receiver circuitry. These
sensor nodes are normally battery powered and they 2 MAC PROTOCOL DESIGN CHALLENGES
coordinate among them selves to perform a common
task. The medium access control protocols for the
These Wireless Sensor Networks have severe wireless sensor network have to achieve two
resource constrains and energy conservation is very objectives. The first objective is the creation of the
essential. The sensor nodes radio in the WSNs sensor network infrastructure. A large number of
consumes a significant amount of energy. Substantial sensor nodes are deployed and the MAC scheme
research has been done on the design of low power must establish the communication link between the
electronic devices in order to reduce energy sensor nodes. The second objective is to share the
consumption of these sensor nodes. Because of communication medium fairly and efficiently.
hardware limitations further energy efficiency can be
achieved through the design of energy efficient 2.1 Attributes of a Good MAC Protocol
communication protocols. Medium access control
(MAC) is an important technique that ensures the To design a good MAC protocol for the wireless
successful operation of the network. One of the main sensor networks, the following attributes are to be
functions of the MAC protocol is to avoid collisions considered [2].
from interfering nodes. The classical IEEE 802.11
MAC protocol for wireless local area network wastes
a lot of energy because of idle listening. Designing

UbiCC Journal, Volume 4, Number 3, August 2009 827

(i) Energy Efficiency: The first is the energy (i) Energy Consumption per bit: - The energy
efficiency. The sensor nodes are battery powered and efficiency of the sensor nodes can be defined as the
it is often very difficult to change or recharge total energy consumed / total bits transmitted. The
batteries for these sensor nodes. Sometimes it is unit of energy efficiency is joules/bit. The lesser the
beneficial to replace the sensor node rather than number, the better is the efficiency of a protocol in
recharging them. transmitting the information in the network. This
performance matrices gets affected by all the major
(ii) Latency: The second is latency. Latency
sources of energy waste in wireless sensor network
requirement basically depends on the application. In
such as idle listening, collisions, control packet
the sensor network applications, the detected events
overhead and overhearing.
must be reported to the sink node in real time so that
the appropriate action could be taken immediately. (ii) Average Delivery Ratio: - The average packet
delivery ratio is the number of packets received to
(iii) Throughput: Throughput requirement also varies
the number of packets sent averaged over all the
with different applications. Some of the sensor
nodes.
network application requires to sample the
information with fine temporal resolution. In such (iii) Average Packet Latency: - The average packet
sensor applications it is better that sink node receives latency is the average time taken by the packets to
more data. reach to the sink node.
(iv) Fairness: In many sensor network applications (iv) Network Throughput:-The network throughput is
when bandwidth is limited, it is necessary to ensure defined as the total number of packets delivered at
that the sink node receives information from all the sink node per time unit.
sensor nodes fairly. However among all of the above
aspects the energy efficiency and throughput are the
3 PROPOSED MAC PROTOCOLS
major aspects. Energy efficiency can be increased by
minimizing the energy wastage.
The medium access control protocols for the
wireless sensor networks can be classified broadly
2.2 Major Sources of Energy Wastes into two categories: Contention based and Schedule
based.
Major sources of energy waste in wireless sensor The schedule based protocol can avoid collisions,
network are basically of four types [2] [3]. overhearing and idle listening by scheduling transmit
(i) Collision: The first one is the collision. When a & listen periods but have strict time synchronization
transmitted packet is corrupted due to interference, it requirements. The contention based protocols on the
has to be discarded and the follow on retransmissions other hand relax time synchronization requirements
increase energy consumption. Collision increases and can easily adjust to the topology changes as
latency also. some new nodes may join and others may die few
years after deployment. These protocols are based on
(ii) Overhearing: The second is overhearing,
Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) technique
meaning that a node picks up packets that are
destined to other nodes. and have higher costs for message collisions,
overhearing and idle listening.
(iii) Packet Overhead: The third source is control
packet overhead. Sending and receiving control 3.1 IEEE 802.11
packets consumes energy too and less useful data
packets can be transmitted. The IEEE 802.11 [19] is a well known contention
(iv) Idle listening: The last major source of based medium access control protocol which uses
inefficiency is idle listening i.e., listening to receive carrier sensing and randomized back-offs to avoid
possible traffic that is not sent. This is especially true collisions of the data packets. The Power Save Mode
in many sensor network applications. If nothing is (PSM) of the IEEE 802.11 protocol reduces the idle
sensed, the sensor node will be in idle state for most listening by periodically entering into the sleep state.
of the time. The main goal of any MAC protocol for This PSM mode is for the single-hop network where
sensor network is to minimize the energy waste due the time synchronization is simple and may not be
to idle listening, overhearing and collision. suitable for multi-hop networks because of the
problems in clock synchronization, neighbour
2.3 MAC Performance Matrices
discovery and network partitioning.
In order to evaluate and compare the performance
of energy conscious MAC protocols, the following
matrices are being used by the research community.

