3/7/2012

CompactionGroutingConsensus
Guide ShortCourse
WelcomeandIntroduction
JeffreyGeraci

Instructors
Dr.DawnShuttle,PE
Chair,CompactionGroutingConsensusGuideCommittee

JoeHarris
VicePresident,HaywardBaker,Denver,CO

MichaelMiluski,PE
Owner,CompactionGroutingServices,Inc.,Philadelphia,PA

JeffreyGeraci,PG,CEG
Sr Eng Geologist,LayneGeoConstruction,LakeForest,CA

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CourseObjectives
FamiliaritywithCompactionGroutingGuide
HistoryofCompactionGrouting
PracticalAspectsofCGMaterials
FamiliaritywithCGDesign
AdvancesinCompactionGrouting
FieldAspectsofCompactionGrouting

CompactionGrouting Overview
Mechanicalprocessusedtodensifyloosesoils
Groutdisplacessoilinshear
Forcessoilgrainsintotighterpacking
Airandwaterexpelled=>porevolumereduced
Treatedgroundcontainsstiffgroutmassesand
densifiedsoil.
Arguablyoneofthemostsustainableground
improvementtechnologies!

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ConsensusGuideDevelopment

BalancedStandardsCommittee
Ballotingatsignificantmilestones
Publiccommentandreview
AllASCEStandardsareupdatedorreaffirmed
bythesameprocessevery5to10years.

CompactionGroutingGuide
Guideisprimarilyconcernedwithapplications
wheredensificationofsurroundingsoilsis
primaryobjective.
Intendedasapracticalguideforspecifiers,
designersandpractitioners.
Coversfieldanddesignandverification
aspects.
ProvidesaGuideSpecification.

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CompactionGroutingGuide

Permissivelanguage
Significantjudgmentlefttothereader
CGneedstobeappliedcompetently
Notamanual
Notintendedasacodeofpractice

WhatisCompactionGrouting?
Compactiongroutingisagroundimprovement
techniquethatimprovesthestrengthand/or
stiffnessofthegroundbyslowandcontrolled
injectionofalowmobilitygrout.
Soilisdisplacedandcompactedasthegrout
massexpands.
Groutmaterialremainsasagrowingmass
withinthegroundanddoesnotpermeateor
fracturethesoil.

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WhatisCompactionGrouting?
Enablesconsistentdensificationaroundthe
expandinggroutmassresultinginstiff
inclusionsofgroutsurroundedbysoilof
increaseddensity.
Processcanbeappliedequallywellaboveor
belowthewatertable.
Usuallyappliedtoloosefillsandloosenative
soilsthathavesufficientdrainagetoprevent
buildupofexcessporepressures.

CompactionGrouting ShortHistory

Beganinmid20th Century.
Onlymajorgroutingtechnologytooriginatein
UnitedStates.
Today,CGtechnologyisusedworldwide.
CGdevelopmentprogressedthroughthe
effortsandinnovationsofmanysmall,
independentcontractors.

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CompactionGrouting ShortHistory
1952:FirstusebyJimWarner
Needforfillingsmallvoidsunderastructure.
Noestablishedtechnologyorequipmenttopump
plasticconsistencymortar.
HeconstructedfirstPump:
5lengthof6steelpipew/2hoseatbase
Woodenpistonw/carpetseal
2X4lumberforpushrod
1954:Marvin&RichardBennettconstructedfirst
plasterpump.

FirstPrototypePump 1954

PhotocourtesyofJimWarner

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G1200Pump 1956
IntegralBatchMixer

PhotoscourtesyofJimWarner

CompactionGrouting ShortHistory
1957:FirstreporteduseofCompaction
Groutingtodensifysoil.
Accidentaldiscoveryduringsettlement
remediationofswimmingpool.
Poolenclosedwithinbuilding,noaccessfor
largeequipment.
Poolbuiltonclayfill.
Fillbecamesaturatedthroughcracksinpool
shell.

