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Practical Data for Metallurgists

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 Practical Data for Metallurgists
17th Edition
The Industry Standard for More Than 60 Years

The renowned Practical Data for Metallurgists has served as an

essential industry reference since its introduction in 1953. This
guide includes an updated listing of standard steels and their
chemical compositions, hardening abilities and tolerances. Technical
experts, operations managers and engineers depend on this
handbook as the definitive source for metallurgical information
and more.

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focus permeate our culture. About 40 percent of our salaried
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Engineers standards, into this 17th edition of Practical Data
for Metallurgists.

1 Return to Table of Contents

 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Steel Chemistries Number
Chemical Compositions, etc. 4 32

Miscellaneous Steel Properties

USA-European-Japanese Grades 33
European Industrial Standards 34 37
Japanese Automotive Standards 38 42
Japanese Industrial Standards 43 48
Hardenability Band Data 49 59
Restricted Hardenability Band Data 60 62
Jominy Correlation with Round Bars 63 66
Combined Hardenability Charts 67 80
Martensite Percent vs. Carbon Content and Hardness 81
Relationship of Fatigue Strength to Tensile Strength 82
Carburizing Rates of Carbon and Alloy Steels 83 87
Critical Transformation Temperatures and Ms/Mf Points 88 90
Hot Working Temperatures 91 92

Tubing
General Tolerances 93 97
Length Tolerances 98
Straightness Tolerances 99 100
Seamless Steel Tubing Shapes 101 102
Tube Size Calculations 103 106
OD Cleanups 107
Formulas for Calculating Surface Cleanup 108
Formulas for Calculating Camber (Straightness) Cleanup 108

Bar
General Tolerances 109 110
Straightness Tolerances 110
Weight Table Rounds and Squares 111 114
Reduction Ratios for Round and Square Bars 115
Cold Shearing Metric Equivalents and Limitations 116 122
Estimated Mechanical Properties for Bars 123 124

Miscellaneous Information
Iron Carbon Phase Diagram 125 126
Statistical Process Control (SPC) Information 127 128
Handy Physical Constants 129
Engineering Conversion Factors 130 132
Metric-English Stress Conversion Tables 133
Work-Energy Conversion Tables 134
Decimal Equivalent Chart 135 136
Temperature Conversion Tables 137 138
Hardness Conversion Tables 139 140
Useful Equations for Hardenable Alloy Steels 141
Glossary of Metallurgical Terms 142 147
Glossary of Forging Terms 148 152

Return to Table of Contents 2 3 Return to Table of Contents

 STANDARD CARBON STEELS FREE CUTTING RESULPHURIZED STEELS
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits
SAE P S SAE P
No. C Mn Max Max No. C Mn Max S
1005 .06 max .35 max .040 .050
1117 .14/.20 1.00/1.30 .030 .08/.13
1006 .08 max .25/.40 .040 .050 1118 .14/.20 1.30/1.60 .030 .08/.13
1008 .10 max .30/.50 .040 .050 1126 .23/.29 .70/1.00 .030 .08/.13
1132 .27/.34 1.35/1.65 .030 .08/.13
1010 .08/.13 .30/.60 .040 .050 1137 .32/.39 1.35/1.65 .030 .08/.13
1011 .08/.14 .60/.90 .040 .050 1138 .34/.40 .70/1.00 .030 .08/.13
1012 .10/.15 .30/.60 .040 .050 1140 .37/.44 .70/1.00 .030 .08/.13
1013 .11/.16 .30/.60 .030 .050 1141 .37/.45 1.35/1.65 .030 .08/.13
1015 .13/.18 .30/.60 .040 .050 1144 .40/.48 1.35/1.65 .030 .24/.33
1016 .13/.18 .60/.90 .040 .050 1146 .42/.49 .70/1.00 .030 .08/.13
1017 .15/.20 .30/.60 .040 .050 1151 .48/.55 .70/1.00 .030 .08/.13
1018 .15/.20 .60/.90 .040 .050
1020 .18/.23 .30/.60 .040 .050
1021 .18/.23 .60/.90 .040 .050


1022
1023
.18/.23
.20/.25
.70/1.00
.30/.60
.040
.040
.050
.050
FREE CUTTING REPHOSPHORIZED
1025 .22/.28 .30/.60 .040 .050 AND RESULPHURIZED STEEL
1026 .22/.28 .60/.90 .040 .050 Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits
1029 .25/.31 .60/.90 .040 .050
SAE
1030 .28/.34 .60/.90 .040 .050 No. C Mn P S
1035 .32/.38 .60/.90 .040 .050
1038 .35/.42 .60/.90 .040 .050 1212 .13 max .70/1.00 .07/.12 .16/.23
1039 .37/.44 .70/1.00 .040 .050 1213 .13 max .70/1.00 .07/.12 .24/.33
1215 .09 max .75/1.05 .04/.09 .26/.35
1040 .37/.44 .60/.90 .040 .050
1042 .40/.47 .60/.90 .040 .050 OTE: 12XX grades are customarily furnished without specified silicon content because of adverse effect on
N
machinability.
1043 .40/.47 .70/1.00 .040 .050
1044 .43/.50 .30/.60 .040 .050
1045 .43/.50 .60/.90 .040 .050
1046 .43/.50 .70/1.00 .040 .050
1049 .46/.53 .60/.90 .040 .050 HIGH MANGANESE CARBON STEEL
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits
1050 .48/.55 .60/.90 .040 .050
1053 .48/.55 .70/1.00 .040 .050 SAE P S
1055 .50/.60 .60/.90 .040 .050 No. C Mn Max Max
1060 .55/.65 .60/.90 .040 .050 1522 .18/.24 1.10/1.40 .030 .050
1065 .60/.70 .60/.90 .040 .050 1524 .19/.25 1.35/1.65 .030 .050
1070 .65/.75 .60/.90 .040 .050 1526 .22/.29 1.10/1.40 .030 .050
1074 .70/.80 .50/.80 .040 .050 1527 .22/.29 1.20/1.50 .030 .050
1078 .72/.85 .30/.60 .040 .050 1541 .36/.44 1.35/1.65 .030 .050
1547 .43/.51 1.35/1.65 .030 .050
1080 .75/.88 .60/.90 .040 .050 1548 .44/.52 1.10/1.40 .030 .050
1086 .80/.93 .30/.50 .040 .050 1552 .47/.55 1.20/1.50 .030 .050
1090 .85/.98 .60/.90 .040 .050 1566 .60/.71 .85/1.15 .030 .050
1095 .90/1.03 .30/.50 .040 .050

Return to Table of Contents 4 5 Return to Table of Contents

 STANDARD ALLOY STEELS STANDARD ALLOY STEELS continued
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits
SAE SAE
No. C Mn Cr Ni Mo Other No. C Mn Cr Ni Mo Other
1330 .28/.33 1.60/1.80 .............. .............. .............. ............. V
1335 .33/.38 1.60/1.90 .............. .............. .............. ............. 6150 .48/.53 .70/.90 .80/1.10 ............. ............ .15 min
1340 .38/.43 1.60/1.90 .............. .............. ..............
............. 8615 .13/.18 .70/.90 .40/.60 .40/.70 .15/.25 .............
4023 .20/.25 .70/.90 .............. .............. .20/.30 ............. 8617 .15/.20 .70/.90 .40/.60 .40/.70 .15/.25 .............
4027 .25/.30 .70/.90 .............. .............. .20/.30 ............. 8620 .18/.23 .70/.90 .40/.60 .40/.70 .15/.25 .............
4037 .35/.40 .70/.90 .............. .............. .20/.30 ............. 8622 .20/.25 .70/.90 .40/.60 .40/.70 .15/.25 .............
4047 .45/.50 .70/.90 .............. .............. .20/.30 8630 .28/.33 .70/.90 .40/.60 .40/.70 .15/.25 ............
............. 8640 .38/.43 .75/1.00 .40/.60 .40/.70 .15/.25 .............
4118 .18/.23 .70/.90 .40/.60 .............. .08/.15 ............. 8645 .43/.48 .75/1.00 .40/.60 .40/.70 .15/.25 .............
4120(1) .18/.23 .90/1.20 .40/.60 .............. .13/.20 .............
4130 .28/.33 .40/.60 .80/1.10 .............. .15/.25 ............. 8720 .18/.23 .70/.90 .40/.60 .40/.70 .20/.30 .............
4137 .35/.40 .70/.90 .80/1.10 .............. .15/.25 .............
4140 .38/.43 .75/1.00 .80/1.10 .............. .15/.25 ............. 8822 .20/.25 .75/1.00 .40/.60 .40/.70 .30/.40 .............
4142 .40/.45 .75/1.00 .80/1.10 .............. .15/.25 ............. Si
4145 .43/.48 .75/1.00 .80/1.10 .............. .15/.25 ............. 9259 .56/.64 .75/1.00 .45/.65 ............. ............. .70/1.10
4150 .48/.53 .75/1.00 .80/1.10 .............. .15/.25 ............. 9260 .56/.64 .75/1.00 ............. ............. ............. 1.80/2.20

Unless specified:
4320 .17/.22 .45/ .65 .40/.60 1.65/2.00 .20/.30 ............. Si 5 .15/.35, P 5 .035 max (SAE J1268), S 5 .040 max, Ni 5 .25 max, Cr 5 .20 max, Mo 5 .06 max
4340 .38/.43 .60/.80 .70/.90 1.65/2.00 .20/.30 .............
E4340 .38/.43 .65/.85 .70/.90 1.65/2.00 .20/.30 These standard grades can have modifications in chemistry when agreed upon by user and supplier.
.............
4620 .17/.22 .45/.65 .............. 1.65/2.00 .20/.30
.............
4820 .18/.23 .50/.70 .............. 3.25/3.75 .20/.30
.............
50B46(2) .44/.49 .75/1.00 .20/.35 .............. .............. .............

5120 .17/.22 .70/.90 .70/.90 .............. .............. .............
5130 .28/.33 .70/.90 .80/1.10 .............. .............. .............
5132 .30/.35 .60/.80 .75/1.00 .............. .............. .............
5140 .38/.43 .70/.90 .70/.90 .............. .............. .............
5150 .48/.53 .70/.90 .70/.90 .............. .............. .............
5160 .56/.64 .75/1.00 .70/.90 .............. .............. .............
51B60(2) .56/.64 .75/1.00 .70/.90 .............. .............. .............

51100 .98/1.10 .25/.45 .90/1.15 ............. ............ .............

E52100 .98/1.10 .25/.45 1.30/1.60 ............. ............ P 5 .025
S 5 .025
52100 .93/1.05 .25/.45 1.35/1.60 ............. ............ P 5 .025
S 5 .015

(1)
Formerly PS 15
(2)
B 5 .0005/.003

Return to Table of Contents 6 7 Return to Table of Contents

 PS GRADES (Formerly EX Grades) STANDARD H STEELS
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits Chemical Composition Ranges

PS SAE
No. C Mn Cr Ni Mo Other No. C Mn Cr Ni Mo Other
10 .19/.24 .95/1.25 .25/.40 .20/.40 .05/.10 .............. 1330 H .27/.33 1.45/2.05 ............. .............. ............ .............
16 .20/.25 .90/1.20 .40/.60 .............. .13/.20 .............. 1335 H .32/.38 1.45/2.05 ............. .............. ............ .............
17 .23/.28 .90/1.20 .40/.60 .............. .13/.20 .............. 1340 H .37/.44 1.45/2.05 ............. .............. ............ .............
1345 H .42/.49 1.45/2.05 ............. .............. ............ .............
18 .25/.30 .90/1.20 .40/.60 .............. .13/.20 B

19 .18/.23 .90/1.20 .40/.60 .............. .08/.15 .0005-.003 4027 H .24/.30 .60/1.00 ............. .............. .20/.30 .............
20 .13/.18 .90/1.20 .40/.60 .............. .13/.20 .............. S
21 .15/.20 .90/1.20 .40/.60 .............. .13/.20 .............. 4028 H .24/.30 .60/1.00 ............. .............. .20/.30 .035/.050
31 .15/.20 .70/.90 .45/.65 .70/1.00 .45/.60 .............. 4032 H .29/.35 .60/1.00 ............. .............. .20/.30 .............
32 .18/.23 .70/.90 .45/.65 .70/1.00 .45/.60 .............. 4037 H .34/.41 .60/1.00 ............. .............. .20/.30 .............
33 .17/.24 .85/1.25 .20 min .20 min .05 min .............. 4042 H .39/.46 .60/1.00 ............. .............. .20/.30 .............
34 .28/.33 .90/1.20 .40/.60 .............. .13/.20 .............. 4047 H .44/.51 .60/1.00 ............. .............. .20/.30 .............
36 .38/.43 .90/1.20 .45/.65 .............. .13/.20 ..............
38 .43/.48 .90/1.20 .45/.65 .............. .13/.20 .............. 4118 H .17/.23 .60/1.00 .30/.70 .............. .08/.15 .............
39 .48/.53 .90/1.20 .45/.65 .............. .13/.20 .............. 4130 H .27/.33 .30/.70 .75/1.20 .............. .15/.25 .............
40 .51/.59 .90/1.20 .45/.65 .............. .13/.20 .............. 4135 H .32/.38 .60/1.00 .75/1.20 .............. .15/.25 .............
54 .19/.25 .70/1.05 .40/.70 .............. .05 min .............. 4137 H .34/.41 .60/1.00 .75/1.20 .............. .15/.25 .............
55 .15/.20 .70/1.00 .45/.65 1.65/2.00 .65/.80 .............. 4140 H .37/.44 .65/1.10 .75/1.20 .............. .15/.25 .............
56 .08/.13 .70/1.00 .45/.65 1.65/2.00 .65/.80 .............. 4142 H .39/.46 .65/1.10 .75/1.20 .............. .15/.25 .............
4145 H .42/.49 .65/1.10 .75/1.20 .............. .15/.25 .............
57(1) .08 max 1.25 max 17.00/19.00 .............. 1.75/2.25 ..............
4147 H .44/.51 .65/1.10 .75/1.20 .............. .15/.25 .............
58 .16/.21 1.00/1.30 .45/.65 .............. .............. .............. 4150 H .47/.54 .65/1.10 .75/1.20 .............. .15/.25 .............
59 .18/.23 1.00/1.30 .70/.90 .............. .............. .............. 4161 H .55/.65 .65/1.10 .65/.95 .............. .25/.35 .............
61 .23/.28 1.00/1.30 .70/.90 .............. .............. B
63 .31/.38 .75/1.10 .45/.65 .............. .............. .0005-.003 4320 H .17/.23 .40/.70 .35/.65 1.55/2.00 .20/.30 .............
64 .16/.21 1.00/1.30 .70/.90 .............. .............. .............. 4340 H .37/.44 .55/.90 .65/.95 1.55/2.00 .20/.30 .............
65 .21/.26 1.00/1.30 .70/.90 .............. .............. V E4340 H .37/.44 .60/.95 .65/.95 1.55/2.00 .20/.30 .............
66 .16/.21 .40/.70 .45/.75 1.65/2.00 .08/.15 .10/.15
67 .42/.49 .80/1.20 .85/ 1.20 .............. .25/.35 .............. 4620 H .17/.23 .35/.75 ............. 1.55/2.00 .20/.30 .............
Si
Unless Specified:
Si 5 .15/.35, P 5 .035 max, S 5 .040 max 4621 H .17/.23 .60/1.00 ............. 1.55/2.00 .20/.30 .15/.35
Si
(1) P 5 .040 max, S 5 .15/.35, Si 5 1.00 max 4626 .23/.29 .40/.70 ............. .65/1.05 .15/.25 .15/.35
4718 H .15/.21 .60/.95 .30/.60 .85/1.25 .30/.40 .............
Note: PS Nos. 15, 24 and 30 are now standard grades.
(See SAE Nos. 4120, 4121 and 4715)
4720 H .17/.23 .45/.75 .30/.60 .85/1.25 .15/.25 .............

4815 H .12/.18 .30/.70 ............. 3.20/3.80 .20/.30 .............

4817 H .14/.20 .30/.70 ............. 3.20/3.80 .20/.30 .............
4820 H .17/.23 .40/.80 ............. 3.20/3.80 .20/.30 .............