UbiCC Journal, Volume 4, Number 3, August 2009 828

3.2 PAMAS: Power Aware Multi-Access activation event has occurred for a time Ta as
Signaling shown in Fig. 2. The event can be reception of data,
start of listen/sleep frame time etc. The time Ta is
PAMAS: Power Aware Multi-Access [15] is one the minimal amount of idle listening per frame. The
of the earliest contention based MAC protocol interval Ta > Tci + Trt + Tta + Tct where Tci is the
designed with energy efficiency as the main length of the contention interval, Trt is the length of
objective. In this protocol nodes which are not an RTS packet, Tta is the turn-around time (time
transmitting or receiving are turned OFF in order between the end of the RTS packet and the beginning
to conserve energy. This protocol uses two separate of the CTS packet) and Tct is the length of the CTS
channels for the data and control packets. It requires packet. The energy consumption in the Timeout T-
the use of two radios in the different frequency bands MAC protocol is less than the Sensor S-MAC
at each sensor node leading to the increase in the protocol. But the Timeout T-MAC protocol has high
sensors cost, size and design complexity. Moreover, latency as compared to the S-MAC protocol.
there is significant power consumption because of
excessive switching between sleep and wakeup
states.

3.3 Sensor S-MAC

Sensor S-MAC [2] a contention based MAC Figure 2: Basic T-MAC Scheme
protocol is modification of IEEE 802.11 protocol
specially designed for the wireless sensor network in
2002. In this medium access control protocol sensor 3.5 Optimized MAC
node periodically goes to the fixed listen/sleep cycle.
A time frame in S-MAC is divided into to parts: one In the Optimized MAC protocol [5], the sensors
for a listening session and the other for a sleeping duty cycle is changed based on the network load. If
session. Only for a listen period, sensor nodes are the traffic is more than the duty cycle will be more
able to communicate with other nodes and send some and for low traffic the duty cycle will be less. The
control packets such as SYNC, RTS (Request to network load is identified based on the number of
Send), CTS (Clear to Send) and ACK messages in the queue pending at a particular sensor.
(Acknowledgement). By a SYNC packet exchange The control packet overhead is minimized by
all neighbouring nodes can synchronize together and reducing the number and size of the control packets
using RTS/CTS exchange the two nodes can as compared to those used in the S-MAC protocol.
communicate with each other. The basic S-MAC This protocol may be suited for applications in which
scheme where node 1 transmits data to node 2 is apart from energy efficiency there is need for low
shown in Fig. 1. A lot of energy is still wasted in this latency.
protocol during listen period as the sensor will be
3.6 Traffic Adaptive Medium Access Protocol
awake even if there is no reception/transmission.
(TRAMA)

The traffic adaptive medium access (TRAMA) [6]

is a TDMA based protocol that has been designed for
energy efficient collision free channel in WSNs. In
this protocol the power consumption has been
reduced by ensuring collision free transmission and
by switching the nodes to low power idle state when
they are not transmitting or receiving. This protocol
consists of three main parts: a) The Neighbor
Protocol is for collecting the information about the
neighboring nodes b) The Schedule Exchange
Figure 1: Basic S-MAC Scheme, Node 1 Transmits Protocol is for exchanging the two-hop neighbor
Data to Node 2 information and their schedule c) The Adaptive
Election Algorithm decides the transmitting and
3.4 Timeout T-MAC receiving nodes for the current time slot using the
neighborhood and schedule information. The other
Timeout T-MAC [3] is the protocol based on the nodes in the same time slot are switched to low
S-MAC protocol in which the Active period is pre- power mode.
empted and the sensor goes to the sleep period if no