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JimWarnersPoolDisaster 1957
PhotocourtesyofJimWarner Poolconstructedinanabandoned
andbackfilledbasement.
Groutholeswerespacedat4feet.
Groutinjectionsonlyintendedfor
mudjacking.
ProjectseemedaDisasterforthe
contractor(Warner).
Groutinjectionattheshallowend
causeddirtywatertoflowthrough
drilledholesinthedeepend.
Waterremovedinbucketsand
disposedofinlocalcatchbasin.
10timesmoregroutconsumed
thancalculated.
Youhavesqueezedwateroutofthefill That
Everyoneinvolvedwasobviously
shouldntbepossible.ItsWONDERFUL! upset,withoneexception

Thusbeganextensiveresearch&development. TheSoilsEngineer

CompactionGrouting EarlyResearch
1969:FirstuseoftermCompaction
GroutinginajournalarticlebyEdGraf
CompactionGroutingTechnique&
Observations,ASCE)
DescribeduseofKoehring Mudjack
Operatorspumpedzeroslumpgroutforraising
structures
Quantities>calculatedused=>soilcompaction
DescribedprocedureandbasicconceptsofCG

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CompactionGrouting EarlyResearch
1973:DougBrown&JimWarnerpublishCompaction
GroutingintheJournalofSoilMechanicsandFoundation
Division99(8).
Documentsover10yearsofpractitionerresearch.
GCasasoilimprovementprocess.
Importanceofgroutmaterial.
Importanceofinjectionpressureandrate.
Earlymodelingofgroutinclusion.

1974:Warner&BrownPlanningandPerforming
CompactionGroutingJournalofSoilMechanicsand
FoundationDivision100(6).

CompactionGrouting EarlyResearch

Testexcavationto
exhumecompaction
groutinclusions

PhotocourtesyofJimWarner

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CompactionGrouting EarlyResearch
Goodgrout
rheology
Coherent
grout
inclusions

CompactionGrouting EarlyResearch

Poorgrout
rheology
Hydrofracture

PhotocourtesyofDanielHourihan

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CompactionGrouting EarlyResearch

Recognitionthat
rheologyis
controlledby
fineaggregate
gradation.

Brown&Warner(1973)

CompactionGroutingResearch
1983:Baker,Cording&McPherson,CompactionGroutingtoControl
GroundMovementsduringTunneling,UndergroundSpace
1989:Berry&Grive,CompactionGroutingasanAidtoConstruction,
FoundationEngineeringProceedings
1992:Graf,CompactionGrout,1992,Grouting,SoilImprovementand
Geosynthetics
1997:Bandimere,CompactionGroutingStateofPractice 1997,
Grouting:Compaction,Remediation,Testing
2000:Byle AnapproachtothedesignofLMDgrouting,Advancesin
GroutingandGroundModification
2000:Shuttle&Jefferies,PredictionandValidationofCompactionGrout
Effectiveness,AdvancesinGroutingandGroundModification
ManymorelistedintheReferencessectionoftheConsensusGuide

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MechanicsofCompactionGrouting
CompactionGrouting:
Injectionofstiff,mortarlikegroutintothe
groundtodisplaceandcompactthe
surroundingsoil.
Groutdisplacessoilduringinjectionandforces
soilparticlesintotighterpacking.
Airandwaterareexpelled=>Reducedpore
volume.

MechanicsofCompactionGrouting
Injectedgroutmaterialdoesnothydrofracture
orpermeatethesurroundingsoil,providing
theCompactionGroutingprocessisexecuted
inacontrolled fashion.

Thisbehaviorenablesconsistentdensification
aroundtheexpandinggroutmass.

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MechanicsofCompactionGrouting
CompactionGroutingisastraincontrolled
process.
Injectionrateandvolume are controlled.
Injectionpressureismeasured todetermine
thegroundsresistancetogroutinjection.

CGMechanics InjectionRate
Typicalinjectionrateisontheorderof2
ft3/min.
Ruleofthumb,8psi/min;1to2ft3/min.
Slowerratesmaybeneededforsensitive
applications.
Higherratesmaybeusedundercertain
conditions.

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CGMechanics Confinement
Soildensificationmoreeffectiveifconfined
bystiffersoilzones,eitheraboveoradjacent
totheexpandinggroutmass.
Importanceofdrilling/injectingto create
confinement.
Confinementaboveisrelatedtostaging.