B
50B40 H .37/.44 .65/1.10 .30/.70 .............. ............ .0005/.003
B
50B44 H .42/.49 .65/1.10 .30/.70 .............. ............ .0005/.003
5046 H .43/.50 .65/1.10 .13/.43 .............. ............ .............
B
50B46 H .43/.50 .65/1.10 .13/.43 .............. ............ .0005/.003
B
50B50 H .47/.54 .65/1.10 .30/.70 .............. ............ .0005/.003
B
50B60 H .55/.65 .65/1.10 .30/.70 .............. ............ .0005/.003
Return to Table of Contents 8 9 Return to Table of Contents
 STANDARD H STEELS continued
STANDARD CARBON AND
SAE CARBON BORON H STEELS
No. C Mn Cr Ni Mo Other Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits
5120 H .17/.23 .60/1.00 .60/1.00 .............. .............. ..............
5130 H .27/.33 .60/1.00 .75/1.20 .............. .............. .............. SAE P S
5132 H .29/.35 .50/.90 .65/1.10 .............. .............. .............. No. C Mn Max Max Si
5135 H .32/.38 .50/.90 .70/1.15 .............. .............. ..............
5140 H .37/.44 .60/1.00 .60/1.00 .............. .............. .............. 1038 H .34/.43 .50/1.00 .030 .050 .15/.35
5147 H .45/.52 .60/1.05 .80/1.25 .............. .............. .............. 1045 H .42/.51 .50/1.00 .030 .050 .15/.35
5150 H .47/.54 .60/1.00 .60/1.00 .............. .............. .............. 1522 H .17/.25 1.00/1.50 .030 .050 .15/.35
5155 H .50/.60 .60/1.00 .60/1.00 .............. ............. .............. 1524 H .18/.26 1.25/1.75 .030 .050 .15/.35
5160 H .55/.65 .65/1.10 .60/1.00 .............. .............. .............. 1526 H .21/.30 1.00/1.50 .030 .050 .15/.35
B 1541 H .35/.45 1.25/1.75 .030 .050 .15/.35
51B60 H .55/.65 .65/1.10 .60/1.00 .............. .............. .0005/.003 15B21(1) .17/.24 .70/1.20 .030 .050 .15/.35
V 15B28H .25/.34 1.00/1.50 .030 .050 .15/.35
6118 H .15/.21 .40/.80 .40/.80 .............. .............. .10/.15 15B30H .27/.35 .70/1.20 .030 .050 .15/.35
6150 H .47/.54 .60/1.00 .75/1.20 .............. .............. .15 min. 15B35H(1) .31/.39 .70/1.20 .030 .050 .15/.35
15B37H .30/.39 1.00/1.50
(1)
.030 .050 .15/.35
B
81B45 H .42/.49 .70/1.05 .30/.60 .15/.45 .08/.15 .0005/.003 15B41H (1)
.35/.45 1.25/1.75 .030 .050 .15/.35
15B48H(1) .43/.53 1.00/1.50 .030 .050 .15/.35
8617 H .14/.20 .60/.95 .35/.65 .35/.75 .15/.25 .............. 15B62H .54/.67 1.00/1.50
(1)
.030 .050 .40/.60
8620 H .17/.23 .60/.95 .35/.65 .35/.75 .15/.25 .............. For electric furnace steels P & S 5 .025 max and the prefix E is added.
8622 H .19/.25 .60/.95 .35/.65 .35/.75 .15/.25 .............. (1) B 5 .0005/.003

8625 H .22/.28 .60/.95 .35/.65 .35/.75 .15/.25 ..............

8627 H .24/.30 .60/.95 .35/.65 .35/.75 .15/.25 ..............
8630 H .27/.33 .60/.95 .35/.65 .35/.75 .15/.25 .............. RESTRICTED HARDENABILITY STEELS
B Chemical Composition Ranges
86B30 H .27/.33 .60/.95 .35/.65 .35/.75 .15/.25 .0005/.003
8637 H .34/.41 .70/1.05 .35/.65 .35/.75 .15/.25 .............. SAE
8640 H .37/.44 .70/1.05 .35/.65 .35/.75 .15/.25 .............. No. C Mn Si Ni Cr Mo
8642 H .39/.46 .70/1.05 .35/.65 .35/.75 .15/.25 ..............
8645 H .42/.49 .70/1.05 .35/.65 .35/.75 .15/.25 .............. 15B21RH .17/.22
(1) .80/1.10 .15/.35 ............. ............. .............
B 15B35RH(1) .33/.38 .80/1.10 .15/.35 ............. ............. .............
86B45 H .42/.49 .70/1.05 .35/.65 .35/.75 .15/.25 .0005/.003 3310RH .08/.13 .40/.60 .15/.35 3.25/3.75 1.40/1.75 .............
8650 H .47/.54 .70/1.05 .35/.65 .35/.75 .15/.25 .............. 4027RH .25/.30 .70/.90 .15/.35 ............. ............. .20/.30
8655 H .50/.60 .70/1.05 .35/.65 .35/.75 .15/.25 .............. 4118RH .18/.23 .70/.90 .15/.35 ............. .40/.60 .08/.15
8660 H .55/.65 .70/1.05 .35/.65 .35/.75 .15/.25 ..............
4120RH .18/.23 .90/1.20 .15/.35 ............. .40/.60 .13/.20
8720 H .17/.23 .60/.95 .35/.65 .35/.75 .20/.30 ..............
8740 H .37/.44 .70/1.05 .35/.65 .35/.75 .20/.30 .............. 4130RH .28/.33 .40/.60 .15/.35 ............. .80/1.10 .15/.25
4140RH .38/.43 .75/1.00 .15/.35 ............. .80/1.10 .15/.25
8822 H .19/.25 .70/1.05 .35/.65 .35/.75 .30/.40 .............. 4145RH .43/.48 .75/1.00 .15/.35 ............. .80/1.10 .15/.25
Si 4161RH .56/.64 .75/1.00 .15/.35 ............. .70/.90 .25/.35
9259 H .56/.64 .65/1.10 .45/.65 .............. .............. .70/1.20 4320RH .17/.22 .45/.65 .15/.35 1.65/2.00 .40/.60 .20/.30
Si 4620RH .17/.22 .45/.65 .15/.35 1.65/2.00 ............. .20/.30
9260 H .55/.65 .65/1.10 ............. .............. .............. 1.70/2.20 4820RH .18/.23 .50/.70 .15/.35 3.25/3.75 ............. .20/.30
50B40RH (1) .38/.43 .75/1.00 .15/.35 ............. .40/.60 .............
9310 H .07/.13 .40/.70 1.00/1.45 2.95/3.55 .08/.15 .............. 5130RH .28/.33 .70/.90 .15/.35 ............. .80/1.10 .............
B 5140RH .38/.43 .70/.90 .15/.35 ............. .70/.90 .............
94B15 H .12/.18 .70/1.05 .25/.55 .25/.65 .08/.15 .0005/.003
B 5160RH .56/.64 .75/1.00 .15/.35 ............. .70/.90 .............
94B17 H .14/.20 .70/1.05 .25/.55 .25/.65 .08/.15 .0005/.003 8620RH .18/.23 .70/.90 .15/.35 .40/.70 .40/.60 .15/.25
B 8622RH .20/.25 .70/.90 .15/.35 .40/.70 .40/.60 .15/.25
94B30 H .27/.33 .70/1.05 .25/.55 .25/.65 .08/.15 .0005/.003 8720RH .18/.23 .70/.90 .15/.35 .40/.70 .40/.60 .20/.30
8822RH .20/.25 .75/1.00 .15/.35 .40/.70 .40/.60 .30/.40
Unless specified:
Si 5 .15/.35, P 5 .030 max (SAE J1268), S 5 .040 max, Cu 5 .35 max, Ni 5 .25 max, Cr 5 .20 max, Mo 5 .06 max 9310RH .08/.13 .45/.65 .15/.35 3.00/3.50 1.00/1.40 .08/.15
Unless specified: Cu 5 .35 max, Ni 5 .25 max, Cr 5 .20 max, Mo 5 .06 max
(1) B 5 .0005 /.003

Return to Table of Contents 10 11 Return to Table of Contents

 FORMERLY STANDARD STEELS continued
FORMERLY STANDARD STEELS Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits

SAE P S SAE
No. C Mn Max Max No. C Mn Cr Ni Mo Other
1009 .15 max .60 max .040 .050 2317 .15/.20 .40/.60 .............. 3.25/3.75 ............. .............
1033 .30/.36 .70/1.00 .040 .050 2330 .28/.33 .60/.80 .............. 3.25/3.75 ............. .............
1034 .32/.38 .50/.80 .040 .050 2340 .38/.43 .70/.90 .............. 3.25/3.75 ............. .............
1037 .32/.38 .70/1.00 .040 .050 2345 .43/.48 .70/.90 .............. 3.25/3.75 ............. .............
2512 .09/.14 .45/.60 .............. 4.75/5.25 ............. .............
1059 .55/.65 .50/.80 .040 .050
2515 .12/.17 .40/.60 .............. 4.75/5.25 ............. .............
1062 .54/.65 .85/1.15 .040 .050 2517 .15/.20 .45/.60 .............. 4.75/5.25 ............. .............
1064 .60/.70 .50/.80 .040 .050 3115 .13/.18 .40/.60 .55/.75 1.10/1.40 ............. .............
1069 .65/.75 .40/.70 .040 .050 3120 .17/.22 .60/.80 .55/.75 1.10/1.40 ............. .............
1075 .70/.80 .40/.70 .040 .050 3130 .28/.33 .60/.80 .55/.75 1.10/1.40 ............. .............
1084 .80/.93 .60/.90 .040 .050 3135 .33/.38 .60/.80 .55/.75 1.10/1.40 ............. .............
1085 .80/.93 .70/1.00 .040 .050 X3140 .38/.43 .70/.90 .70/.90 1.10/1.40 ............. ............
1086 .80/.94 .30/.50 .040 .050 3140 .38/.43 .70/.90 .55/.75 1.10/1.40 ............. .............
1108 .08/.13 .50/.80 .040 .08/.13 3145 .43/.48 .70/.90 .70/.90 1.10/1.40 ............. .............
1109 .08/.13 .60/.90 .040 .08/.13 3150 .48/.53 .70/.90 .70/.90 1.10/1.40 ............. .............
1110 .08/.13 .30/.60 .040 .08/.13 3215 .10/.20 .30/.60 .90/1.25 1.50/2.00 ............. .............
1111 .13 max .60/.90 .07/0.12 .10/.15 3220 .15/.25 .30/.60 .90/1.25 1.50/2.00 ............. .............
1112 .13 max .70/1.00 .07/0.12 .16/.23 3230 .25/.35 .30/.60 .90/1.25 1.50/2.00 ............. .............
1113 .13 max .70/1.00 .07/0.12 .24/.33 3240 .35/.45 .30/.60 .90/1.25 1.50/2.00 ............. .............
1114 .10/.16 1.00/1.30 .040 .08/.13 3245 .40/.50 .30/.60 .90/1.25 1.50/2.00 ............. .............
3250 .45/.55 .30/.60 .90/1.25 1.50/2.00 ............. .............
1115 .13/.18 .60/.90 .040 .08/.13
3310 .08/.13 .45/.60 1.40/1.75 3.25/3.75 ............. .............
1116 .14/.20 1.10/1.40 .040 .16/.23 3311 .10/.16 .30/.50 1.30/1.60 3.25/3.75 .15 max .............
1119 .14/.20 1.00/1.30 .040 .24/.33 3312 .08/.13 .45/.60 1.40/1.75 3.25/3.75 ............. .............
1120 .18/.23 .70/1.00 .040 .08/.13 3316 .14/.19 .45/.60 1.40/1.75 3.25/3.75 ............. .............
1123 .20/.27 1.20/1.50 .040 .06/.09 3325 .20/.30 .30/.60 1.25/1.75 3.25/3.75 ............. .............
1139 .35/.43 1.35/1.65 .040 .13/.20 3335 .30/.40 .30/.60 1.25/1.75 3.25/3.75 ............. .............
1145 .42/.49 .70/1.00 .040 .04/.07 3340 .35/.45 .30/.60 1.25/1.75 3.25/3.75 ............. .............
1152 .48/.55 .70/1.00 .040 .06/.09 3415 .10/.20 .30/.60 .60/.95 2.75/3.25 ............. .............
1211 .13 max .60/.90 .07/.12 .10/.15 3435 .30/.40 .30/.60 .60/.95 2.75/3.25 ............. .............
1320 .18/.23 1.60/1.90 .040 .040 3450 .45/.55 .30/.60 .60/.95 2.75/3.25 ............. .............
1345 .43/.48 1.60/1.90 .035 .040 4012 .09/.14 .75/1.00 ............. ............. .15/.25 .............
1513 .10/.16 1.10/1.40 .030 .050 4024 .20/.25
(1)
.70/.90 ............. ............. .20/.30 .............
1518 .15/.21 1.10/1.40 .040 .050 4028(1) .25/.30 .70/.90 .............. .............. .20/.30 .............
1525 .23/.29 .80/1.10 .040 .050 4032 .30/.35 .70/.90 ............. ............. .20/.30 .............
1533 .30/.37 1.10/1.40 .040 .050 4042 .40/.45 .70/.90 ............. ............. .20/.30 .............
4053 .50/.56 .75/1.00 ............. ............. .20/.30 .............
1534 .30/.37 1.20/1.50 .040 .050
4063 .60/.67 .75/1.00 ............. ............. .20/.30 .............
1536 .30/.37 1.20/1.50 .040 .050 4068 .63/.70 .75/1.00 ............. ............. .20/.30 .............
1544 .40/.47 .80/1.10 .040 .050 4119 .17/.22 .70/.90 .40/.60 ............. .20/.30 .............
1545 .43/.50 .80/1.10 .040 .050 4121 .18/.23
(2)
.75/1.00 .45/.65 .............. .20/.30 .............
1546 .44/.52 1.00/1.30 .040 .050 4125 .23/.28 .70/.90 .40/.60 ............. .20/.30 .............
1551 .45/.56 .85/1.15 .040 .050 4131 .28/.33 .50/.70 .90/1.20 .............. .15/.25 .............
1553 .48/.55 .80/1.10 .040 .050 4135 .33/.38 .70/.90 .80/1.10 ............. .15/.25 .............
1561 .55/.65 .75/1.05 .040 .050 4147 .45/.50 .75/1.00 .80/1.10 .............. .15/.25 .............
1570 .65/.75 .80/1.10 .040 .050 4161 .56/.64 .75/1.00 .70/.90 ............. .25/.35 .............
1572 .65/.76 1.00/1.30 .040 .050 4317 .15/.20 .45/.65 .40/.60 1.65/2.00 .20/.30 .............
1580 .75/.88 .80/1.10 .040 .050 4337 .35/.40 .60/.80 .70/.90 1.65/2.00 .20/.30 .............
1590 .85/.98 .80/1.10 .040 .050 4419 .18/.23 .45/.65 .............. .............. .45/.60 .............
(1) S 5 .035/.050
(2)
Formerly PS 24

Return to Table of Contents 12 13 Return to Table of Contents

 FORMERLY STANDARD STEELS continued FORMERLY STANDARD STEELS continued
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits

SAE SAE
No. C Mn Cr Ni Mo Other No. C Mn Cr Ni Mo Other
4419H .17/.23 .35/.75 .............. .............. .45/.60 .............. 8115 .13/.18 .70/.90 .30/.50 .20/.40 .08/.15 .............
4422 .20/.25 .70/.90 .............. .............. .35/.45 .............. 81B45(3) .43/.48 .75/1.00 .35/.55 .20/.40 .08/.15 .............
4427 .24/.29 .70/.90 .............. .............. .35/.45 .............. 8625 .23/.28 .70/.90 .40/.60 .40/.70 .15/.25 .............
4608 .06/.11 .25/.45 .............. 1.40/1.75 .15/.25 ............. 8627 .25/.30 .70/.90 .40/.60 .40/.70 .15/.25 .............
46B12(3) .10/.15 .45/.65 .............. 1.65/2.00 .20/.30 ............. 8632 .30/.35 .70/.90 .40/.60 .40/.70 .15/.25 .............
4615 .13/.18 .45/.65 .............. 1.65/2.00 .20/.30 .............. 8635 .33/.38 .75/1.00 .40/.60 .40/.70 .15/.25 .............
4617 .15/.20 .45/.65 .............. 1.65/2.00 .20/.30 ............. 8637 .38/.43 .75/1.00 .40/.60 .40/.70 .15/.25 .............
4620
X .18/.23 .50/.70 .............. 1.65/2.00 .20/.30 ............. 8641
(5)
.38/.43 .75/1.00 .40/.60 .40/.70 .15/.25 .............
4621 .18/.23 .70/.90 .............. 1.65/2.00 .20/.30 ............. 8642 .40/.45 .75/1.00 .40/.60 .40/.70 .15/.25 .............
4621H .17/.23 .60/1.00 .............. 1.55/2.00 .20/.30 .............. 86B45(3) .43/.48 .75/1.00 .40/.60 .40/.70 .15/.25 .............
4626 .24/.29 .45/.65 .............. .70/1.00 .15/.25 .............. 8647 .45/.50 .75/1.00 .40/.60 .40/.70 .15/.25 .............
4640 .38/.43 .60/.80 .............. 1.65/2.00 .20/.30 ............. 8650 .48/.53 .75/1.00 .40/.60 .40/.70 .15/.25 .............
4715(4) .13/.18 .70/.90 .45/.65 .70/1.00 .45/.60 ............. 8653 .50/.56 .75/1.00 .50/.80 .40/.70 .15/.25 .............
4718 .16/.21 .70/.90 .35/.55 .90/1.20 .30/.40 .............. 8655 .51/.59 .75/1.00 .40/.60 .40/.70 .15/.25 .............
4720 .17/.22 .50/.70 .35/.55 .90/1.20 .15/.25 ............. 8660 .56/.64 .75/1.00 .40/.60 .40/.70 .15/.25 .............
4812 .10/.15 .40/.60 .............. 3.25/3.75 .20/.30 ............. 8715 .13/.18 .70/.90 .40/.60 .40/.70 .20/.30 .............
4815 .13/.18 .40/.60 .............. 3.25/3.75 .20/.30 ............. 8717 .15/.20 .70/.90 .40/.60 .40/.70 .20/.30 .............
4817 .15/.20 .40/.60 .............. 3.25/3.75 .20/.30 .............. 8719 .18/.23 .60/.80 .40/.60 .40/.70 .20/.30 .............
5015 .12/.17 .30/.50 .30/.50 .............. .............. .............. 8735 .33/.38 .75/1.00 .40/.60 .40/.70 .20/.30 .............
50B40(3) .38/.43 .75/1.00 .40/.60 .............. .............. .............. 8740 .38/.43 .75/1.00 .40/.60 .40/.70 .20/.30 .............
50B44(3) .43/.48 .75/1.00 .40/.60 .............. .............. .............. 8742 .40/.45 .75/1.00 .40/.60 .40/.70 .20/.30 .............
5045 .43/.48 .70/.90 .55/.75 .............. .............. .............. 8745 .43/.48 .75/1.00 .40/.60 .40/.70 .20/.30 .............
5046 .43/.48 .75/1.00 .20/.35 .............. .............. .............. 8750 .48/.53 .75/1.00 .40/.60 .40/.70 .20/.30 .............
50B50(3) .48/.53 .75/1.00 .40/.60 .............. .............. .............. 9250 .45/.55 .60/.90 ............. ............. ............. .............
(6)

