DPR&PMCServicesforFiveUrbanRoadsofRanchi

CHAPTER2

APPROACHANDMETHODOLOGY

2.1 GeneralApproach

Theconsultanthasdividedtheconsultancyservicesintothefollowingtasksbutnot
limitedtothefollowing:

Reviewofallavailablereportsandpublishedinformation.
Detailed reconnaissance survey of project roads & Inventory and condition
surveyoftheexistingroadpavementandshoulderandIdentificationofpossible
improvementsintheexistingalignment
DetailedtopographicalsurveyusingLiDARTechnology.
Trafficsurveys.
Pavement investigations including Sub grade characteristics and evaluation of
strength.
Inventoryandconditionsurveyforbridgesandculverts.
Evolvingrequireddesignstandards&specifications
Designofroads&otherstructuresincludingflyover/gradeseparator
Projectcosting

2.2 Reconnaissance

Reconnaissance surveys have been conducted by our project team of engineers to

finalize the procedure for the detailed inventories and engineering investigations to
follow,andhaveidentifiedthefollowing:

Topographic and physical features of the project and surrounding region,
includingenvironmentalfeatures.
NeedforgradeseparatorsandFlyovers.
Trafficflowpattern
Locationsforconductingtrafficsurveys.
Preliminary inventory of pavement, carriageway type, bridges and structures,
intersections,Urban/congestedareas.
Requirementsforconductingsupplementaryinvestigations.
Extentoflandavailableandadditionalrequirementsforwideningifany.

2.3 ReviewofCurrentData

Thefollowingsecondarydatahasbeencollectedandreviewed.

Climaticanddemographicfeatures
Inventoryandconditionreportsofroad,bridgesandstructures.

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Trafficdataclassifiedvolumecount,TurningMovementCount(RITESReport)
AccidentData
Locationofutilityservices(MeinhardtReport,electriccables,telephonecable)
Detailsofsanctioned/ongoingwork(roadsidedrains,electricalpoles,etc)

2.4 Topography

Ranchi is located between latitude 22030N 23036N and longitude 84054E

85054E.The tropic of Cancer at 231/20North passes through Ranchi District (at
Ormanjhi). The average altitude of Ranchi is 600 meters above the sea level with
undulatinglandfeatures.

Thephysiographiccharacteristicsofthedistrictarerich.Ithaswaterfalls,hills,andland
withavalanches.Ranchiissurroundedbygreenforest.

2.5 SurveysandInvestigations

TopographicSurvey

The topographical survey has been carried out using the latest LiDAR technology and
augmented with total station survey inputs as required. The data has been acquired
fromthecentrelineoftheroadupto30moneitherside.Allthetopographicfeatures
alongtheroadhavebeenextractedandaftertheinitialpreprocessing,DigitalElevation
Model(DEM)fortheroadstretcheshasbeengenerated.

TrafficSurveys

The traffic surveys and analysis is a very critical aspect in the preparation of detailed
projectreportastheneedandtypeofimprovementsisalwaysdependentonthetraffic
flowcharacteristics.Underlyingaimof theentireassignmentistoprovidean accurate
assessmentoftheexistingtrafficflowcharacteristicsandthefuturetrafficlevelsbased
ontheanticipatedtrafficgrowthandquantumofdivertedtraffic,ifany.

ThedetailsoftrafficsurveyshavebeendescribedinChapter5.

2.5.1 ClassifiedVolumeCount

ThetrafficvolumesurveyshavebeenconductedbasedonIRC:1021988supplemented
by various accepted practices and project specific requirements. The objective of the
surveys will be to establish accurate baseline traffic flows, which can be used for
forecastingthefuturetraffic levels. Thesesurveyshavebeenundertaken onidentified
stationsbasedoninitialreconnaissance.

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Basedonthesurveylocationsandtherequirements,aseriesoftrafficcountshasbeen
organized.IRC:1061990suggestsundertakingtrafficcountsfor16hourday(6A.M.to
10P.M.)inordertocaptureallthepeaks.Inordertotakecareofthehourlyvariationto
agreatextent,datacollectionwasextendedto24hoursx3days(72hours)insteadof
16hours.