CompactionGroutingMechanics
Groutexitsbaseofcasingand
beginstopushonsurrounding
soil.
Groutcompactsweaksoilby
pressuredisplacement.
Continuedgroutinjectionuntil
oneofseveralterminalcriteria
aremet:
HighPressureExceeded
Injection Rate:
SurfaceUpliftObserved
~2 ft^3 / min StructureMovementObserved
SurfaceCracksOpen/Close
GroutReturnstoSurface(Rare)
UnexpectedPressure/Volume
Behavior

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MechanicsofSurfaceUplift

Lateralsoildisplacementwillcontinueuntilthegroutingforce>overburden
Conicalsoilfracturetypical
Dominantverticaldisplacementw/shearalongconicalfracture
Measuredsurfaceuplift(0.05to0.1inch)signalsendofstage(andpracticallimitoffurther
compaction).

CompactionGroutingMechanics
Groutingperformedin
Stages,usuallyfromthe
bottomup.
Eachstageispumpeduntil
terminalcriterionismet.
Casingiswithdrawnin
regularintervalsas
successivestagesare
pumped.
Resultisarelatively
uniformcolumnoftreated
soil.

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Groutremainsrelatively
confinedinverydense
soilsorbedrock

Groutwillimparta
volumetricstrainto
displacedweakersoils,
affectingcompactionin
situ

Resultisincreased
densityanduniformityof
thetreatedsoilprofile

ExhumedGroutColumn

ExhumedGroutColumn

Samegroutcolumn Grouthasdisplacedweakersoilshigherinthe
treatedprofile.Surroundingsoilshavebecomedenser,andhigher
strengthgroutoccupiestheresultingvoidspace.

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CompactionGroutingasaSustainablePractice

Materials

Methods

Applications

CGSustainableAspects Materials
Groutstrengthisnotcritical(impartsenergy&occupies
space),thereforecementisnotarequiredcomponentof
CG.

CO2 intensityforcement:~0.9tpertcementproduced
(Hanle,2004,USEPA)

Alternatesourcesoffineaggregate:
RejectSandfromACbatchplants
BottomAshhasfavorablegrainsizedistributionproperties,
althoughcoalashproductshaverecentlybeenthesubject
ofsomecontroversy

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ParticleSizeDistribution:CoalBottomAsh

Gradation
Envelopefor
CGAggregate

FigureafterKim,Prezzi&Salgado,(2005)

CGSustainableAspects

CGSustainableAspects Methods/Practices

Useofrelativelysmallscaleequipment
Useofcurrenttiercompressionengines
Efficienttransferofenergytoground
Sitesurfacedisturbanceisminimal
Relativelylittlewasteorspoilisgenerated
UseofBiolubricantsbecomingpopular
Realtimedataacquisitiontoimproveefficiency

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CGSustainableAspects Applications

Mitigateliquefactionpotential
Raiseandrelevelsettledstructures
Treatweak,compressiblesoils
Improvepilecapacity
Compactutilitytrenchbackfill
Compensationforsoillossduetopipingordissolution
(sinkholes/Karst)
Inherentabilitytoworkinandaroundexisting
structureswithminimaldisturbance

SettlementMitigationofTaxiwayatLAXWithCG

EquipmentremovedFromTYYaftereachnightshift.
Impactonairportoperationswasminimal.
CGsufficientlyrestoredbearingcondition,avoidingcostlydemolitionand
reconstruction.

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DryDock#6originallyconstructedin
1960s.LargestDDonWestCoast

Increasinglyheavierloadsrequiredover
theyearssinceinitialconstruction(Aircraft
Carriersbecamelarger).

~5differentialsettlement

CGwasusedtotreatalargeportionofthe
facilityssupportingsoilsinsitu.

Automateddataacquisition/realtime
monitoring

Lifeoffacilitywassubstantiallyextended,
savingcountlesstax$s)

PugetSoundNavalShipyard Bremerton,WA

Summary
CGisamechanicalprocessforground
improvement,developedinthemid20th
century.
CGisastraincontrolled process(rateis
controlled,pressureismeasured).
Adequateconfinementpressureisneededfor
successfulexecutionofCG.
InherenttotheCGprocessaremany
sustainable aspects.

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Thankyouforyourkindattention

The Presenters for the Compaction Grouting Consensus Guide Short Course, their employers, affiliates,
successors, and anyone acting under their authority disclaim any and all liability for any personal injury, property
damage, financial loss, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, including without limitation any direct,
indirect, special, exemplary, or consequential damages, resulting from any persons use of, or reliance on any and
all materials presented at the aforesaid short course, which is presented for information purposes only.

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