5060 .56/.64 .75/1.00 .40/.60 .............. .............. .............. 9254 .51/.59 .60/.80 .60/.80 ............. ............. .............
(7)

50B60(3) .56/.64 .75/1.00 .40/.60 .............. .............. .............. 9255(6) .51/.59 .70/.95 ............. ............. ............. .............
5115 .13/.18 .70/.90 .70/.90 .............. .............. .............. 9261(6) .55/.65 .75/1.00 .10/.25 ............. ............. .............
5117 .15/.20 .70/.90 .70/.90 .............. .............. .............. 9262(6) .55/.65 .75/1.00 .25/.40 ............. ............. .............
5135 .33/.38 .60/.80 .80/1.05 .............. .............. .............. 9310 .08/.13 .45/.65 1.00/1.40 3.00/3.50 .08/.15 .............
5145 .43/.48 .70/.90 .70/.90 .............. .............. .............. 9315 .13/.18 .45/.65 1.00/1.40 3.00/3.50 .08/.15 .............
5145H .42/.49 .60/1.00 .60/1.00 .............. .............. .............. 9317 .15/.20 .45/.65 1.00/1.40 3.00/3.50 .08/.15 .............
5147 .46/.51 .70/.95 .85/1.15 .............. .............. .............. 94B15 .13/.18 .75/1.00 .30/.50 .30/.60 .08/.15 .............
5152 .48/.55 .70/.90 .90/1.20 .............. .............. .............. 94B17 .15/.20 .75/1.00 .30/.50 .30/.60 .08/.15 .............
5155 .51/.59 .70/.90 .70/.90 .............. .............. .............. 94B30(3) .28/.33 .75/1.00 .30/.50 .30/.60 .08/.15 .............
50100 .98/1.10 .25/.45 .40/.60 .............. .............. .............. 9437 .35/.40 .90/1.20 .30/.50 .30/.60 .08/.15 .............
V 9440 .38/.43 .90/1.20 .30/.50 .30/.60 .08/.15 .............
6115 .10/.20 .30/.60 .80/1.10 .............. .............. .15 min 94B40(3) .38/.43 .75/1.00 .30/.60 .30/.60 .08/.15 .............
6117 .15/.20 .70/.90 .70/.90 .............. .............. .10 min 9442 .40/.45 .90/1.20 .30/.50 .30/.60 .08/.15 .............
6118 .16/.21 .50/.70 .50/.70 .............. .............. .10/.15 9445 .43/.48 .90/1.20 .30/.50 .30/.60 .08/.15 .............
6120 .17/.22 .70/.90 .70/.90 .............. .............. .10 min 9447 .45/.50 .90/1.20 .30/.50 .30/.60 .08/.15 .............
6125 .20/.30 .60/.90 .80/1.10 .............. .............. .15 min 9747 .45/.50 .50/.80 .10/.25 .40/.70 .15/.25 .............
6130 .25/.35 .60/.90 .80/1.10 .............. .............. .15 min 9763 .60/.67 .50/.80 .10/.25 .40/.70 .15/.25 .............
6135 .30/.40 .60/.90 .80/1.10 .............. .............. .15 min 9840 .38/.43 .70/.90 .70/.90 .85/1.15 .20/.30 .............
6140 .35/.45 .60/.90 .80/1.10 .............. .............. .15 min 9845 .43/.48 .70/.90 .70/.90 .85/1.15 .20/.30 .............
6145 .43/.48 .70/.90 .80/1.10 .............. .............. .15 min 9850 .48/.53 .70/.90 .70/.90 .85/1.15 .20/.30 .............
6195 .90/1.05 .20/.45 .80/1.10 .............. .............. .15 min V
W 438V12(3) .08/.13 .75/1.00 .40/.60 1.65/2.00 .20/.30 .03 min
71360 .50/.70 .30 max 3.00/4.00 .............. .............. 12.00/15.00 438V14 .10/.15
(3)
.45/.65 .40/.60 1.65/2.00 .08/.15 .03 min
71660 .50/.70 .30 max 3.00/4.00 .............. .............. 15.00/18.00 (3)
B 5 .0005/.003
7260 .50/.70 .30 max .50/1.00 .............. .............. 1.50/2.00 (5)
S 5 .04/.60
(6)
Si 5 1.80/2.20
(3)
B 5 .0005/.003 (7) Si 5 1.20/1.60
(4) Formerly PS 30

Return to Table of Contents 14 15 Return to Table of Contents

 SELECTED MILITARY SPECIFICATIONS
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits

Solid Nearest Equivalent

or P S
MIL(1) Tube C Mn Max Max Si Cr Ni Mo AMS SAE No.

Return to Table of Contents

S-5000 S .38/.43 .65/.85 .025 .025 .15/.35 .70/.90 1.65/2.00 .20/.30 6415 E4340
S-50783(3) S 1.00/1.15 1.60/1.90 .035 .040 .70/1.00 .20 max .25 max .06 max
S-5626 S .38/.43 .75/1.00 .025 .025 .20/.35 .80/1.10 .25 max .15/.25 6382/6349 4140
S-6049 S .38/.43 .75/1.00 .025 .025 .20/.35 .40/.60 .40/.70 .20/.30 6322/6325/6327 8740
S-6050(7) S .28/.33 .70/.90 .025 .025 .20/.35 .40/.60 .40/.70 .15/.25 6280 8630
S-6709(4) S .38/.43 .50/.70 .025 .025 .20/.40 1.40/1.80 .............. .30/.40 6470/6472 ..............
S-6758 S .28/.33 .40/.60 .025 .025 .15/.35 .80/1.10 .25 max .15/.25 637 4130
S-7108(5) S .23/.28 1.20/1.50 .040 .040 1.30/1.70 .40 max. 1.65/2.00 .35/.45 6425 4625M4(2)

16
S-7393(7) S .08/.13 .45/.60 .025 .025 .20/.35 1.25/1.75 3.25/3.75 .............. 6250 3310
S .14/.19 .45/.60 .025 .025 .20/.35 1.25/1.75 3.25/4.00 .............. .............. 3316
S .07/.13 .40/.70 .025 .025 .20/.35 1.00/1.40 3.00/3.50 .08/.15 .............. 9310
S-7420 S .98/1.10 .25/.45 .025 .025 .20/.35 1.30/1.60 .............. .............. 6440/6444/6447 52100
S-8503(6) S .48/.53 .70/.90 .025 .025 .20/.35 .75/1.20 .............. .............. 6448 6150
(1)
Some MIL numbers cancelled. Replaced by AMS numbers.
(2)
TimkenSteel mill type.

Aircraft Quality Steels Except Where Indicated

Cu 5 .35 max unless specified
(3)
Al 5 .020 max
(4)
Al 5 .95/1.35
(5)
P & S 5 .025 max if Basic Electric Furnace Steel is specified
(6) V 5 .15 min
(7) Inactive/Cancelled

SELECTED MILITARY SPECIFICATIONS continued

Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits

Solid Nearest Equivalent

or P S
MIL(1) Tube C Mn Max Max Si Cr Ni Mo AMS SAE No.
S-8690(8) S 18/.23 .70/1.00 .025 .025 .20/.35 .40/.60 .40/.70 .15/.25 6274 8620
S-8695(5) S .34/.41 .60/1.00 .040 .040 .20/.35 ............. ............. .20/.30 6300 4037
S-8699(5), (9) S .28/.33 .80/1.00 .040 .040 .20/.35 .75/.95 1.65/2.00 .35/.50 6411/6427 4330M4V1(1)
S-8707(7) S .38/.43 .70/.90 .040 .040 .20/.35 .70/.90 .85/1.15 .20/.30 ............. 984
S-8844-1 S or T .38/.43 .65/.90 .010 .010 .15/.35 .70/.90 1.65/2.00 .20/.30 6414 4340
S-8844-2(9) S or T .40/.44 .65/.90 .010 .010 1.45/1.80 .70/.95 1.65/2.00 .35/.45 6257 300M

17
T-5066 T .22/.28 .30/.60 .025 .025 .30 max ............. ............. ............. T5066 1025

S-11595(10) S .48/.55 .75/1.00 .040 .040 .20/.35 .80/1.10 ............. .15/.25 ............. 4150
S-11595(10) S .47/.55 .70/1.00 .040 .05/.09 .20/.35 .80/1.15 ............. .15/.25 ............. 41R50
S-11595(10), (11) S .41/.49 .60/.90 .040 .040 .20/.35 .80/1.15 ............. .30/.40 ............. 4142M3V2(1)
S-46047(11) S .38/.45 .75/1.00 .025 .020 .20/.35 .95/1.25 ............. .55/.70 ............. .............
(1)
Some MIL numbers cancelled. Replaced by AMS numbers.
(2)
TimkenSteel mill type.
Aircraft Quality Steels Except Where Indicated
Cu 5 .35 max unless specified
(5) P & S 5 .025 max if Basic Electric Furnace Steel is specified
(7) Inactive/Cancelled
(8) P & S 5 .015 max if consumable vacuum melted steel is specified
(9) V 5 .05/.10
Return to Table of Contents

(10) Al 5 .040 max

(11) V 5 .20/.30
 SELECTED AMS ALLOY STEEL SPECIFICATIONS
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits

AMS SAE
Number C Mn Si Cr Ni Mo V Designations

Return to Table of Contents

6250 .07/.13 .40/.70 .15/.35 1.25/1.75 3.25/3.75 .06 max .............. 3310
6260(1) .07/.13 .40/.70 .15/.35 1.00/1.40 3.00/3.50 .08/.15 .............. 9310
6263 .11/.17 .40/.70 .15/.35 1.00/1.40 3.00/3.50 .08/.15 .............. 9315
6264 .14/.20 .40/.70 .15/.35 1.00/1.40 3.00/3.50 .08/.15 .............. 9317
6265(2) .07/.13 .40/.70 .15/.35 1.00/1.40 3.00/3.50 .08/.15 .............. CV9310
(3)
6266 .08/.13 .75/1.00 .20/.40 .40/.60 1.65/2.00 .20/.30 .03/.08 43BV12
6270 .13/.18 .70/.90 .15/.35 .40/.60 .40/.70 .15/.25 .............. 8615
6272 .15/.20 .70/.90 .15/.35 .40/.60 .40/.70 .15/.25 .............. 8617

18
6274 .17/.23 .60/.95 .15/.35 .35/.65 .35/.75 .15/.25 .............. ..............
6275(3) .15/.20 .60/.95 .15/.35 .30/.50 .30/.60 .08/.15 .............. 94B17
6280 .28/.33 .70/.90 .15/.35 .40/.60 .40/.70 .15/.25 .............. 8630
6281 .28/.33 .70/.90 .15/.35 .40/.60 .40/.70 .15/.25 .............. 8630
6282 .33/.38 .75/1.00 .15/.35 .40/.60 .40/.70 .20/.30 .............. 8735
6290 .11/.17 .45/.65 .15/.35 .20 max 1.65/2.00 .20/.30 .............. 4615
6292 .15/.20 .45/.65 .15/.35 .20 max 1.65/2.00 .20/.30 .............. 4617
6294 .17/.22 .45/.65 .15/.35 .20 max 1.65/2.00 .20/.30 .............. 4620
6299 .17/.23 .40/.70 .15/.35 .35/.65 1.55/2.00 .20/.30 .............. 4320H
6300(4) .35/.40 .70/.90 .15/.35 .20 max .25 max .20/.30 .............. 4037

P & S 5 .025 max, Cu 5 .35 max unless specified

(1) B 5 .001 max (3) B 5 .0005/.005
(2) P & S 5 .015 max (4) P & S 5 .040 max

SELECTED AMS ALLOY STEEL SPECIFICATIONS continued

Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits
AMS SAE
Number C Mn Si Cr Ni Mo V Designations
6302 .28/.33 .45/.65 .55/.75 1.00/1.50 .25 max. .40/.60 .20/.30 17-22-AS
6303(5) .25/.30 .60/.90 .55/.75 1.00/1.50 .50 max. .40/.60 .75/.95 17-22-AV
6304 .40/.50 .40/.70 .15/.35 .80/1.10 .25 max. .45/.65 .25/.35
6312 .38/.43 .60/.80 .15/.35 .20 max 1.65/2.00 .20/.30 .............. 4640
6320 .33/.38 .75/1.00 .15/.35 .40/.60 .40/.70 .20/.30 .............. 8735
6321(6) .38/.43 .75/1.00 .15/.35 .30/.55 .20/.40 .08/.15 .............. 81B40
6322 .38/.43 .75/1.00 .15/.35 .40/.60 .40/.70 .20/.30 .............. 8740
6323 .38/.43 .75/1.00 .15/.35 .40/.60 .40/.70 .20/.30 .............. 8740

19
6324 .38/.43 .75/1.00 .15/.35 .55/.75 .55/.85 .20/.30 .............. 8740 Mod
6328 .48/.53 .75/1.00 .15/.35 .40/.60 .40/.70 .20/.30 .............. 8750
6342 .38/.43 .70/.90 .15/.35 .70/.90 .85/1.15 .20/.30 .............. 9840
6370 .28/.33 .40/.60 .15/.35 .80/1.10 .25 max .15/.25 .............. 4130
6371 .28/.33 .40/.60 .15/.35 .80/1.10 .25 max .15/.25 .............. 4130
6372 .33/.38 .70/.90 .15/.35 .80/1.10 .25 max .15/.25 .............. 4135
6381 .38/.43 .75/1.00 .15/.35 .80/1.10 .25 max .15/.25 .............. 4140
6382 .38/.43 .75/1.00 .15/.35 .80/1.10 .25 max .15/.25 .............. 4140
6407 .27/.33 .60/.80 .40/.70 1.00/1.35 1.85/2.25 .35/.55 .............. HS220-07
6409(7) .38/.43 .65/.85 .15/.35 .70/.90 1.65/2.00 .20/.30 4340(8)

P & S 5 .025 max, Cu 5 .35 max unless specified

(5) Cu 5 .50 max
Return to Table of Contents

(6) B 5 .0005/.005
(7) P 5 .015 max, S 5 .008 max
(8) Special Aircraft Quality Normalized and Tempered
 SELECTED AMS ALLOY STEEL SPECIFICATIONS continued
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits
AMS SAE
Number C Mn Si Cr Ni Mo V Designations
6412 .35/.40 .65/.85 .15/.35 .70/.90 1.65/2.00 .20/.30 .............. 4337

Return to Table of Contents

6414(9) .38/.43 .65/.90 .15/.35 .70/.90 1.65/2.00 .20/.30 .............. CV4340
6415 .38/.43 .65/.85 .15/.35 .70/.90 1.65/2.00 .20/.30 .............. 4340
6418 .23/.28 1.20/1.50 1.30/1.70 .20/.40 1.65/2.00 .35/.45 .............. 4625M4
6419(10) .40/.45 .60/.90 1.45/1.80 .70/.95 1.65/2.00 .30/.50 .05/.10 CV300M
6421(11) .35/.40 .65/.85 .15/.35 .70/.90 .70/1.00 .15/.25 .............. 98B37 Mod
6422(11) .38/.43 .65/.85 .15/.35 .70/.90 .70/1.00 .15/.25 .01/.06 98BV40 Mod
6424 .49/.55 .65/.85 .15/.35 .70/.90 1.65/2.00 .20/.30 .............. 4350M

20
6427 .28/.33 .75/1.00 .15/.35 .75/1.00 1.65/2.00 .35/.50 .05/.10 4330M4V1
6428 .32/.38 .60/.80 .15/.35 .65/.90 1.65/2.00 .30/.40 .17/.23 4335 Mod
6430(9) .32/.38 .60/.90 .40/.60 .65/.90 1.65/2.00 .30/.40 .17/.23 4335M4V2
6431(10) .45/.50 .60/.90 .15/.30 .90/1.20 .40/.70 .90/1.10 .08/.15 D6-AC
6439(9) .42/.48 .60/.90 .15/.30 .90/1.20 .40/.70 .90/1.10 .68/.15 4140
6440 .93/1.05 .25/.45 .15/.35 1.35/1.60 .25 max .10 max .............. 52100
6444(9) .98/1.10 .25/.45 .15/.35 1.30/1.60 .25 max .08 max .............. CV52100(12)
6445(9) .92/1.02 .95/1.25 .50/.70 .90/1.15 .25 max .08 max .............. CV51100 Mod
6448 .48/.53 .70/.90 .15/.35 .80/1.10 .25 max .06 max .15/.30 6150
P & S 5 .025 max, Cu 5 .35 max unless specified
(9)P & S 5 .015 max
(10) P & S 5 .010 max
(11) B 5 .0005/.005
(12) Premium Aircraft Quality

NITRIDING STEELS
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits

AMS Other
Number C Mn Si Cr Ni Mo Al Designations
6470 .38/.43 .50/.80 .20/.40 1.40/1.80 .25 max .30/.40 .95/1.30 135M or #3 6471
.38/.43 .50/.80 .20/.40 1.40/1.80 .25 max .30/.40 .95/1.30 CV Nit #3
6472(1) .38/.43 .50/.80 .20/.40 1.40/1.80 .25 max .30/.40 .95/1.30
6475 .21/.26 .50/.70 .20/.40 1.00/1.25 3.25/3.75 .20/.30 1.10/1.40 N
(1)
P 5 .035 max, S 5 .040 max

21
Return to Table of Contents
 AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits

Type C Mn Si P S
Number Max Max Max Max Max Cr Ni Others

Return to Table of Contents

201 .15 5.5/7.5 1.00 .060 .030 16.00/18.00 3.50/5.50 N 5 0.25 max
202 .15 7.5/10.0 1.00 .060 .030 17.00/19.00 4.00/6.00 N 5 0.25 max
301 .15 2.00 1.00 .045 .030 16.00/18.00 6.00/8.00 N 5 0.10 max
302 .15 2.00 .75 .045 .030 17.00/19.00 8.00/10.00 N 5 0.10 max
302B .15 2.00 2.00/3.00 .045 .030 17.00/19.00 8.00/10.00 .............
303 .15 2.00 1.00 .200 .15 min 17.00/19.00 8.00/10.00 Zr, Mo 5 .60 max(1)
304 .08 2.00 .75 .045 .030 18.00/20.00 8.00/10.50 .............
TP304 .08 2.00 .75 .040 .030 18.00/20.00 8.00/11.00 ..............