The data was collected at 15minute intervals and aggregated to hourly volumes,
direction wise. This is required because of the requirements for modeling traffic
congestioneffectswhichrequiresanhourlydistributionoftrafficvolume.

2.5.1.1 TurningVolumecountSurvey

The turning volume count survey for estimation of peak hour traffic for the design of
major intersections was carried out for the study. The methodologies for the surveys
wereasperIRC:SP:411994.Thedataderivedfromthesurveywasusedtoanalyzeand
to identify requirements of suitable remedial measures, such as construction of
underpassesandinterchanges,alongtheprojectroadalignment.Intersectionswithhigh
trafficvolumerequiringspecialtreatmentseitherpresentlyorinfuturewereidentified.

2.5.1.2 AxleLoadSurveys:

The intensity of traffic load repetitions is an important parameter in the design of
highway pavements. The intensity of traffic loading is defined in terms of cumulative
numberofstandardaxles(6600kgincaseofsingletiresingleaxles,8160kgincaseof
dual tire single axles and 15,100 kg in case of tandem axles) load repetitions to be
carried during the design life of the road. The equivalent standard axle concept is the
bestmethodavailable,fordesignpurposes,tohandlethelargespectrumofaxleloads
actuallyappliedontoapavementsurface.IRC372012providesascientificmethodfor
thedesignofflexiblepavementsbasedontheconceptofequivalentstandardaxleand
vehicledamagefactor.Sincethereisminimalcommercialtrafficonroadnos.1,2&5,axle
loadsurveyhasnotbeenconductedintheseroads.Howeveraxleroadsurveyhasbeen
conductedonRoadno3&4,nearKantatoliandBootiMore.

2.5.1.3 AccidentSpotStudies

Allsecondarydataonaccidentsoccurringalongtheprojectcorridorhasbeencollected
foryear2013fromSP,Traffic.

2.5.2 RoadandPavementInvestigations

Field studies have been carried out in respect of road and pavement as per the
requirements.Methodologyforvariousfieldstudiesisgivenbelow.

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2.5.2.1 RoadInventorySurveys

Detailed road inventory surveys have been carried out to collect details of all existing
road and pavement features along the existing road sections. The inventory data
includesthefollowing:

Terrain(flat,rolling,mountainous)
Landuse(commercial,Defenseland,residentialetc)
Carriagewaywidth,surfacingtype
Shouldersurfacingtypeandwidth
Subgrade/localsoiltype(texturalclassification)
Roadintersectiontypeanddetails
Retainingstructures,ifany
Locationofwaterbodies(LakesandPonds),ifany
Landwidthi.e.ROW
Culverts,bridgesandotherstructures(type,size,spanarrangementandlocation)
Roadsidearboriculture
ExistingutilityservicesoneithersidewithinROW
Generaldrainageconditions
RidingQuality

The data has been compiled and presented in tabular form in relevant section of this
DPR.

2.5.2.2 PavementInvestigations

(I) PavementComposition

a) Testpitsweremadetoascertainthepavementcomposition.Thetestpits
were dug as per standards and the test pits immediately filled up after
thenecessarycollectionofsamples.
b) Foreachtestpit,thefollowinginformationhasbeenrecorded:
Testpitreference(Identificationnumber,Location)
Pavementcomposition(materialtypeandthickness)
Subgradetype(texturalclassification)andcondition(dry,wet)
Subgrademoisturecontentandstrength

(II) Pavementconditionstudy

IthasbeenobservedthatthereisnomajordistressinRoadNos.1&2.Ithasalso
beenobservedthatoverlayhasbeenlaidrecently.InRoadNo.3,thecondition
of the pavement is fair all along the road but some part of the pavement has
deteriorated near Kantatoli Chowk and Katcheri Chowk. In Road No. 5 the
conditionofthepavementisgenerallygood.InRoadNo.4pavementconditionis
goodfromRajbhawanuptoKaramtoliJunction.HoweverfromKaramtolijunction

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uptoBootiMorethepavementconditionhasdeterioratedduetopoorsurface
drainageandotherfactors.