UbiCC Journal, Volume 4, Number 3, August 2009 829

 The TRAMA is shown to be more energy efficient 3.9 WiseMAC
and has higher throughput than Sensor S-MAC
protocol. However, the latency of TRAMA is more The WiseMAC [14] medium access control
as compared to the other contention based MAC protocol was developed for the WiseNET wireless
protocol such as S-MAC and IEEE 802.11. The sensor network. This protocol is similar to Spatial
delay performance obtained by the analytical model TDMA and CSMA with Preamble Sampling
for TRAMA and NAMA [7] shows that TRAMA has protocol [13] where all the sensor nodes have two
higher delays than NAMA. This protocol may be communication channels. TDMA is used for
suitable for applications which are not delay accessing data channel and CSMA is used for
sensitive but require higher energy efficiency and accessing control channel. However, WiseMAC [14]
throughput. needs only one channel and uses non-persistent
CSMA with preamble sampling technique to reduce
3.7 Self Organizing Medium Access Control power consumption during idle listening. This
for Sensor Networks (SMACS) protocol uses the preamble of minimum size based
on the information of the sampling schedule of its
SMACS [9] is a schedule based medium access direct neighbors. The sleep schedules of the
control protocol for the wireless sensor network. neighboring nodes are updated by the
This MAC protocol uses a combination of TDMA acknowledgement message (ACK) during every data
and FDMA or CDMA for accessing the channel. In transfer. WiseMAC is adaptive to the traffic loads
this protocol the time slots are wasted if the sensor and provides low power consumption during low
node does not have data to be sent to the intended traffic and high energy efficiency during high traffic.
receivers. This is one of the drawbacks of this MAC The simulation results show that WiseMAC
scheme. performs better than S-MAC protocol.

3.8 Aloha with Preamble Sampling 3.10 Berkeley a Access Control (B-MAC)

Aloha with Preamble Sampling is proposed in The Berkeley Media Access Control (B-MAC)
[11] where the ALOHA protocol [20] has been [10] is a contention based MAC protocol for WSNs.
combined with the preamble sampling technique. B-MAC is similar to Aloha with Preamble Sampling
The main draw back of the Carrier Sense Multiple [11], which duty cycles the radio transceiver i.e. the
Access (CSMA) is the energy wastage due to idle sensor node turns ON/OFF repeatedly without
listening. El-Hoiydi in [11] proposed low power missing the data packets. However in B-MAC, the
listening technique that efficiently duty cycles the preamble length is provided as parameter to the
radio (i.e., turns it ON periodically).This approach upper layer. This provides optimal trade-off between
works at the physical layer based on the PHY Header energy savings and latency or throughput. The paper
going to sensors radio. The Header starts with the also presents an analytical model for monitoring
Preamble which intimates the receiver of upcoming application to calculate and set B-MAC parameters
messages. The receiver periodically turns radio ON in order to optimize the power consumption. The
to sample for the incoming messages and if the experimental results show B-MAC has better
preamble is detected, it continues listening for the performance in terms of latency, throughput and
normal message transfer. If the preamble is not often energy consumption as compared to S-MAC.
detected it turns OFF radio till next sample. This
carrier sensing approach as shown in Fig. 3 was 3.11 Energy Aware TDMA Based MAC
combined with ALOHA by El-Hoiydi in [11] and
named it Aloha with Preamble Sampling which is Energy Aware TDMA Based MAC [16] protocol
suitable for low traffic wireless sensor network assumes the formation of clusters in the network.
applications. This paper also presents the power Each of the cluster sensor nodes is managed by the
consumption, delay performance and life time Gateway. The Gateways collects the information
computed by analytical methods. from the other sensor nodes within its cluster,
performs the data fusion, communicates with the
other gateways and finally sends the data to the
control center. The assignment of the time slots to
the sensor nodes within its cluster is performed by
Gateways. The Gateways inform to the other nodes
about the time slot when it should listen to other
nodes and the time slot when it can transmit own
data.
Figure 3: Low Power Listening and Preamble This TDMA based MAC protocol consist of four
Sampling main phases: data transfer, refresh, event triggered-