22
304L .03 2.00 .75 .045 .030 18.00/20.00 8.00/12.00 N 5 0.10 max
TP304L .035 2.00 .75 .040 .030 18.00/20.00 8.00/13.00 ..............
TP304H .04/.10 2.00 .75 .040 .030 18.00/20.00 8.00/11.00 ..............
305 .12 2.00 .75 .045 .030 17.00/19.00 10.50/13.00 ..............
308 .08 2.00 1.00 .045 .030 19.00/21.00 10.00/12.00 ..............
309 .20 2.00 1.00 .045 .030 22.00/24.00 12.00/15.00 ..............
310 .25 2.00 1.50 .045 .030 24.00/26.00 19.00/22.00 ..............
TP310 .15 2.00 .75 .040 .030 24.00/26.00 19.00/22.00 ..............
314 .25 2.00 1.50/3.00 .045 .030 23.00/26.00 19.00/22.00 ..............
316 .08 2.00 .75 .045 .030 16.00/18.00 10.00/14.00 Mo 5 2.00/3.00
N 5 0.10 max
TP316 .08 2.00 .75 .040 .030 16.00/18.00 11.00/14.00 Mo 5 2.00/3.00
316L .03 2.00 .75 .045 .030 16.00/18.00 10.00/14.00 Mo 5 2.00/3.00

(1)
N 5 0.10 max
At producers option, reported only when intentionally added.

AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEELS continued

Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits
Type C Mn Si P S

Number Max Max Max Max Max Cr Ni Others
TP316L .035 2.00 .75 .040 .030 16.00/18.00 10.00/15.00 Mo 5 2.00/3.00
TP316H .04/.10 2.00 .75 .040 .030 .............. 11.00/14.00 Mo 5 2.00/3.00
TP317 .08 2.00 .75 .040 .030 18.00/20.00 11.00/14.00 Mo 5 3.00/4.00
321 .08 2.00 1.00 .045 .030 17.00/19.00 9.00/12.00 Ti 5 5 3 C min, .60 max
TP321 .08 2.00 .75 .040 .030 17.00/20.00 9.00/13.00 Ti 5 5 3 C min, .60 max

TP321H .04/.10 2.00 .75 .040 .030 17.00/20.00 9.00/13.00 Ti 5 4 3 C min, .60 max
347 .08 2.00 1.00 .045 .030 17.00/19.00 9.00/13.00 Cb 1Ta 5 10 3 C min

23
TP347 .08 2.00 .75 .040 .030 17.00/20.00 9.00/13.00 Cb 1 Ta 5 10 3 C min
5 1.00 max
TP347H .04/.10 2.00 .75 .040 .030 17.00/20.00 9.00/13.00 Cb 1 Ta 5 8 3 C min
5 1.00 max
348 .08 2.00 1.00 .045 .030 17.00/19.00 9.00/13.00 Cb 1 Ta 5 10 3 C min
Ta 5 .10 max
TP348 .08 2.00 .75 .040 .030 17.00/20.00 9.00/13.00 Cb 1 Ta 5 10 3 C min
Cb 1 Ta 5 1.00 max
TP348H .04/.10 2.00 .75 .040 .030 17.00/20.00 9.00/13.00 Cb 1 Ta 5 8 3 C min
Ta 5 .10 max
Cb 1 Ta 5 1.00 max
384 .08 2.00 1.00 .045 .030 15.00/17.00 17.00/19.00 ..............
385 .08 2.00 1.00 .045 .030 11.50/13.50 14.00/16.00 ..............
Return to Table of Contents

H 5 Grades for high temperature service.

TP 5 Tubular Products
 CHROMIUM STAINLESS STEELS
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits

Type C Mn Si P S

Number Max Max Max Max Max Cr Ni Others

Return to Table of Contents

403 .15 1.00 .50 .040 .030 11.50/13.00 .............. Turbine Quality
405 .08 1.00 1.00 .040 .030 11.50/14.50 .60 max AI 5 .10/.30
TP405 .08 1.00 .75 .040 .030 11.50/13.50 .50 max AI 5 .10/.30
410 .15 1.00 1.00 .040 .030 11.50/13.50 .75 max ..............
TP410 .15 1.00 .75 .040 .030 11.50/13.50 .50 max ..............
414 .15 1.00 1.00 .040 .030 11.50/13.50 1.25/2.50 ..............
416 .15 1.25 1.00 .060 .150 min 12.00/14.00 .............. Zr, Mo 5 .60 max(1)
420 Over .15 1.00 1.00 .040 .030 12.00/14.00 .............. ..............

24
TP420 Over .15 1.00 .75 .030 .030 12.00/14.00 .50 max ..............
430 .12 1.00 1.00 .040 .030 16.00/18.00 .............. ..............
430F .12 1.25 1.00 .060 .150 min 16.00/18.00 .............. Mo 5 .60 max(1)
431 .20 1.00 1.00 .040 .030 15.00/17.00 1.25/2.50 ..............
440A .60/.75 1.00 1.00 .040 .030 16.00/18.00 .............. Mo 5 .75 max
440B .75/.95 1.00 1.00 .040 .030 16.00/18.00 .............. Mo 5 .75 max
440C .95/1.20 1.00 1.00 .040 .030 16.00/18.00 .............. Mo 5 .75 max
TP443 .20 1.00 .75 .040 .030 18.00/23.00 .50 max Cu 5 .90/1.25
501 Over .10 1.00 1.00 .040 .030 4.00/6.00 .............. Mo 5 .40/.65
502 .10 1.00 1.00 .040 .030 4.00/6.00 ............. Mo 5 .40/.65
Prefix TP denotes tubular products.
Suffixes A, B and C denote differing carbon ranges for the same grade. F denotes a free machining grade.
(1) At producers option, reported only when intentionally added.

SELECTED ASTM SPECIFICATIONS

Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits

ASTM
Number Grade C Mn Si Cr Ni Mo V
A106(1) A .25 max .27/.93 .10 min .40 max .40 max .15 max .08 max
B .30 max .29/1.06 .10 min .40 max .40 max .15 max .08 max
C .35 max .29/1.06 .10 min .40 max .40 max .15 max .08 max
A182 F11 .10/.20 .30/.80 .50/1.00 1.00/1.50 ............. .44/.65 .............
F12 .10/.20 .30/.80 .10/.60 .80/ 1.25 ............. .44/.65 .............
A192 A .06/.18 .27/.63 .25 max ............. ............. ............. .............
A209 T1 .10/.20 .30/.80 .10/.50 ............. ............. .44/.65 .............

25
T1a .15/.25 .30/.80 .10/.50 1.00/1.50 ............. .44/.65 .............
T1b .14 max .30/.80 .10/.50 ............. ............. .44/.65 .............

See current ASTM specifications for P & S limitations.

(1) The combined elements of Cr, Ni, Mo, V and Cu must not exceed 1%

Return to Table of Contents

 SELECTED ASTM SPECIFICATIONS continued
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits
ASTM
Number Grade C Mn Si Cr Ni Mo Others
A210 A1 .27 max .93 max .10 min ............. ............. .............

Return to Table of Contents

C .35 max .29/1.06 .10 min ............. ............. .............
A213 T4 .05/.15 .30/.60 .50/1.00 2.15/2.85 ............. .44/.65 .............
T5(2) .15 max .30/.60 .50 max 4.00/6.00 ............. .45/.65 .............
T5b .15 max .30/.60 1.00/2.00 4.00/6.00 ............. .45/.65
T5c .12 max .30/.60 .50 max 4.00/6.00 ............. .45/.65 Ti 5 4 3 C min, .70 max
T7(2) .15 max .30/.60 .50/1.00 6.00/8.00 ............. .45/.65 .............
T9(2) .15 max .30/.60 .25/1.00 8.00/10.00 ............. .90/1.10 .............
T11(2) .05/.15 .30/.60 .50/1.00 1.00/1.50 ............. .44/.65 .............

26
T12 .05/.15 .30/.61 .50 max .80/1.25 ............. .44/.65
T21(2) .05/.15 .30/.60 .50 max 2.65/3.35 ............. .80/1.06 .............
T22(2) .05/.15 .30/.60 .50 max 1.90/2.60 ............. .87/1.13 .............
T91(3) .08/.12 .30/.60 .20/.50 8.00/9.00 .40 max .85/1.05 .18/.25
TP304H(4) .04/.10 2.00 max .75 max 18.00/20.00 8.00/11.00 .............
TP310H (4) .04/.10 2.00 max .75 max 24.00/26.00 19.00/22.00 .............
TP316H(4) .04/.10 2.00 max .75 max 16.00/18.00 11.00/14.00 2.00/3.00
TP321H (4) .04/.10 2.00 max .75 max 17.00/20.00 9.00/13.00 ............. Ti 5 4 3 C min, .60 max
TP347H(4) .04/.10 2.00 max .75 max 17.00/20.00 9.00/13.00 ............. Cb 1 Ta 5 8 3 C min,1.00 max
TP348 .08 max 2.00 max .75 max 17.00/20.00 9.00/13.00 ............. Cb 1 Ta 5 10 3 C min,
Ta 5 .10 max
Cb 1 Ta 5 1.00 max
See current ASTM specifications for P & S limitations
(2) These grades also included in ASTM Specifications A213 and A335.
(3) Cb 5 .06/.10, N 5 .03/.07, Al 5 .04 max
(4) These grades also included in ASTM Specifications A312 and A376.

TIMKENSTEEL TUBULAR HOLLOW DRILL STEELS

Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits
Type C Mn Si Cr Ni Mo
TDS-10 .72/.85 .30/ .60 .............. .............. .............. ..............
TDS-30 .17/.22 .45/ .65 .15/.30 .40/ .60 1.65/2.00 .20/.30
TDS-50 .27/.33 .60/ .80 .40/.70 1.00/1.35 1.85/2.25 .35/.55
TDS-70 .25/.31 .80/1.20 .50/.80 1.90/2.40 .25 max. .25/.35
TDS-90 .23/.28 .40/ .60 .15/.30 3.00/3.50 .............. .45/.60

27
TIMKENSTEEL OIL COUNTRY STEELS
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits

Type C Mn Si Cr Ni Mo Cb Other
Impact 7 .26/.32 .60/.90 .............. 1.20/1.50 .............. .65/.75 .02/.05
Impact 8 .26/.32 .90/1.10 .20/.40 1.00/1.50 .15 max .75/.85 .02/.05
Impact 10 .26/.32 .90/1.10 .15/.35 .70/.90 .50/.70 .65/.75 .02/.05
9Cr1Mo .15 max .30/.60 .25/1.00 8.00/10.00 .............. .90/1.10 .............. P 5 .030 max
S 5 .030 max
410 .15 max 1.00 max 1.00 max 12.00/14.00 .............. .............. .............. P 5 .040 max
420 Mod .18/.22 1.00 max 1.00 max 12.50/14.00 .............. .............. .............. P 5 .020 max
P 5 .015 max, S 5 .005 max
Return to Table of Contents
 CORROSION RESISTANT ALLOYS
Duplex Stainless Steel Ranges and Limits (Not Manufactured by TimkenSteel)

Designation C max Mn max Si max Cr Ni

44LN .03 2.0 1.00 24.0-26.0 5.50-6.50

Return to Table of Contents

DP-3 .03 1.0 0.75 24.0-26.0 5.50-7.50
3RE60 .03 1.2-2.0(1) 1.40-2.00(1) 18.0-19.0 4.25-5.25
2205 .03 2.0 1.00 21.0-23.0 4.50-6.50
2304 .03 2.5 1.00 21.5-24.5 3.00-5.50
Uranus 50 .04 2.0 1.00 20.5-22.5 5.50-8.50
Ferralium 255 .04 1.5 1.00 24.0-27.0 4.50-6.50
7-Mo PLUS .03 2.0 0.60 26.0-29.0 3.50-5.20

28
(1) Range indicates min to max mass functions.

TIMKENSTEEL WELDABLE HIGH STRENGTH STEELS

Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits

Type C Mn Si Cr Ni Mo V B
WHS 100TM .13/.21 1.00/1.30 .15/.30 .65/.90 .40/.70 .15/.25 .03/.08 .003 added
WHS 130TM .20/.27 .60/ .80 .15/.30 .70/.90 1.55/2.00 .20/.30 .............. ..............

TIMKENSTEEL HIGH STRENGTH STEELS

29
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits

Type C Mn Si Cr Ni Mo V
HS-220-07 .27/.33 .60/.80 .40/.70 1.00/1.35 1.85/2.25 .35/.55 ............
HS-220-18 .23/.28 1.20/1.50 1.30/1.70 .20/.40 1.65/2.00 .35/.45 ............
HS-220-27 .28/.33 .75/1.00 .15/.35 .75/1.00 1.65/2.00 .35/.50 .05/.10
HS-220-28 .32/.38 .60/.80 .15/.35 .65/.90 1.65/2.00 .30/.40 .17/.23
HS-220-30 .32/.38 .60/.90 .40/.60 .65/.90 1.65/2.00 .30/.40 .17/.23
Return to Table of Contents
 TIMKENSTEEL MICROALLOY STEELS
Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits

Type C Mn V S Si Other
MicroTec 2W60 0.10/0.18 1.20/1.60 0.05/0.10 .............. ..............

Return to Table of Contents

MicroTec 2W65 0.16/0.20 1.20/1.40 0.06/0.10 .............. ..............
MicroTec 2W70 0.16/0.20 1.40/1.60 0.07/0.11 .............. ..............
MicroTec 2W75 0.16/0.22 1.30/1.70 0.10/0.20 .............. ..............
MicroTec 3W70 0.28/0.33 0.90/1.30 0.07/0.18 .............. ..............
MicroTec 3W75 0.26/0.30 1.00/1.30 0.13/0.23 .............. ..............
MicroTec 3W75A 0.28/0.32 0.90/1.20 0.13/0.18 .............. ..............

MicroTec 3M80 0.28/0.33 1.30/1.60 0.08/0.18 .............. .............. N = .008/.015

30
MicroTec 3M80A 0.28/0.33 1.30/1.50 0.08/0.18 0.025/0.050 .............. N = .008/.015
MicroTec 3M80B 0.32/0.36 1.35/1.45 0.06/0.10 0.010 max. 0.40/0.50
MicroTec 3M80C 0.32/0.36 1.35/1.45 0.07/0.09 0.005/0.020 0.20/0.30
MicroTec 3M85 0.31/0.35 1.30/1.50 0.10/0.14 0.030/0.050 ..............
MicroTec 4M85 0.36/0.40 1.20/1.40 0.04/0.10 0.030/0.050 0.30/0.50
MicroTec 4M90 0.36/0.41 1.10/1.30 0.10/0.18 .............. ..............
MicroTec 4M90A 0.36/0.41 1.10/1.30 0.10/0.18 0.030/0.050 ..............
MicroTec 4M95 0.36/0.40 1.30/1.50 0.08/0.12 0.045 max. 0.50/0.70
MicroTec 4M95A 0.38/0.43 1.35/1.45 0.08/0.12 0.030/0.045 0.50/0.65

MicroTec 5H85 0.53/0.57 0.70/0.85 0.08/0.12 0.020/0.035 ..............