(III) Shoulderconditionstudy

IthasbeenobservedthattheshoulderconditionvariesfromgoodtofairinRoad
Nos.1,2,3&5andisinpoorconditioninRoadNo.4.

(IV) PavementDrainage

Ithasbeenobservedthatthereisingeneralanabsenceofplannedcamberon
these roads, yet the pavement surface does not suffer drainage related issues
duetorollingtopography.

(V) PavementStructuralStrength

Thestructuralstrengthsurveysforexistingpavementhasbeencarriedoutusing
Benkelman BeamDeflectiontechnique inaccordancewiththeCGRAprocedure
giveninIRC:811997(GuidelinesforStrengtheningofFlexibleRoadPavements
Using Benkelman Beam Deflection Technique). Benkelman Beam deflection
surveyshavebeencarriedoutonallroadsexceptforseverelydistressedsections
oftheroadwarrantingreconstruction.

2.5.2.3 SubgradeCharacteristicsandStrength

Thedataonsoilclassificationandmechanicalcharacteristicsforsoilsalongtheexisting
alignmentshavebeencollectedasgivenunder:

(a) Thecharacteristicsoftheexistingsoilfromevery1.0kmoftheprojectroador
closerwherethechangeinsoiltypeisencountered.
(b) ThedeterminationofSubgradeCBR(4dayssoaked)at97%ofheavycompaction
resultsat1.0kmintervalsoftheprojectroadorcloserwherechangeintypeis
encountered.LaboratoryCBR(4dayssoakedcompactedat97%MDDandOMC)
andswellhasalsobeconducted.
(c) BenkelmanBeamDeflectionmeasurementsontheprojectroad.
(d) Investigations of the subsoil strata (one trial bore and / or test pit at locations
wherenewbridgesorotherstructuresareproposed.Thedepthofthetrialbore/
testpitisasperIRCstandards).

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2.5.3 InvestigationsforBridgesandStructures

2.5.3.1 InventoryofBridges,CulvertsandStructures

Aninventoryoftheentirestructures(bridges,viaducts,ROBs,culverts,etc.)alongthe
roadundertheprojecthasbeenprepared.Theinventoryforthebridges,viaductsand
ROBs include the parameters required as per the guidelines of IRCSP: 351990. The
inventoryofculvertsandcrossdrainagestructuresarepresentedinrelevantsections.

2.5.3.2 HydraulicandHydrologicalInvestigations

Hydrological studies have been conducted based on the available cross section of the
streamandthelinearwaterwayavailable.AsonlywideningoftheexistingCDstructures
are envisaged, the available linear waterway is sufficient to cater to the existing
discharges.

2.5.3.3 ConditionSurveysforBridges,CulvertsandStructures

1 The existing structures excluding ROBs have been thoroughly investigated and
havebeentabulatedunderrelevantsections.
2 Novisualdistresshasbeenobservedinthestructures.

2.5.3.4 GeotechnicalInvestigationsandSubSoilExploration

Geotechnicalinvestigationsandsubsurfaceexplorationsfortheexistingminorbridges,
proposedflyoverhasbeenconductedandwillbeusedfordesignoffoundations.

2.6 DesignofRoadandPavements

Designshavebeencarriedoutanddrawingshavebeenpreparedforthefollowing:

a) Improvement to Road Nos.1,2,3,4& 5 and beautification with provision of

dedicatedundergroundutilitycorridor
b) Designofpavementalongwithpavementcrosssection
c) GADforbridges
d) Alignmentplans,longitudinalsections;
e) Designsforroadfurnitureandroadsafety/trafficcontrolfeatures;
f) Horizontalandverticalalignmentofexistingcarriageway

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2.6.1 DesignStandards

Thedesignstandardsandmaterialspecificationsfortheroadhasbeenprimarily
based on IRC publications, MoRT&H Revision V Specifications for Road and
Bridge Works, specifications and circulars. Relevant recommendations of the
internationalstandards(American,Australian,British)willbereferredincaseon
nonavailabilityinIndianStandards.
The design standards for the project has covered all aspects of detailed design
including the design of geometric elements, pavement design, bridges and
structures,trafficsafetyandmaterials.
Preliminary design standards for the project sections are given in relevant
chapter.