UbiCC Journal, Volume 4, Number 3, August 2009 830

rerouting and refresh-based rerouting. The data awake for one extra time slot after forwarding the
transfer phase is for sending the data in its allocated packet.
time slot. During refresh phase, the nodes update its
state (energy level, state, position etc) to the
gateway. The gateway requires this nodes state
information for performing rerouting during event
triggered-rerouting. The refresh-based rerouting
occurs periodically after the refresh phase. During
both these rerouting phases the gateway execute the
routing algorithms and sends new routes to the
sensor nodes.
The paper presents two approaches for slot
assignment based on graph parsing strategy: Breadth
First Search (BFS) and Depth First Search (DFS).
BFS technique, assigns the time slot numbers
starting from outer most sensor node giving them
contiguous slots. While DFS technique assigns
contiguous time slots for the nodes on the route from Figure 4: Data gathering tree in D-MAC scheme
outermost sensor node to the gateway.
Simulations have been performed for energy Therefore, if two children were contending for
consumption per packet, end-to-end delay, parents receive slot, the loosing child will get a
throughput, nodes lifetime etc. against the buffer size second chance to send its packet. The D-MAC uses a
for both BFS and DFS techniques. BFS saves the separate control packet named MTS (More to Send)
energy consumption in switching between the ON & to solve the problem of the interference between
OFF states and therefore the nodes lifetime is high. nodes on the different branches of the tree. The MTS
This technique requires the nodes to have sufficient packet makes all the nodes on the multi-hop path to
buffer capacity. While DFS does not save the energy remain active in case of nodes failure due to
consumption of switching between the ON & OFF interference.
states but avoids buffer overflow problem. However, The simulation results shows that the D-MAC
DFS has low latency and high throughput as protocol outperforms the Sensor S-MAC protocol in
compared to BFS. terms of energy efficiency, latency and throughput in
both multi-hop chain topology and random data
3.12 Data Gathering MAC (D-MAC) gathering tree topology.

The DataGathering Medium Access Control (D- 4 FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS

MAC) [12] is a schedule based MAC protocol
which has been designed and optimized for tree In the recent years a large number of medium
based data gathering (converge cast communication) access control (MAC) protocols for the wireless
in wireless sensor network. The main objective of sensor network have been published by the
this MAC protocol is to achieve low latency and still researchers. Most of the work on the MAC focuses
maintaining the energy efficiency. In this protocol primarily on the energy efficiency in the sensor
the time is divided in small slots and runs carrier network [8]. However, still a lot of work has to done
sensing multiple access (CSMA) with in the other areas at the MAC layer such as:
acknowledgement within each slot to
transmit/receive one packet. The sensor node (i) Network Security: - Sensor network security at
periodically executes the basic sequence of 1 MAC layer to protect against eavesdropping and
transmit, 1 receive and n sleep slots. In this malicious behavior has to be studied further. Karlof
approach a single packet from a source node at depth et al. in TinySec [22] have proposed secure MAC
k in the tree reaches the sink node with a delay of protocol based on shared key but still more advanced
just k time slots. This delay is very small and it is schemes needs to be developed.
in the order of tens of milliseconds. A data gathering
(converge cast) tree with staggered DMAC slots is (ii) Nodes Mobility: - The nodes in the wireless
shown in Fig. 4. sensor network were originally assumed to be static.
D-MAC includes an overflow mechanism to Recently there has been increasing interest in
handle the problem when each single source node medical care and disaster response applications
has low traffic rate but the aggregate rate at where the mobile sensors can be attached to the
intermediate node is larger than the basic duty cycle. patient, doctor or first responder. The mobility at the
In this mechanism the sensor node will remain MAC layer has been considered in MMAC [21], still
there is a lot of scope for future research in this area.