MicroTec 5H90 0.52/0.57 0.70/1.00 0.05/0.20 0.025/0.035 0.15/0.35
MicroTec 5H95 0.52/0.57 1.05/1.25 0.08/0.18 0.040/0.060 0.45/0.65
MicroTec 5H95A 0.52/0.57 1.15/1.35 0.10/0.20 0.040/0.060 0.45/0.65 Cr = .15/.45

TIMKENSTEEL ALLOY STEELS FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE SERVICE

Chemical Composition Range and Limits

P S ASTM
Type C Mn Max Max Si Cr Mo No
.50Mo(1) .10/.20 .30/.80 .045 .045 .10/.50 .............. .44/.65 1
DM .15 max .30/.60 .030 .030 .50/1.00 1.00/1.50 .44/.65 11
DM-2 .15 max .30/.60 .............. .............. .50 max .80/1.25 .44/.65 ..............
2 1/4 Cr 1 Mo .15 max .30/.60 .030 .030 .50 max 1.90/2.60 .87/1.13 22
5 Cr 1/2 Mo .15 max .30/.60 .030 .030 .50 max 4.00/6.00 .45/.65 5
5 Cr 1/2 Mo+Ti(2) .12 max .30/.60 .030 .030 .50 max 4.00/6.00 .45/.65 5c
5 Cr 1/2 Mo+Si .15 max .30/.60 .030 .030 1.00/2.00 4.00/6.00 .45/.65 5b
5 Cr 1 Mo+Si .15 max .30/.60 .030 .030 1.00/1.50 4.00/6.00 .09/1.10 ..............

31
7 Cr 1/2 Mo .15 max .30/.60 .030 .030 .50/1.00 6.00/8.00 .45/.65 7
9 Cr 1 Mo .15 max .30/.60 .030 .030 .25/1.00 8.00/10.00 .90/1.10 9
T9(3) .08/.12 .30/.60 .020 .010 .20/.50 8.00/9.50 .85/1.05 91
(1) (2) (3)
.50 Mo steel also available with .08/.14 C. Ti 5 4 3 C min, .70 max Ni 5 .40 max, V 5 .18/.25, Cb 5 .06/.10, N 5 .03/.07, Al 5 .04 max

TIMKENSTEEL HIGH TEMPERATURE ENGINEERING STEELS

Chemical Composition Ranges

P S AMS
Type C Mn Max Max Si Cr Mo V No
17-22-A .41/.48 .45/.65 .040 .040 .55/.75 1.00/1.50 .40/.60 .20/.30 ..............
Return to Table of Contents

17-22-AS .28/.33 .45/.65 .040 .040 .55/.75 1.00/1.50 .40/.60 .20/.30 6302
17-22-AV .25/.30 .60/.90 .040 .040 .55/.75 1.00/1.50 .40/.60 .75/.95 6303
 TIMKENSTEEL TUBING FOR POLYETHYLENE PRODUCTION
Chemical Composition Ranges

Type C Mn Cr Ni Mo
4333M4 .30/.38 .70/1.00 .70/.90 1.65/2.00 .35/.45

Return to Table of Contents

4333M6 .30/.38 .70/1.00 .80/1.20 2.00/2.50 .50/.65

TIMKENSTEEL SPECIAL BEARING STEELS

Chemical Composition Ranges and Limits

Type C Mn Si Cr Ni Mo V

32
52100(1) .93/1.05 .25/.45 .15/.35 1.30/1.60 .............. .............. ..............
ASTM-A485-1(#1 Mod.)(3) .90/1.05 .90/1.20 .45/.75 .90/1.20 .............. .............. ..............
ASTM-A485-2(#2 Mod.) .85/1.00 1.40/1.70 .50/.80 1.40/1.80 .............. .............. ..............
ASTM-A485-3(T-1)(3) .95/1.10 .65/.90 .15/.35 1.10/1.50 .............. .20/.30 ..............
ASTM-A485-4(T-2)(3) .95/1.10 1.05/1.35 .15/.35 1.10/1.50 .............. .45/.60 ..............
TBS-600TM (4) .95/1.10 .60/.80 .85/1.20 1.25/1.65 .............. .25/.35 ..............
CBS-600TM (5) .16/.22 .40/.70 .90/1.25 1.25/1.65 .............. .90/1.10 ..............
CBS1000MTM (6) .10/.16 .40/.60 .40/.60 .90/1.20 2.75/3.25 4.00/5.00 .25/.50
CBS-50NiL(2) .11/.15 .15/.35 .10/.25 4.00/4.25 3.20/3.60 4.00/4.50 1.13/1.33
TBA-2(7) .70/.80 1.05/1.35 .15/.35 .90/1.20 1.30/1.65 1.20/1.40 ..............
M-50 .77/.85 .35 max. .25 max. 3.75/4.25 .10 max. 4.00/4.50 .90/1.10
440C .95/1.20 1.00 max. 1.00 max. 16.00/18.00 .............. .75 max. ..............
TBS-9 .89/1.01 .50/.80 .15/.35 .40/.60 .25 max. .08/.15 ..............
(1) (7)
52100 shown for reference purposes only (4) Through hardening steel for service up to 600 F.
Through hardening steel can be air quenched.
(2)
Max Cu .10, Co .25, W .25, P .015, S .010 (5) Carburizing steel for service up to 600 F.
(3) Deep hardening steels. (6) Carburizing steel for service up to 1000 F.
USA

5140
5130
5120
8640
8620
4340
4140
4130
4118
1045

52100

33
C45

41Cr4
28Cr4
20Cr4

100Cr6
42CrMo4
25CrMo4
20CrMo5
European

21NiCrMo2
40NiCrMo6

40NiCrMo22
NEAR EQUIVALENT GRADES
USA - EUROPEAN - JAPANESE

SUJ2
S45C

SCr440
SCr430
SCr420
SCM440
SCM430
SCM418

SNCM240
SNCM220
SNCM439
Japanese

Return to Table of Contents

 EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS
CARBON STEELS AND ALLOY STEELS
DIN 17200
Chemical Composition, %

Return to Table of Contents

Steel Grade C Si Max Mn P Max S Max Cr Mo Ni V

C 10 .07/.13 .40 .30/.60 .045 .045 .............. .............. .............. ..............

C 15 .12/.18 .40 .30/.60 .045 .045 .............. .............. .............. ..............
C 20 .17/.23 .40 .30/.60 .045 .045 .............. .............. .............. ..............
C 22(1) .17/.24 .40 .30/.60 .045 .045 .............. .............. .............. ..............

34
C 25(1) .22/.29 .40 .40/.70 .045 .045 .............. .............. .............. ..............
C 30(1) .27/.34 .40 .50/.80 .045 .045 .............. .............. .............. ..............
C 35(1) .32/.39 .40 .50/.80 .045 .045 .............. .............. .............. ..............
C 40(1) .37/.44 .40 .50/.80 .045 .045 .............. .............. .............. ..............
C 45(1) .42/.50 .40 .50/.80 .045 .045 .............. .............. .............. ..............
C 50(1) .47/.55 .40 .60/.90 .045 .045 .............. .............. .............. ..............
C 55(1) .52/.60 .40 .60/.90 .045 .045 .............. .............. .............. ..............
C 60(1) .57/.65 .40 .60/.90 .045 .045 .............. .............. .............. ..............
28 Mn 6 .25/.35 .40 1.30/1.65 .035 .03 .............. .............. .............. ..............
32 Cr 2 .28/.35 .40 .50/.80 .035 .03 .40/.60 .............. .............. ..............
32 CrS 2 .28/.35 .40 .50/.80 .035 .020/.035 .40/.60 .............. .............. ..............
38 Cr 2 .35/.42 .40 .50/.80 .035 .03 .40/.60 .............. .............. ..............
38 CrS 2 .35/.42 .40 .50/.80 .035 .020/.035 .40/.60 .............. .............. ..............
46 Cr 2 .42/.50 .40 .50/.80 .035 .03 .40/.60 .............. .............. ..............
46 CrS 2 .42/.50 .40 .50/.80 .035 .020/.035 .40/.60 .............. .............. ..............
(1) Ck has same chemical composition except %S is .03 max. Cm has same chemical composition except %S is .020/.035 max.

EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS CARBON STEELS AND ALLOY STEELS continued

Steel Grade C Si Max Mn P Max S Max Cr Mo Ni V

28 Cr 4 .24/.31 .40 .60/.90 .035 .03 .90/1.20 .............. .............. ..............

28 CrS 4 .24/.31 .40 .60/.90 .035 .020/.035 .90/1.20 .............. .............. ..............
34 Cr 4 .30/.37 .40 .60/.90 .035 .03 .90/1.20 .............. .............. ..............
34 CrS 4 .30/.37 .40 .60/.90 .035 .020/.035 .90/1.20 .............. .............. ..............
37 Cr 4 .34/.41 .40 .60/.90 .035 .03 .90/1.20 .............. .............. ..............
37 CrS 4 .34/.41 .40 .60/.90 .035 .020/.035 .90/1.20 .............. .............. ..............
41 Cr 4 .38/.45 .40 .60/.90 .035 .03 .90/1.20 .............. .............. ..............
41 CrS 4 .38/.45 .40 .60/.90 .035 .020/.035 .90/1.20 .............. .............. ..............

35
25 CrMo 4 .22/.29 .40 .60/.90 .035 .03 .90/1.20 .15/.30 .............. ..............
25 CrMoS 4 .22/.29 .40 .60/.90 .035 .020/.035 .90/1.20 .15/.30 .............. ..............
34 CrMo 4 .30/.37 .40 .60/.90 .035 .03 .90/1.20 .15/.30 .............. ..............
34 CrMoS 4 .30/.37 .40 .60/.90 .035 .020/.035 .90/1.20 .15/.30 .............. ..............
42 CrMo 4 .38/.45 .40 .60/.90 .035 .03 .90/1.20 .15/.30 .............. ..............
42 CrMoS 4 .38/.45 .40 .60/.90 .035 .020/.035 .90/1.20 .15/.30 .............. ..............
50 CrMo 4 .46/.54 .40 .50/.80 .035 .03 .90/1.20 .15/.30 .............. ..............
36 CrNiMo 4 .32/.40 .40 .50/.80 .035 .03 .90/1.20 .15/.30 .90/1.20 ..............
34 CrNiMo 6 .30/.38 .40 .40/.70 .035 .03 1.40/1.70 .15/.30 1.40/1.70 ..............
30 CrNiMo 8 .26/.34 .40 .30/.60 .035 .03 1.80/2.20 .30/.50 1.80/2.20 ..............
50 CrV 4 .47/.55 .40 .70/1.10 .035 .03 .90/1.20 .............. .............. .10/.20
Return to Table of Contents

30 CrMoV 9 .26/.34 .40 .40/.70 .035 .03 2.30/2.70 .15/.25 .............. .10/.20
(1) Ck has same chemical composition except %S is .03 max. Cm has same chemical composition except %S is .020/.035 max.
 EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS
CARBON AND ALLOY STEELS
DIN 17210
Chemical Composition, % (1)

Return to Table of Contents

Steel Grade C Si Max Mn P Max S Max Cr Mo Ni

C 10 .07/.13 .15/.35 .30/.60 .045 .045 .............. .............. ..............

C 15 .12/.18 .15/.35 .30/.60 .045 .045 .............. .............. ..............
Ck 10 .07/.13 .15/.35 .30/.60 .035 .035 .............. .............. ..............
Ck 15 .12/.18 .15/.35 .30/.60 .035 .035 .............. .............. ..............
15 Cr 3 .12/.18 .15/.40 .40/.60 .035 .035 .40/.70 .............. ..............

36
16 MnCr 5 .14/.19 .15/.40 1.00/1.30 .035 .035 .80/1.10 .............. ..............
20 MnCr 5 .17/.22 .15/.40 1.10/1.40 .035 .035 1.00/1.30 .............. ..............
20 MoCr 4 .17/.22 .15/.40 .60/.90 .035 .035 .30/.50 .40/.50 ..............
25 MoCr 4 .23/.29 .15/.40 .60/.90 .035 .035 .40/.60 .40/.50 ..............
15 CrNi 6 .12/.17 .15/.40 .40/.60 .035 .035 1.40/1.70 .............. 1.40/1.70
17 CrNiMo 6 .14/.19 .15/.40 .40/.60 .035 .035 1.50/1.80 .25/.35 1.40/1.70
(1)
Alloy steels intended for direct quenching shall contain at least 0.02% by weight of metallic (acid soluble) aluminum.

EUROPEAN INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS

THROUGH HARDENING BEARING STEELS
DIN 17230
Chemical Composition %

Steel Grade C Si Mn P Max S Max Cr Mo Ni Max

100 Cr2 .90/1.05 .15/.35 .25/.45 .030 .025 .40/.60 .10 max .30
100 Cr6 .90/1.05 .15/.35 .25/.45 .030 .025 1.35/1.60 .10 max .30
100 CrMn6 .90/1.05 .50/.70 1.00/1.20 .030 .025 1.40/1.65 .10 max .30
100 CrMo7 .90/1.05 .20/.40 .25/.45 .030 .025 1.65/1.95 .15/.25 .30

37
100 CrMo7 3 .90/1.05 .20/.40 .60/.80 .030 .025 1.65/1.95 .20/.35 .30
100 CrMnMo 8 .90/1.05 .40/.60 .80/1.10 .030 .025 1.80/2.05 .50/.60 .30

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 JAPANESE AUTOMOTIVE STANDARDS
CARBON STEELS AND BORON STEELS
Chemical Composition, %

No. Steel C Si Mn P S B Cu Ni Cr Ni + Cr

Return to Table of Contents

Grade
1 S 10 C .08/.13 .15/.35 .30/.60 .030 max .035 max .............. .30 max .20 max .20 max .35 max
2 S 12 C .10/.15 .15/.35 .30/.60 .030 max .035 max .............. .30 max .20 max .20 max .35 max
3 S 15 C .13/.18 .15/.35 .30/.60 .030 max .035 max .............. .30 max .20 max .20 max .35 max
4 S 17 C .15/.20 .15/.35 .30/.60 .030 max .035 max .............. .30 max .20 max .20 max .35 max
5 S 20 C .18/.23 .15/.35 .30/.60 .030 max .035 max .............. .30 max .20 max .20 max .35 max

38
6 S 22 C .20/.25 .15/.35 .30/.60 .030 max .035 max .............. .30 max .20 max .20 max .35 max
7 S 25 C .22/.28 .15/.35 .30/.60 .030 max .035 max .............. .30 max .20 max .20 max .35 max
8 S 28 C .25/.31 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .035 max .............. .30 max .20 max .20 max .35 max
9 S 30 C .27/.33 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .035 max .............. .30 max .20 max .20 max .35 max
10 S 33 C .30/.36 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .035 max .............. .30 max .20 max .20 max .35 max
11 S 35 C .32/.38 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .035 max .............. .30 max .20 max .20 max .35 max
12 S 38 C .35/.41 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .035 max .............. .30 max .20 max .20 max .35 max
13 S 40 C .37/.43 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .035 max .............. .30 max .20 max .20 max .35 max
14 S 43 C .40/.46 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .035 max .............. .30 max .20 max .20 max .35 max
15 S 45 C .42/.48 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .035 max .............. .30 max .20 max .20 max .35 max
16 S 48 C .45/.51 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .035 max .............. .30 max .20 max .20 max .35 max

JAPANESE AUTOMOTIVE STANDARDS CARBON STEELS AND BORON STEELS continued

No. Steel C Si Mn P S B Cu Ni Cr Ni + Cr
Grade
17 S 50 C .47/53 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .035 max .............. .30 max .20 max .20 max .35 max
18 S 53 C .50/.56 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .035 max .............. .30 max .20 max .20 max .35 max
19 S 55 C .52/.58 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .035 max .............. .30 max .20 max .20 max .35 max
20 S 58 C .55/.61 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .035 max .............. .30 max .20 max .20 max .35 max
21 ASBo 20 .18/.23 .15/.35 .30/.60 .030 max .035 max .0005 min .30 max .20 max .20 max .35 max
22 ASBo 25 .22/.28 .15/.35 .30/.60 .030 max .035 max .0005 min .30 max .20 max .20 max .35 max
23 ASBo 28 .25/.31 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .035 max .0005 min .30 max .20 max .20 max .35 max

39
24 ASBo 30 .27/.33 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .035 max .0005 min .30 max .20 max .20 max .35 max
25 ASBo 33 .30/.36 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .035 max .0005 min .30 max .20 max .20 max .35 max
26 ASBo 35 .32/.38 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .035 max .0005 min .30 max .20 max .20 max .35 max
27 ASBo 38 .35/.41 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .035 max .0005 min .30 max .20 max .20 max .35 max
28 ASBo 40 .37/.43 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .035 max .0005 min .30 max .20 max .20 max .35 max
29 ASBo 43 .40/.46 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .035 max .0005 min .30 max .20 max .20 max .35 max
30 ASBo 45 .42/.48 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .035 max .0005 min .30 max .20 max .20 max .35 max
31 ASBo 48 .45/.51 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .035 max .0005 min .30 max .20 max .20 max .35 max
32 ASBo 50 .47/.53 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .035 max .0005 min .30 max .20 max .20 max .35 max
33 ASBo 53 .50/.56 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .035 max .0005 min .30 max .20 max .20 max .35 max
Return to Table of Contents
 JAPANESE AUTOMOTIVE STANDARDS
H STEELS
No. Steel Grade C Si Mn P S Ni Cr Mo B Cu