2.6.2 GeometricDesign

Horizontal Alignment: The raw data collected through topographic survey has been
processed and a base plan prepared showing all the manmade features, existing road
andanyotherfeaturesfallingwithintheRoW.Thereafter,keepingthebaseplaninthe
background, the centre line has been finalised using sophisticated computer software,
MXROAD.Effortshave been made toimproveallthecurveshavingpoorgeometryto
theacceptabledesignstandardsandalsotoaccommodatethewideningproposalwithin
theavailableRoW.

VerticalProfile:Theexistinglongitudinalsectionoftheprojectroadhasbeenobtained
fromDTMdata.Thefinishedlevelalongthecentrelinewilldependonthethicknessof
the pavement layer determined from pavement design. In order to bring the existing
roadtothedesiredcamber,alayerofprofilecorrectioncourse(PCC)hasbeprovided.

The following tentative guideline has been considered while designing the vertical
profile.

Toavoidcutting/scrapingofexistingpavement
Compatibilityofdesignspeedtohorizontalgeometryofthesection
To provide adequate vertical curve at the grade change from stopping sight
distancecriterion.
Cross Section: The proposed cross sections broadly comprise of carriageway,
medians,raisedfootpathandundergroundutilitycorridor.
Thedesignforgeometricelementscovering
a) Horizontalalignment
b) Longitudinalprofile
c) Crosssectionalelements
d) Junctions/intersections
e) Flyover

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The alignment design has been verified for available sight distances as per the
standardnorms.Theprovisionofappropriatemarkingsandsignshasbeenmade
wherever the existing site conditions do not permit the adherence to the sight
distancerequirementsasperthestandardnorms.
Detailsofatgradejunctions

2.6.3 PavementDesign

Thedesignofpavementwillinvolvestrengtheningofexistingroadpavementanddesign
ofthenewpavementforwidening,whereverrequired.

ThedesignofflexiblepavementwillprimarilybebasedonIRC:372012andthedesign
ofrigidpavementwillbebasedonIRC:582011.

The overlay thickness requirements will be worked out for each road with respect to
condition,strengthandsubgradecharacteristicsbasedonIRC:811997.

2.6.4 DesignofBridgesandStructures

1. The General Arrangement Drawing (GAD) showing the salient features of the
bridges and structures proposed to be constructed along the road sections
covered under the study has been prepared. These salient features such as
alignment,overalllength,spanarrangement,crosssection,decklevel,founding
level, type of bridge components (superstructure, substructure, foundations,
bearings, expansion joint, return walls etc.) has been finalized based upon
hydraulicandgeotechnicalstudies,costeffectivenessandeaseofconstruction.

2. ROBs have not been considered as part of this report as the ROB design and
constructionhasbeentakenupbyotheragencies.

3. Dismantling/reconstructionofexistingstructureshasbeenavoided.Theexisting
structures having inadequate carriageway width have been widened as per the
latestMORT&Hguidelines.

2.6.5 TrafficSafetyFeatures,RoadFurnitureandRoadMarkings

The suitable traffic safety features and road furniture including traffic signals, signs,
markings,overheadsignboards,crashbarriers,delineatorsetchasbeendesignedasper
theIRCguidelines.Thelocationsofthesefeatureshasbeenshowninthedrawings.

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2.6.6 ArboricultureandLandscaping

Appropriate plan for planting of trees (specifying type of plantation), horticulture,

floricultureonthesurpluslandoftherightofwaywithaviewtobeautifytheroadand
makingtheenvironmentalongtheroadpleasinghasbeenconsidered.Theexistingtrees
/plantshasbeenretainedtotheextentpossible.

2.6.7 MiscellaneousWorks

Suitable designs and layout for miscellaneous works including bus bays with shelter,
vehicleparkingareas,etchasbeenconsidered.
2.7 EstimationofQuantitiesandProjectCosts

The approximate quantities for the elements for the project road and the structures
havebeencalculatedandthecosthasbeenassignedtoitbasedonthecurrentschedule
ofratesofRoadConstructionDepartment,GovernmentofJharkhand.

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