UbiCC Journal, Volume 4, Number 3, August 2009 831

 (iii) Evaluation on Sensor Platforms: - Most of the Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor
protocols for the wireless sensor network have been Systems (November 2003).
evaluated through the simulations. However, the [4] Changsu Suh, Young-Mi Song, Young-Bee Ko,
performance of the MAC protocol needs to be and We Duke Cho: Energy Efficient & Delay
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(iv) Real Time Systems: - Energy efficiency is the
[5] Rajesh Yadav, Shirshu Varma and N.Malaviya:
main design objective of the sensor network but the
Optimized Medium Access Control for Wireless
reliable delivery of data in the real time is essential
Sensor Network, IJCSNS International Journal
for certain time critical applications. This is also a
of Computer Science and Network Security,
promising research area which needs to be studied
Vol. 8, No.2, pp. 334 -338 (February 2008).
more extensively.
[6] V. Rajendran, K. Obraczka and J.J. Gracia-
5 CONCLUSIONS Luna-Aceves: Energy Efficient, Collision Free
Medium Access Control for Wireless Sensor
Recently several medium access control protocols Networks, in ACM International Conference on
for the wireless sensor network have been proposed Embedded Networked Sensor Systems
by the researchers. However, no protocol is accepted (SenSys), pp. 181-192 (November 2003).
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[14] C.C. Enz, A. El-Hoiydi, J.-D. Decotignie, V. radar applications. Before joining DRDO, he has
Peiris: WiseNET: An Ultralow-Power Wireless worked as Lecturer in Computer Sc.& Engg.
Sensor Network Solution, IEEE Computer, Vol. Department in Kumaon Engineering College,
37, Issue 8 (August 2004). ALMORA (Uttranchal) from 1995 to 1998.
[15] S. Singh and C. Raghavendra: PAMAS: Power
Aware Multi-Access Protocol with Signaling for Shirshu Varma graduated in
Ad-hoc Network, ACM SIGCOMM Computer Electronics and Commu-
Communication Review (July 1998). nication Engineering from
[16] K. Arisha, M. Youssef and M. Younis: Energy Allahabad University and
Aware TDMA based MAC for Sensor Network,
post graduated in Commu-
in IEEE Workshop on Integrated Management
nication Engineering from
of Power Aware Communications Computing
BIT Mesra Ranchi, India. He
and Networking (IMPACCT02) (2002).
[17] Zhihui Chen, Ashfaq Khokhar: Self completed his Ph.D in
Organisation and Energy Efficient TDMA MAC Optical Communication from
Protocol by Wakeup for Wireless Sensor University of Lucknow. He
Networks, in Proceedings of the IEEE has served many organizations like BIT Mesra
Conference (SECON04) (August 2004). Ranchi, IET Lucknow, C-DAC Noida in the capacity
[18] M. Ali, Saif, A. Dunkels, T. Voigt, K. Romer, of lecturer, Sr. lecturer & IT Consultant. Presently he
K. Langendoen, J. Polastre, Z. A. Uzmi: is working Assistant Professor in IIIT Allahabad.
Medium Access Control Issues in Sensor Dr. Varma has published about 27 papers in
Networks, ACM SIGCOMM Computer international and national journals and conferences
Communication Review, Vol. 36, No. 2 (April of repute. He is a member of IEEE and life member
2006). of ISTE. He has been a recipient of many national
[19] IEEE Standard 802.11. Wireless LAN Medium awards in this area. His areas of interest are
Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer intelligent sensor network, wireless sensor network,
(PHY) Specifications (1999). Optical wireless communication, Wireless
[20] N. Abramson: The ALOHA System Another communication & network.
Alternative for Computer Communications, in
Proceedings Fall Joint Computer Conference, N. Malaviya worked as
AFIPS Press, Vol. 37, pp. 281-285 (1970). Prof & Head Electronics
[21] M. Ali, T. Suleman, and Z. A. Uzmi: MMAC: A Department at Institute of
Mobility Adaptive , Collision Free MAC Engineering and Tech-
Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks, in
nology, Lucknow (U.P),
Proceedings 24th IEEE IPCCC'05, Phoenix,
India. He completed his
Arizona, USA (April 2005).
Ph.D and M.Tech from
[22] C. Karlof, N. Sastry, and D. Wagner: TinySec:
A Link Layer Security Architecture for Wireless Indian Institute of
Sensor Networks", in Proceedings SenSys'04, Technology, Roorkee. He
pp. 162-175 (November 2004). has over thirty years of teaching and research
experience. He has guided 10 Ph.D students and
several M.E and B.Tech students. He was also Dean
Rajesh Yadav completed Research in U.P Technical University, Lucknow
his B.Tech (Hons) in (U.P).
Computer Science and
Engineering from Bundel-
khand Institute of
Engineering and Tech-
nology, JHANSI (U.P),
India in 1993. He obtained
his M.Tech from
Dayalbagh University
AGRA (U.P) in 1998. He
joined Electronics and Radar Development
Establishment, Defence R&D Organization (DRDO),
Bangalore in 1998. Presently he is working as
Scientist D and his areas of interest are wireless
sensor networks and real time embedded systems for

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