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34 ASMn420H .17/.23 .15/.35 1.15/1.55 .030 max .030 max .25 max .35 max .............. .............. .30 max
35 ASMn425H .22/.28 .15/.35 1.15/1.55 .030 max .030 max .25 max .35 max .............. .............. .30 max
36 ASMn430H .27/.34 .15/.35 1.15/1.55 .030 max .030 max .25 max .35 max .............. .............. .30 max
37 SMn433H .29/.36 .15/.35 1.15/1.55 .030 max .030 max .25 max .35 max .............. .............. .30 max
38 ASMn435H .32/.39 .15/.35 1.15/1.55 .030 max .030 max .25 max .35 max .............. .............. .30 max
39 SMn438H .34/.41 .15/.35 1.30/1.70 .030 max .030 max .25 max .35 max .............. .............. .30 max

40
40 ASMn440H .37/.44 .15/.35 1.30/1.70 .030 max .030 max .25 max .35 max .............. .............. .30 max
41 ASMn443H .40/.47 .15/.35 1.30/1.70 .030 max .030 max .25 max .35 max .............. .............. .30 max
42 ASMn448H .45/.52 .15/.35 1.30/1.70 .030 max .030 max .25 max .35 max .............. .............. .30 max
43 ASMn453H .50/.57 .15/.35 1.30/1.70 .030 max .030 max .25 max .35 max .............. .............. .30 max
44 ASMnB220H .17/.23 .15/.35 1.10/1.40 .030 max .030 max .25 max .35 max .............. .0005 min .30 max
45 ASMnB233H .29/.36 .15/.35 1.10/1.40 .030 max .030 max .25 max .35 max .............. .0005 min .30 max
46 ASMnB422H .19/.25 .15/.35 1.20/1.50 .030 max .030 max .25 max .35 max .............. .0005 min .30 max
47 ASMnB425H .22/.28 .15/.35 1.20/1.50 .030 max .030 max .25 max .35 max .............. .0005 min .30 max
48 ASMnB433H .29/.36 .15/.35 1.20/1.50 .030 max .030 max .25 max .35 max .............. .0005 min .30 max
49 ASMnB443H .40/.47 .15/.35 1.20/1.50 .030 max .030 max .25 max .35 max .............. .0005 min .30 max
50 ASMnC420H .17/.23 .15/.35 1.15/1.55 .030 max .030 max .25 max .35/.70 .............. .............. .30 max
51 SMnC443H .39/.46 .15/.35 1.30/1.70 .030 max .030 max .25 max .35/.70 .............. .............. .30 max

JAPANESE AUTOMOTIVE STANDARDS H STEELS continued

No. Steel Grade C Si Mn P S Ni Cr Mo B Cu

52 ASMnC520H .17/.23 .15/.35 1.15/1.55 .030 max .030 max .25 max .85/1.25 .............. .............. .30 max
53 ASMnC543H .39/.46 .15/.35 1.30/1.70 .030 max .030 max .25 max .85/1.25 .............. .............. .30 max
54 ASMnCB440H .37/.44 .15/.35 .80/1.20 .030 max .030 max .25 max .30/.70 .............. .0005 min .30 max
55 SCr415H .12/.18 .15/.35 .80/1.20 .030 max .030 max .25 max .85/1.25 .............. .............. .30 max
56 ASCr418H .15/.21 .15/.35 .55/.90 .030 max .030 max .25 max .85/1.25 .............. .............. .30 max
57 SCr420H .17/.23 .15/.35 .55/.90 .030 max .030 max .25 max .85/1.25 .............. .............. .30 max
58 ASCr423H .20/.26 .15/.35 .55/.90 .030 max .030 max .25 max .85/1.25 .............. .............. .30 max

41
59 ASCr425H .22/.28 .15/.35 .55/.90 .030 max .030 max .25 max .85/1.25 .............. .............. .30 max
60 SCr430H .27/.34 .15/.35 .55/.90 .030 max .030 max .25 max .85/1.25 .............. .............. .30 max
61 SCr435H .32/.39 .15/.35 .55/.90 .030 max .030 max .25 max .85/1.25 .............. .............. .30 max
62 SCr440H .37/.44 .15/.35 .55/.90 .030 max .030 max .25 max .85/1.25 .............. .............. .30 max
63 ASCr445H .42/.49 .15/.35 .55/.90 .030 max .030 max .25 max .85/1.25 .............. .............. .30 max
64 ASCB435H .32/.39 .15/.35 .55/.90 .030 max .030 max .25 max .85/1.25 .............. .0005 min .30 max
65 ASCB440H .37/.44 .15/.35 .55/.90 .030 max .030 max .25 max .85/1.25 .............. .0005 min .30 max
66 ASCM115H .12/.18 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .030 max .25 max .35/.65 .08/.15 .............. .30 max
67 ASCM118H .15/.21 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .030 max .25 max .35/.65 .08/.15 .............. .30 max
68 ASCM120H .17/.23 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .030 max .25 max .35/.65 .08/.15 .............. .30 max
69 ASCM125H .22/.28 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .030 max .25 max .35/.65 .08/.15 .............. .30 max
Return to Table of Contents

70 ASCM315H .12/.18 .15/.35 .65/1.00 .030 max .030 max .25 max .85/1.25 .08/.15 .............. .30 max
 JAPANESE AUTOMOTIVE STANDARDS H STEELS continued

No. Steel Grade C Si Mn P S Ni Cr Mo B Cu

71 ASCM318H .15/.21 .15/.35 .65/1.00 .030 max .030 max .25 max .85/1.25 .08/.15 .............. .30 max
72 ASCM320H .17/.23 .15/.35 .65/1.00 .030 max .030 max .25 max .85/1.25 .08/.15 .............. .30 max

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73 ASCM325H .22/.28 .15/.35 .65/1.00 .030 max .030 max .25 max .85/1.25 .08/.15 .............. .30 max
74 SCM415H .12/.18 .15/.35 .55/.90 .030 max .030 max .25 max .85/1.25 .15/.35 .............. .30 max
75 SCM418H .15/.21 .15/.35 .55/.90 .030 max .030 max .25 max .85/1.25 .15/.35 .............. .30 max
76 SCM420H .17/.23 .15/.35 .55/.90 .030 max .030 max .25 max .85/1.25 .15/.35 .............. .30 max
77 ASCM430H .27/.34 .15/.35 .55/.90 .030 max .030 max .25 max .85/1.25 .15/.35 .............. .30 max
78 SCM435H .32/.39 .15/.35 .55/.90 .030 max .030 max .25 max .85/1.25 .15/.35 .............. .30 max

42
79 SCM440H .37/.44 .15/.35 .55/.90 .030 max .030 max .25 max .85/1.25 .15/.35 .............. .30 max
80 SCM445H .42/.49 .15/.35 .55/.90 .030 max .030 max .25 max .85/1.25 .15/.35 .............. .30 max
81 SCM822H .19/.25 .15/.35 .55/.90 .030 max .030 max .25 max .85/1.25 .35/.45 .............. .30 max
82 SNCM220H .17/.23 .15/.35 .60/.95 .030 max .030 max .35/.75 .35/.65 .15/.30 .............. .30 max
83 SNCM420H .17/.23 .15/.35 .40/.70 .030 max .030 max 1.55/2.00 .35/.65 .15/.30 .............. .30 max

JAPANESE INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS

CARBON STEELS
JIS G 4051
Chemical Composition, %

Steel Grade C Si Mn P S Steel Grade C Si Mn P S

S 10 C .08/.13 .15/.35 .30/.60 .030 max .035 max S 40 C .37/.43 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .035 max
S 12 C .10/.15 .15/.35 .30/.60 .030 max .035 max S 43 C .40/.46 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .035 max
S 15 C .13/.18 .15/.35 .30/.60 .030 max .035 max S 45 C .42/.48 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .035 max
S 17 C .15/.20 .15/.35 .30/.60 .030 max .035 max S 48 C .45/.51 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .035 max

43
S 20 C .18/.23 .15/.35 .30/.60 .030 max .035 max S 50 C .47/.53 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .035 max
S 22 C .20/.25 .15/.35 .30/.60 .030 max .035 max S 53 C .50/.56 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .035 max
S 25 C .22/.28 .15/.35 .30/.60 .030 max .035 max S 55 C .52/.58 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .035 max
S 28 C .25/.31 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .035 max S 58 C .55/.61 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .035 max
S 30 C .27/.33 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .035 max S 09 CK .07/.12 .15/.35 .30/.60 .025 max .025 max
S 33 C .30/.36 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .035 max S 15 CK .13/.18 .15/.35 .30/.60 .025 max .025 max
S 35 C .32/.38 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .035 max S 20 CK .18/.23 .15/.35 .30/.60 .025 max .025 max
S 38 C .35/.41 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .035 max
NOTE: As impurities Cu, Ni, Cr and Ni + Cr for grades S 09 CK, S 15 CK, S 20 CK shall not exceed respectively 0.25%, 0.20%, 0.20% and 0.30% and Cu, Ni, Cr and Ni +
Cr for other grades shall not exceed respectively 0.30%, 0.20%, 0.20% and 0.35%.

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 JAPANESE INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS
HIGH CARBON CHROMIUM BEARING STEELS
JIS G 4805
Chemical Composition, %

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Symbol C Si Mn P S Cr Mo

SUJ 1 .95/1.10 .15/.35 .50 max .025 max .025 max .90/1.20 ..............
SUJ 2 .95/1.10 .15/.35 .50 max .025 max .025 max 1.30/1.60 ..............
SUJ 3 .95/1.10 .40/.70 .90/1.15 .025 max .025 max .90/1.20 ..............
SUJ 4 .95/1.10 .15/.35 .50 max .025 max .025 max 1.30/1.60 .10/.25

44
SUJ 5 .95/1.10 .40/.70 .90/1.15 .025 max .025 max .90/1.20 .10/.25

JAPANESE INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS

NICKEL MOLYBDENUM CHROMIUM STEELS
JIS G 4103
Chemical Composition, %

Steel Grade C Si Mn P S Ni Cr Mo

SNCM 220 .17/.23 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .030 max .40/.70 .40/.65 .15/.30
SNCM 240 .38/.43 .15/.35 .70/1.00 .030 max .030 max .40/.70 .40/.65 .15/.30
SNCM 415 .12/.18 .15/.35 .40/.70 .030 max .030 max 1.60/2.00 .40/.65 .15/.30
SNCM 420 .17/.23 .15/.35 .40/.70 .030 max .030 max 1.60/2.00 .40/.65 .15/.30

45
SNCM 431 .27/.35 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .030 max 1.60/2.00 .60/1.00 .15/.30
SNCM 439 .36/.43 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .030 max 1.60/2.00 .60/1.00 .15/.30
SNCM 447 .44/.50 .15/.35 .60/.90 .030 max .030 max 1.60/2.00 .60/1.00 .15/.30
SNCM 616 .13/.20 .15/.35 .80/1.20 .030 max .030 max 2.80/3.20 1.40/1.80 .40/.60
SNCM 625 .20/.30 .15/.35 .35/.60 .030 max .030 max 3.00/3.50 1.00/1.50 .15/.30
SNCM 630 .25/.35 .15/.35 .35/.60 .030 max .030 max 2.50/3.50 2.50/3.50 .50/.70
SNCM 815 .12/.18 .15/.35 .30/.60 .030 max .030 max 4.00/4.50 .70/1.00 .15/.30
NOTE: As impurities, Cu shall not exceed 0.30% for all grades.
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 JAPANESE INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS
CHROMIUM STEELS
JIS G 4104
Chemical Composition, %

Steel Grade C Si Mn P S Cr

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SCr 415 .13/.18 .15/.35 .60/.85 .030 max .030 max .90/1.20
SCr 420 .18/.23 .15/.35 .60/.85 .030 max .030 max .90/1.20
SCr 430 .28/.33 .15/.35 .60/.85 .030 max .030 max .90/1.20
SCr 435 .33/.38 .15/.35 .60/.85 .030 max .030 max .90/1.20
SCr 440 .38/.43 .15/.35 .60/.85 .030 max .030 max .90/1.20

46
SCr 445 .43/.48 .15/.35 .60/.85 .030 max .030 max .90/1.20
NOTE: As impurities Ni and Cu shall not exceed 0.25% and 0.30%, respectively, for all grades.

JAPANESE INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS

CHROMIUM MOLYBDENUM STEELS
JIS G 4105
Chemical Composition, %

Steel Grade C Si Mn P S Cr Mo

SCM 415 .13/.18 .15/.35 .60/.85 .030 max .030 max .90/1.20 .15/.30
SCM 418 .16/.21 .15/.35 .60/.85 .030 max .030 max .90/1.20 .15/.30
SCM 420 .18/.23 .15/.35 .60/.85 .030 max .030 max .90/1.20 .15/.30
SCM 421 .17/.23 .15/.35 .70/1.00 .030 max .030 max .90/1.20 .15/.30
SCM 430 .28/.33 .15/.35 .60/.85 .030 max .030 max .90/1.20 .15/.30

47
SCM 432 .27/.37 .15/.35 .30/.60 .030 max .030 max 1.00/1.50 .15/.30
SCM 435 .33/.38 .15/.35 .60/.85 .030 max .030 max .90/1.20 .15/.30
SCM 440 .38/.43 .15/.35 .60/.85 .030 max .030 max .90/1.20 .15/.30
SCM 445 .43/.48 .15/.35 .60/.85 .030 max .030 max .90/1.20 .15/.30
SCM 822 .20/.25 .15/.35 .60/.85 .030 max .030 max .90/1.20 .35/.45
NOTE: As impurities, Ni and Cu shall not exceed 0.25% and 0.30%, respectively, for all grades.
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 JAPANESE INDUSTRIAL STANDARDS
MANGANESE STEELS AND MANGANESE CHROMIUM STEELS
JIS G 4106
Chemical Composition, %

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Steel Grade C Si Mn P S Cr

SMn 420 .17/.23 .15/.35 1.20/1.50 .030 max .030 max ..............
SMn 433 .30/.36 .15/.35 1.20/1.50 .030 max .030 max ..............
SMn 438 .35/.41 .15/.35 1.35/1.65 .030 max .030 max ..............
SMn 443 .40/.46 .15/.35 1.35/1.65 .030 max .030 max ..............

48
SMnC 420 .17/.23 .15/.35 1.20/1.50 .030 max .030 max .35/.70
SMnC 443 .40/.46 .15/.35 1.35/1.65 .030 max .030 max .35/.70
NOTE: As impurities Ni and Cu shall not exceed 0.25% and 0.30%, respectively, for all grades. SMn 420, SMn 433, SMn 438 and SMn 443 shall not contain Cr exceeding 0.35%.

END-QUENCH HARDENABILITY BANDS

Tabulations of Band Limits 1038 H to 15B21 H
These values were adjusted to the nearest Rockwell C point, and are used when points are selected and specified

J GRADE
Distance
1038 H 1045 H 1522 H 1524 H 1526 H 1541 H 15B21 H
Sixteenths
of an Inch Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min.
1 58 51 62 55 50 41 51 42 53 44 60 53 48 41
1.5 56 42 61 52 48 41 49 42 50 42 59 52 48 41
2 55 34 59 42 47 32 48 38 49 38 59 50 47 40
2.5 53 29 56 34 46 27 47 34 47 33 58 47 47 39
3 49 26 52 31 45 22 45 29 46 26 57 44 46 38
3.5 43 24 46 29 42 21 43 25 42 25 56 41 45 36

49
4 37 23 38 28 39 20 39 22 39 21 55 38 44 30
4.5 33 22 34 27 37 ... 38 20 37 20 53 35 42 23
5 30 22 33 26 34 ... 35 ... 33 ... 52 32 40 20
5.5 29 21 32 26 32 ... 34 ... 31 ... 50 29 38 ...
6 28 21 32 25 30 ... 32 ... 30 ... 48 27 35 ...
6.5 27 20 31 25 28 ... 30 ... 28 ... 46 26 32 ...
7 27 ... 31 25 27 ... 29 ... 27 ... 44 25 27 ...
7.5 26 ... 30 24 ... ... 28 ... 26 ... 41 24 22 ...
8 26 ... 30 24 ... ... 27 ... 26 ... 39 23 20 ...
9 25 ... 29 23 ... ... 26 ... 24 ... 35 23 ... ...
10 25 ... 29 22 ... ... 25 ... 24 ... 33 22 ... ...
12 24 ... 28 21 ... ... 23 ... 23 ... 32 21 ... ...
14 23 ... 27 20 ... ... 22 ... 22 ... 31 20 ... ...
16 21 ... 26 ... ... ... 20 ... 21 ... 30 ... ... ...
18 ... ... 25 ... ... ... ... ... 20 ... 30 ... ... ...
20 ... ... 23 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 29 ... ... ...
22 ... ... 22 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 28 ... ... ...
Return to Table of Contents

24 ... ... 21 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 26 ... ... ...
 END-QUENCH HARDENABILITY BANDS
Tabulations of Band Limits 15B28 H to 1330 H
These values were adjusted to the nearest Rockwell C point, and are used when points are selected and specified

J GRADE
Distance
15B28 H 15B30 H 15B35 H 15B37 H 15B41 H 15B48 H 15B62 H 1330 H
Sixteenths

Return to Table of Contents

of an Inch Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min.
1 53 47 55 48 58 51 58 50 60 53 63 56 ... 60 56 49
2 53 47 53 47 56 50 56 50 59 52 62 56 ... 60 56 47
3 52 46 52 46 55 49 55 49 59 52 62 55 ... 60 55 44
4 51 45 51 44 54 48 54 48 58 51 61 54 ... 60 53 40
5 51 42 50 32 53 39 53 43 58 51 60 53 65 59 52 35
6 50 32 48 22 51 28 52 37 57 50 59 52 65 58 50 31
7 49 25 43 20 47 24 51 33 57 49 58 42 64 57 48 28

50
8 48 21 38 ... 41 22 50 26 56 48 57 34 64 52 45 26
9 46 20 33 ... ... ... ... ... 55 44 56 31 64 43 43 25
10 43 ... 29 ... 30 20 45 22 55 37 55 30 63 39 42 23
11 40 ... 27 ... ... ... ... ... 54 32 53 29 63 37 40 22
12 37 ... 26 ... 27 ... 40 21 53 28 51 28 63 35 39 21
13 34 ... 25 ... ... ... ... ... 52 26 48 27 62 35 38 20
14 31 ... 24 ... 26 ... 33 20 51 25 45 27 62 34 37 ...
15 30 ... 23 ... ... ... ... ... 50 25 41 26 61 33 36 ...
16 29 .... 22 ... 25 ... 29 ... 49 24 38 26 60 33 35 ...
18 27 ... 20 ... ... ... ... ... 46 23 34 25 58 32 34 ...
20 25 ... ... ... 24 ... 27 ... 42 22 32 24 54 31 33 ...
22 25 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 39 21 31 23 48 30 32 ...
24 24 ... ... ... 22 ... 25 ... 36 21 30 22 43 30 31 ...
26 23 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 34 20 29 21 40 29 31 ...
28 22 ... ... ... 20 ... 23 ... 33 ... 29 20 37 28 31 ...
30 21 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 31 ... 28 ... 35 27 30 ...
32 20 ... ... ... ... ... 21 ... 31 ... 28 ... 34 26 30 ...

END-QUENCH HARDENABILITY BANDS

Tabulations of Band Limits 1335 H to 4037 H
These values were adjusted to the nearest Rockwell C point, and are used when points are selected and specified

J GRADE
Distan
1340 H 1345 H 3310 H(1) 3316 H(1) 4028 H 4032 H 4037 H 4042 H
Sixteenths
of an Inch Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min.
1 60 53 63 56 43 36 47 40 52 45 57 50 59 52 62 55
2 60 52 63 56 43 36 47 39 50 40 54 45 57 49 60 52
3 59 51 62 55 42 35 47 38 46 31 51 36 54 42 58 48
4 58 49 61 54 42 35 46 38 40 25 46 29 51 35 55 40
5 57 46 61 51 42 34 46 37 34 22 39 25 45 30 50 33
6 56 40 60 44 42 33 46 37 30 20 34 23 38 26 45 29
7 55 35 60 38 41 32 45 36 28 ... 31 22 34 23 39 27

51
8 54 33 59 35 41 31 45 35 26 ... 29 21 32 22 36 26
9 52 31 58 33 41 30 45 34 25 ... 28 20 30 21 34 25
10 51 29 57 32 40 30 45 33 25 ... 26 ... 29 20 33 24
11 50 28 56 31 40 29 45 33 24 ... 26 ... 28 ... 32 24
12 48 27 55 30 40 29 45 32 23 ... 25 ... 27 ... 31 23
13 46 26 54 29 39 28 45 32 23 .... 24 ... 26 ... 30 23
14 44 25 53 29 39 28 44 32 22 ... 24 ... 26 ... 30 23
15 42 25 52 28 38 27 44 31 22 ... 23 ... 26 ... 29 22
16 41 24 51 28 38 27 44 31 21 ... 23 ... 25 ... 29 22
18 39 23 49 27 37 26 44 31 21 ... 23 ... 25 ... 28 22
20 38 23 48 27 37 26 43 31 20 ... 22 ... 25 ... 28 21
22 37 22 47 26 37 26 43 31 ... ... 22 ... 25 ... 28 20
24 36 22 46 26 36 26 43 31 ... ... 21 ... 24 ... 27 20
26 35 21 45 25 36 25 42 31 ... ... 21 ... 24 ... 27 ...
28 35 21 45 25 36 25 42 30 ... ... 20 ... 24 ... 27 ...
30 34 20 45 24 35 25 42 30 ... ... ... ... 23 ... 26 ...
Return to Table of Contents

32 34 20 45 24 35 25 41 30 ... ... ... ... 23 ... 26 ...

(1) Formerly Standard Steels
 END-QUENCH HARDENABILITY BANDS
Tabulations of Band Limits 4042 H to 4142 H
These values were adjusted to the nearest Rockwell C point, and are used when points are selected and specified

J GRADE
Distance
4047 H 4118 H 4120 H 4130 H 4135 H 4137 H 4140 H 4142 H
Sixteenths

Return to Table of Contents

of an Inch Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min.
1 64 57 48 41 48 41 56 49 58 51 59 52 60 53 62 55
2 62 55 46 36 47 37 55 46 58 50 59 51 60 53 62 55
3 60 50 41 27 44 32 53 42 57 49 58 50 60 52 62 54
4 58 42 35 23 41 37 51 38 56 48 58 49 59 51 61 53
5 55 35 31 20 37 23 49 34 56 47 57 49 59 51 61 53
6 52 32 28 ... 34 21 47 31 55 45 57 48 58 50 61 52
7 47 30 27 ... 32 ... 44 29 54 42 56 45 58 48 60 51

52
8 43 28 25 ... 30 ... 42 27 53 40 55 43 57 47 60 50
9 40 28 24 ... 29 ... 40 26 52 38 55 40 57 44 60 49
10 38 27 23 ... 28 ... 38 26 51 36 54 39 56 42 59 47
11 37 26 22 ... 27 ... 36 25 50 34 53 37 56 40 59 46
12 35 26 21 ... 26 ... 35 25 49 33 52 36 55 39 58 44
13 34 25 21 ... 25 ... 34 24 48 32 51 35 55 38 58 42
14 33 25 20 ... 25 ... 34 24 47 31 50 34 54 37 57 41
15 33 25 ... ... 24 ... 33 23 46 30 49 33 54 36 57 40
16 32 25 ... ... 24 ... 33 23 45 30 48 33 53 35 56 39
18 31 24 ... ... 23 ... 32 22 44 29 46 32 52 34 55 37
20 30 24 ... ... 23 ... 32 21 42 28 45 31 51 33 54 36
22 30 23 ... ... 23 ... 32 20 41 27 44 30 49 33 53 35
24 30 23 ... ... 23 ... 31 ... 40 27 43 30 48 32 53 34
26 30 22 ... ... 23 ... 31 ... 39 27 42 30 47 32 52 34
28 29 22 ... ... 22 ... 30 ... 38 26 42 29 46 31 51 34
30 29 21 ... ... 22 ... 30 ... 38 26 41 29 45 31 51 33
32 29 21 ... ... 22 ... 29 ... 37 26 41 29 44 30 50 33

END-QUENCH HARDENABILITY BANDS

Tabulations of Band Limits 4145 H to 4620 H
These values were adjusted to the nearest Rockwell C point, and are used when points are selected and specified

J GRADE
Distance
4145 H 4147 H 4150 H 4161 H 4320 H 4340 H E 4340 H 4620 H
Sixteenths
of an Inch Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min.
1 63 56 64 57 65 59 65 60 48 41 60 53 60 53 48 41
2 63 55 64 57 65 59 65 60 47 38 60 53 60 53 45 35
3 62 55 64 56 65 59 65 60 45 35 60 53 60 53 42 27
4 62 54 64 56 65 58 65 60 43 32 60 53 60 53 39 24
5 62 53 63 55 65 58 65 60 41 29 60 53 60 53 34 21
6 61 53 63 55 65 57 65 60 38 27 60 53 60 53 31 ...
7 61 52 63 55 65 57 65 60 36 25 60 53 60 53 29 ...

53
8 61 52 63 54 64 56 65 60 34 23 60 52 60 53 27 ...
9 60 51 63 54 64 56 65 59 33 22 60 52 60 53 26 ...
10 60 50 62 53 64 55 65 59 31 21 60 52 60 53 25 ...
11 60 49 62 52 64 54 65 59 30 20 59 51 60 53 24 ...
12 59 48 62 51 63 53 64 59 29 20 59 51 60 52 23 ...
13 59 46 61 49 63 51 64 58 28 ... 59 50 60 52 22 ...
14 59 45 61 48 62 50 64 58 27 ... 58 49 59 52 22 ...
15 58 43 60 46 62 48 64 57 27 ... 58 49 59 52 22 ...
16 58 42 60 45 62 47 64 56 26 ... 58 48 59 51 21 ...
18 57 40 59 42 61 45 64 55 25 ... 58 48 58 51 21 ...
20 57 38 59 40 60 43 63 63 25 ... 57 46 58 50 20 ...
22 56 37 58 39 59 41 63 50 24 ... 57 45 58 49 ... ...
24 55 36 57 38 59 40 63 48 24 ... 57 44 57 48 ... ...
26 55 35 57 37 58 39 63 45 24 ... 57 43 57 47 ... ...
28 55 35 57 37 58 38 63 43 24 ... 56 42 57 46 ... ...
30 55 34 56 37 58 38 63 42 24 ... 56 41 57 45 ... ...
Return to Table of Contents

32 54 34 56 36 58 38 63 41 24 ... 56 40 57 44 ... ...

 END-QUENCH HARDENABILITY BANDS
Tabulations of Band Limits 4626 H to 50B44 H
These values were adjusted to the nearest Rockwell C point, and are used when points are selected and specified

J GRADE
Distance
4626 H(1) 4718 H 4720 H 4815 H 4817 H 4820 H 50B40 H 50B44 H
Sixteenths

Return to Table of Contents

of an Inch Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min.
1 51 45 47 40 48 41 45 38 46 39 48 41 60 53 63 56
2 48 36 47 40 47 39 44 37 46 38 48 40 60 53 63 56
3 41 29 45 38 43 31 44 34 45 35 47 39 59 52 62 55
4 33 24 43 33 39 27 42 30 44 32 46 38 59 51 62 55
5 29 21 40 29 35 23 41 27 42 29 45 34 58 50 61 54
6 27 ... 37 27 32 21 39 24 41 27 43 31 58 48 61 52
7 25 ... 35 25 29 ... 37 22 39 25 42 29 57 44 60 48

54
8 24 ... 33 24 28 ... 35 21 37 23 40 27 57 39 60 43
9 23 ... 32 23 27 ... 33 20 35 22 39 26 56 34 59 38
10 22 ... 31 22 26 ... 31 ... 33 21 37 25 55 31 58 34
11 22 ... 30 22 25 ... 30 ... 32 20 36 24 53 29 57 31
12 21 ... 29 21 24 ... 29 ... 31 20 35 23 51 28 56 30
13 21 ... 29 21 24 ... 28 ... 30 ... 34 22 49 27 54 29
14 20 ... 28 21 23 ... 28 ... 29 ... 33 22 47 26 52 29
15 ... ... 27 20 23 ... 27 ... 28 ... 32 21 44 25 50 28
16 ... ... 27 20 22 ... 27 ... 28 ... 31 21 41 25 48 27
18 ... ... 27 ... 21 ... 26 ... 27 ... 29 20 38 23 44 26
20 ... ... 26 ... 21 ... 25 ... 26 ... 28 20 36 21 40 24
22 ... ... 26 ... 21 ... 24 ... 25 ... 28 ... 35 ... 38 23
24 ... ... 25 ... 20 ... 24 ... 25 ... 27 ... 34 ... 37 21
26 ... ... 25 ... ... ... 24 ... 25 ... 27 ... 33 ... 36 20
28 ... ... 24 ... ... ... 23 ... 25 ... 26 ... 32 ... 35 ...
30 ... ... 24 ... ... ... 23 ... 24 ... 26 ... 30 ... 34 ...
32 ... ... 24 ... ... ... 23 ... 24 ... 25 ... 29 ... 33 ...
(1)
Formerly Standard Steels

END-QUENCH HARDENABILITY BANDS

Tabulations of Band Limits 5046 H to 5135 H
These values were adjusted to the nearest Rockwell C point, and are used when points are selected and specified

J GRADE
Distance
5046 H 50B46 H 50B50 H 50B60 H 5120 H 5130 H 5132 H 5135 H
Sixteenths
of an Inch Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min.
1 63 56 63 56 65 59 .... 60 48 40 56 49 57 50 58 51
2 62 55 62 54 65 59 .... 60 46 34 55 46 56 47 57 49
3 60 45 61 52 64 58 .... 60 41 28 53 42 54 43 56 47
4 56 32 60 50 64 57 .... 60 36 23 51 39 52 40 55 43
5 52 28 59 41 63 56 .... 60 33 20 49 35 50 35 54 38
6 46 27 58 32 63 55 .... 59 30 .... 47 32 48 32 52 35
7 39 26 57 31 62 52 .... 57 28 .... 45 30 45 29 50 32

55
8 35 25 56 30 62 47 65 53 27 .... 42 28 42 27 47 30
9 34 24 54 29 61 42 65 47 25 .... 40 26 40 25 45 28
10 33 24 51 28 60 37 64 42 24 .... 38 25 38 24 43 27
11 33 23 47 27 60 35 64 39 23 .... 37 23 37 23 41 25
12 32 23 43 26 59 33 64 37 22 .... 36 22 36 22 40 24
13 32 22 40 26 58 32 63 36 21 .... 35 21 35 21 39 23
14 31 22 38 25 57 31 63 35 21 .... 34 20 34 20 38 22
15 31 21 37 25 56 30 63 34 20 .... 34 .... 34 .... 37 21
16 30 21 36 24 54 29 62 34 .... .... 33 .... 33 .... 37 21
18 29 20 35 23 50 28 60 33 .... .... 32 .... 32 .... 36 20
20 28 .... 34 22 47 27 58 31 .... .... 31 .... 31 .... 35 ....
22 27 .... 33 21 44 26 55 30 .... .... 30 .... 30 .... 34 ....
24 26 .... 32 20 41 25 53 29 .... .... 29 .... 29 .... 33 ....
26 25 .... 31 .... 39 24 51 28 .... .... 27 .... 28 .... 32 ....
28 24 .... 30 .... 38 22 49 27 .... .... 26 .... 27 .... 32 ....
30 23 .... 29 .... 37 21 47 26 .... .... 25 .... 26 .... 31 ....
Return to Table of Contents

32 23 .... 28 .... 36 20 44 25 .... .... 24 .... 25 .... 30 ....

 END-QUENCH HARDENABILITY BANDS
Tabulations of Band Limits 5140 H to 6150 H
These values were adjusted to the nearest Rockwell C point, and are used when points are selected and specified

J GRADE
Distance
5140 H 5147 H 5150 H 5155 H 5160 H 51B60 H 6118 H 6150 H
Sixteenths

Return to Table of Contents

of an Inch Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min.
1 60 53 64 57 65 59 .... 60 .... 60 .... 60 46 39 65 59
2 59 52 64 56 65 58 65 59 .... 60 .... 60 44 36 65 58
3 58 50 63 55 64 57 64 58 .... 60 .... 60 38 28 64 57
4 57 48 62 54 63 56 64 57 65 59 .... 60 33 24 64 56
5 56 43 62 53 62 53 63 55 65 58 .... 60 30 22 63 55
6 54 38 61 52 61 49 63 52 64 56 .... 59 28 20 63 53
7 52 35 61 49 60 42 62 47 64 52 .... 58 27 .... 62 50

56
8 50 33 60 45 59 38 62 41 63 47 .... 57 26 .... 61 47
9 48 31 60 40 58 36 61 37 62 42 .... 54 26 .... 61 43
10 46 30 59 37 56 34 60 36 61 39 .... 50 25 .... 60 41
11 45 29 59 35 55 33 59 35 60 37 .... 44 25 .... 59 39
12 43 28 58 34 53 32 57 34 59 36 65 41 24 .... 58 38
13 42 27 58 33 51 31 55 34 58 35 65 40 24 .... 57 37
14 40 27 57 32 50 31 52 33 56 35 64 39 23 .... 55 36
15 39 26 57 32 48 30 51 33 54 34 64 38 23 .... 54 35
16 38 25 56 31 47 30 49 32 52 34 63 37 22 .... 52 35
18 37 24 55 30 45 29 47 31 48 33 61 36 22 .... 50 34
20 36 23 54 29 43 28 45 31 47 32 59 34 21 .... 48 32
22 35 21 53 27 42 27 44 30 46 31 57 33 21 .... 47 31
24 34 20 52 26 41 26 43 29 45 30 55 31 20 .... 46 30
26 34 .... 51 25 40 25 42 28 44 29 53 30 .... .... 45 29
28 33 .... 50 24 39 24 41 27 43 28 51 28 .... .... 44 27
30 33 .... 49 22 39 23 41 26 43 28 49 27 .... .... 43 26
32 32 .... 48 21 38 22 40 25 42 27 47 25 .... .... 42 25

END-QUENCH HARDENABILITY BANDS

Tabulations of Band Limits 81B45 H to 86B30 H
These values were adjusted to the nearest Rockwell C point, and are used when points are selected and specified

J GRADE
Distance
81B45 H 8617 H 8620 H 8622 H 8625 H 8627 H 8630 H 86B30 H
Sixteenths
of an Inch Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min.
1 63 56 46 39 48 41 50 43 52 45 54 47 56 49 56 49
2 63 56 44 33 47 37 49 39 51 41 52 43 55 46 55 49
3 63 56 41 27 44 32 47 34 48 36 50 38 54 43 55 48
4 63 56 38 24 41 27 44 30 46 32 48 35 52 39 55 48
5 63 55 34 20 37 23 40 26 43 29 45 32 50 35 54 48
6 63 54 31 .... 34 21 37 24 40 27 43 29 47 32 54 48
7 62 53 28 .... 32 .... 34 22 37 25 40 27 44 29 53 48

57
8 62 51 27 .... 30 .... 32 20 35 23 38 26 41 28 53 47
9 61 48 26 .... 29 .... 31 .... 33 22 36 24 39 27 52 46
10 60 44 25 .... 28 .... 30 .... 32 21 34 24 37 26 52 44
11 60 41 24 .... 27 .... 29 .... 31 20 33 23 35 25 52 42
12 59 39 23 .... 26 .... 28 .... 30 .... 32 22 34 24 51 40
13 58 38 23 .... 25 .... 27 .... 29 .... 31 21 33 23 51 39
14 57 37 22 .... 25 .... 26 .... 28 .... 30 21 33 22 50 38
15 57 36 22 .... 24 .... 26 .... 28 .... 30 20 32 22 50 36
16 56 35 21 .... 24 .... 25 .... 27 .... 29 20 31 21 49 35
18 55 34 21 .... 23 .... 25 .... 27 .... 28 .... 30 21 48 34
20 53 32 20 .... 23 .... 24 .... 26 .... 28 .... 30 20 47 32
22 52 31 .... .... 23 .... 24 .... 26 .... 28 .... 29 20 45 31
24 50 30 .... .... 23 .... 24 .... 26 .... 27 .... 29 .... 44 29
26 49 29 .... .... 23 .... 24 .... 26 .... 27 .... 29 .... 43 28
28 47 28 .... .... 22 .... 24 .... 25 .... 27 .... 29 .... 41 27
30 45 28 .... .... 22 .... 24 .... 25 .... 27 .... 29 .... 40 26
Return to Table of Contents

32 43 27 .... .... 22 .... 24 .... 25 .... 27 .... 29 .... 39 25

 END-QUENCH HARDENABILITY BANDS
Tabulations of Band Limits 8637 H to 8660 H
These values were adjusted to the nearest Rockwell C point, and are used when points are selected and specified

J GRADE
Distance
8637 H 8640 H 8642 H 8645 H 86B45 H 8650 H 8655 H 8660 H
Sixteenths

Return to Table of Contents

of an Inch Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min.
1 59 52 60 53 62 55 63 56 63 56 65 59 .... 60 .... 60
2 58 51 60 53 62 54 63 56 63 56 65 58 .... 59 .... 60
3 58 50 60 52 62 53 63 55 62 55 65 57 .... 59 .... 60
4 57 48 59 51 61 52 63 54 62 54 64 57 .... 58 .... 60
5 56 45 59 49 61 50 62 52 62 54 64 56 .... 57 .... 60
6 55 42 58 46 60 48 61 50 61 53 63 54 .... 56 .... 59
7 54 39 57 42 59 45 61 48 61 52 63 53 .... 55 .... 58

58
8 53 36 55 39 58 42 60 45 60 52 62 50 .... 54 .... 57
9 51 34 54 36 57 39 59 41 60 51 61 47 .... 52 .... 55
10 49 32 52 34 55 37 58 39 60 51 60 44 65 49 .... 53
11 47 31 50 32 54 34 56 37 59 50 60 41 65 46 .... 50
12 46 30 49 31 52 33 55 35 59 50 59 39 64 43 .... 47
13 44 29 47 30 50 32 54 34 59 49 58 37 64 41 .... 45
14 43 28 45 29 49 31 52 33 59 48 58 36 63 40 .... 44
15 41 27 44 28 48 30 51 32 58 46 57 35 63 39 .... 43
16 40 26 42 28 46 29 49 31 58 45 56 34 62 38 65 42
18 39 25 41 26 44 28 47 30 58 42 55 33 61 37 64 40
20 37 25 39 26 42 28 45 29 58 39 53 32 60 35 64 39
22 36 24 38 25 41 27 43 28 57 37 52 31 59 34 63 38
24 36 24 38 25 40 27 42 28 57 35 50 31 58 34 62 37
26 35 24 37 24 40 26 42 27 57 34 49 30 57 33 62 36
28 35 24 37 24 39 26 41 27 57 32 47 30 56 33 61 36
30 35 23 37 24 39 26 41 27 56 32 46 29 55 32 60 35
32 35 23 37 24 39 26 41 27 56 31 45 29 53 32 60 35

END-QUENCH HARDENABILITY BANDS

Tabulations of Band Limits 8720 H to 94B30 H
These values were adjusted to the nearest Rockwell C point, and are used when points are selected and specified

J GRADE
Distance
8720 H 8740 H 8822 H 9260 H 9310 H 94B15 H e 94B17 H 94B30 H
Sixteenths
of an Inch Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min.
1 48 41 60 53 50 43 .... 60 43 36 45 38 46 39 56 49
2 47 38 60 53 49 42 .... 60 43 35 45 38 46 39 56 49
3 45 35 60 52 48 39 65 57 43 35 44 37 45 38 55 48
4 42 30 60 51 46 33 64 53 42 34 44 36 45 37 55 48
5 38 26 59 49 43 29 63 46 42 32 43 32 44 34 54 47
6 35 24 58 46 40 27 62 41 42 31 42 28 43 29 54 46
7 33 22 57 43 37 25 60 38 42 30 40 25 42 26 53 44

59
8 31 21 56 40 35 24 58 36 41 29 38 23 41 24 53 42
9 30 20 55 37 34 24 55 36 40 28 36 21 40 23 52 39
10 29 .... 53 35 33 23 52 35 40 27 34 20 38 21 52 37
11 28 .... 52 34 32 23 49 34 39 27 33 .... 36 20 51 34
12 27 .... 50 32 31 22 47 34 38 26 31 .... 34 .... 51 32
13 26 .... 49 31 31 22 45 33 37 26 30 .... 33 .... 50 30
14 26 .... 48 31 30 22 43 33 36 26 29 .... 32 .... 49 29
15 25 .... 46 30 30 21 42 32 36 26 28 .... 31 .... 48 28
16 25 .... 45 29 29 21 40 32 35 26 27 .... 30 .... 46 27
18 24 .... 43 28 29 20 38 31 35 26 26 .... 28 .... 44 25
20 24 .... 42 28 28 .... 37 31 35 25 25 .... 27 .... 42 24
22 23 .... 41 27 27 .... 36 30 34 25 24 .... 26 .... 40 23
24 23 .... 40 27 27 .... 36 30 34 25 23 .... 25 .... 38 23
26 23 .... 39 27 27 .... 35 29 34 25 23 .... 24 .... 37 22
28 23 .... 39 27 27 .... 35 29 34 25 22 .... 24 .... 35 21
30 22 .... 38 26 27 .... 35 28 33 24 22 .... 23 .... 34 21
Return to Table of Contents

32 22 .... 38 26 27 .... 34 28 33 24 22 .... 23 .... 34 20

 RESTRICTED END-QUENCH HARDENABILITY BANDS
Tabulations of Band Limits 15B21 RH to 4130 RH
These values were adjusted to the nearest Rockwell C point, and are used when points are selected and specified

J GRADE
Distance
15B21 RH 15B35 RH 3310 RH 4027 RH 4118 RH 4120 RH 4130 RH

Return to Table of Contents

Sixteenths
of an Inch Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min.
1 47 42 57 52 42 37 51 46 47 42 47 42 55 50
2 46 41 55 51 42 37 48 42 44 38 45 39 54 48
3 44 39 54 50 42 37 43 34 38 30 41 35 52 44
4 42 33 53 49 41 36 37 28 33 25 38 30 49 40
5 37 24 50 41 41 36 32 24 29 22 34 26 46 36
6 30 20 46 33 41 35 28 22 27 20 31 24 44 34
7 24 .... 42 28 40 33 26 20 25 .... 29 22 41 32

60
8 22 .... 36 24 40 33 24 .... 24 .... 28 21 39 30
9 20 .... 32 23 39 32 23 .... 23 .... 26 20 37 28
10 .... .... 28 21 39 32 22 .... 22 .... 25 .... 35 27
11 .... .... .... .... 39 31 22 .... 21 .... 24 .... 33 26
12 .... .... 25 .... 39 31 21 .... 20 .... 23 .... 32 26
13 .... .... .... .... 38 30 21 .... .... .... 23 .... 32 26
14 .... .... 24 .... 38 30 20 .... .... .... 22 .... 31 25
15 .... .... .... .... 37 29 .... .... .... .... 22 .... 31 25
16 .... .... 23 .... 37 29 .... .... .... .... 21 .... 31 25
18 .... .... .... .... 36 28 .... .... .... .... 20 .... 30 24
20 .... .... 22 .... 36 28 .... .... .... .... .... .... 30 23
22 .... .... .... .... 35 27 .... .... .... .... .... .... 30 23
24 .... .... 20 .... 35 27 .... .... .... .... .... .... 29 22
26 .... .... .... .... 35 27 .... .... .... .... .... .... 29 22
28 .... .... .... .... 34 26 .... .... .... .... .... .... 28 21
30 .... ..... .... .... 34 26 .... .... .... .... .... .... 28 21
32 .... .... .... .... 34 26 .... .... .... .... .... .... 27 20

RESTRICTED END-QUENCH HARDENABILITY BANDS

Tabulations of Band Limits 4140 RH to 50B40 RH
These values were adjusted to the nearest Rockwell C point, and are used when points are selected and specified

J GRADE
Distance
4140 RH 4145 RH 4161 RH 4320 RH 4620 RH 4820 RH 50B40 RH
Sixteenths
of an Inch Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min.
1 59 54 62 57 65 60 47 42 47 42 47 42 59 54
2 59 54 62 57 65 60 46 40 44 37 47 42 59 54
3 59 54 61 56 65 60 44 37 40 30 46 41 58 53
4 59 53 61 56 65 60 41 34 37 27 45 40 58 53
5 58 52 60 55 65 60 39 31 32 24 43 36 57 52
6 57 51 60 55 65 60 36 29 29 21 41 33 56 50
7 56 50 59 54 65 60 34 27 27 20 40 32 55 47

61
8 55 49 59 53 65 60 32 25 25 .... 38 30 54 43
9 54 48 58 52 65 60 31 24 24 .... 36 28 52 38
10 53 46 58 52 65 60 29 23 23 .... 35 27 50 35
11 52 44 58 51 65 60 28 22 22 .... 34 26 49 33
12 52 43 57 50 64 59 26 21 21 .... 33 25 47 32
13 51 42 57 49 64 59 25 20 20 .... 32 24 45 31
14 50 41 56 48 64 59 24 .... .... .... 31 24 44 30
15 50 40 56 47 63 58 24 .... .... .... 30 23 41 29
16 49 39 55 46 63 57 23 .... .... .... 29 23 38 28
18 48 38 54 44 62 56 22 .... .... .... 28 22 36 26
20 47 37 53 43 62 54 22 .... .... .... 27 22 34 24
22 46 37 52 42 61 53 21 .... .... .... 26 21 33 23
24 45 36 51 40 60 51 21 .... .... .... 25 20 32 22
26 44 35 51 40 59 49 21 .... .... .... 25 20 31 21
28 43 35 50 39 58 47 21 .... .... .... 25 .... 30 20
30 42 34 50 38 57 46 21 .... .... .... 24 .... 29 ....
Return to Table of Contents

32 41 33 49 37 57 45 21 .... .... .... 23 .... 28 ....

 RESTRICTED END-QUENCH HARDENABILITY BANDS
Tabulations of Band Limits 5130 RH to 9310 RH
These values were adjusted to the nearest Rockwell C point, and are used when points are selected and specified

J GRADE
Distance
5130 RH 5140 RH 5160 RH 8620 RH 8622 RH 8720 RH 8822 RH 9310 RH
Sixteenths

Return to Table of Contents

of an Inch Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min.
1 55 50 59 54 65 60 47 42 49 44 47 42 49 44 42 37
2 53 47 58 53 65 60 45 39 47 41 45 39 48 43 42 36
3 51 44 57 51 65 60 41 35 45 37 43 37 47 40 42 36
4 49 41 55 49 65 59 38 30 41 32 40 32 43 35 41 35
5 46 37 53 45 64 58 34 26 38 29 36 28 40 31 41 34
6 44 35 51 41 63 57 31 24 35 27 33 26 37 29 40 33
7 42 33 48 38 62 54 29 22 32 24 31 24 35 27 40 32

62
8 39 31 46 36 60 50 28 21 30 22 29 23 33 26 39 31
9 37 29 44 34 58 45 26 20 29 21 28 22 32 25 38 30
10 35 27 43 33 56 42 25 .... 28 20 27 21 31 25 37 29
11 34 26 41 32 55 40 24 .... 27 .... 26 20 30 24 37 29
12 33 25 40 31 53 39 23 .... 26 .... 25 .... 30 23 36 28
13 32 24 39 30 51 38 23 .... 25 .... 25 .... 29 23 35 28
14 31 23 37 29 50 37 22 .... 24 .... 24 .... 28 23 34 28
15 30 22 36 28 48 36 22 .... 24 .... 24 .... 28 22 34 28
16 29 21 35 27 47 36 21 .... 23 .... 23 .... 27 22 33 27
18 28 20 34 26 44 35 20 .... 23 .... 23 .... 27 21 33 27
20 27 .... 33 25 43 34 .... .... 22 .... 22 .... 26 20 32 26
22 26 .... 32 24 42 33 .... .... 22 .... 22 .... 26 .... 32 26
24 25 .... 31 23 41 32 .... .... 22 .... 21 .... 26 .... 32 26
26 24 .... 30 22 40 31 .... .... 22 .... 20 .... 26 .... 32 26
28 23 .... 30 21 39 30 .... .... 22 .... .... .... 25 .... 32 26
30 22 .... 29 20 39 29 .... .... 22 .... .... .... 25 .... 31 25
32 21 .... 29 .... 38 29 .... .... 22 .... .... .... 25 .... 31 25
upon request, with each heat of steel.

63
INTRODUCTION TO

WITH ROUND BARS

JOMINY CORRELATION

ences in applying this correlation to his particular heat treatment setup.

Since practical heat treatment results are subject to several variables that are always

helpful as a guide to the selection of steel of proper hardenability based on Jominy end

Return to Table of Contents

The following correlation of Jominy values with quenching severity and surface to center

quench results. As a value-added service, TimkenSteel hardenability data will be supplied

hardnesses obtainable in round bars is based on calculated and practical experience data.

However, as experience is gained by their use, it is believed that these charts will be found
difficult to determine, i.e., surface condition of piece being quenched, furnace atmosphere,
and quenching severity of the coolant, the metallurgist or heat treater may find some differ-
 CHART FOR PREDICTING APPROXIMATE CROSS SECTION HARDNESS OF QUENCHED
ROUND BARS USING JOMINY TEST RESULTS
INSTRUCTIONS FOR 1. Select proper round bar size to be quenched.
USE OF CHART 2. Select the curve most representative of quenching conditions (H value) to be used.
3. Read the curve to the Jominy Distance.
4. Insert Rockwell C hardness values corresponding to the Jominy Distance.
These are obtained from TimkenSteel
BAR SIZE
CENTER Hardenability

Return to Table of Contents

1.5
0.50
0.35
0.20
Data available
with each
H VALUE QUENCH AGITATION shipment of steel.
1/2" RD 1/2 RADIUS
0.20 Oil No These hardness
0.35 Oil Moderate values represent
0.50 Oil Good the approximate

1.0
0.70
SURFACE 0.70 Oil Strong
1.0 Water No surface-to-center
CENTER 1.5 Water Strong hardness

2.0
0.50
0.35
0.20

64
2.0 Brine No obtainable for
5.0 Brine Strong the type of steel
Ideal Quench being heat
3/4" RD 1/2 RADIUS treated.

1.5
1.0
0.70
SURFACE
CENTER

1.0
0.50
0.35
0.20
1" RD 1/2 RADIUS

5.0
0.70

1.5 2.0
SURFACE
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
JOMINY DISTANCE

BAR SIZE
CENTER

5.0
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.70
0.50
0.35
0.20

H VALUE QUENCH AGITATION

1-1/2" RD 1/2 RADIUS
0.20 Oil No
0.35 Oil Moderate
0.50 Oil Good
SURFACE 0.70 Oil Strong
1.0 Water No
CENTER 1.5 Water Strong

5.0
2.0
1.0
0.70
0.50
0.35
0.20

2.0 Brine No
5.0 Brine Strong
Ideal Quench
2" RD 1/2 RADIUS
1.5

SURFACE

CENTER

65
5.0
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.70
0.50
0.35
0.20

3" RD 1/2 RADIUS

SURFACE
CENTER

5.0
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.70
0.50
0.35

4" RD 1/2 RADIUS

0.20

SURFACE
Return to Table of Contents

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
JOMINY DISTANCE
 EXPLANATION OF COMBINED
HARDENABILITY CHARTS
The following charts present hardenability data for thirteen popular steels. They may be

1/2 RADIUS

1/2 RADIUS

1/2 RADIUS
1/2 RADIUS

used to determine the approximate mid-radius hardness which is developed, in various

SURFACE

SURFACE

SURFACE
SURFACE
CENTER

CENTER

CENTER
CENTER

sized rounds up to 9" in diameter using a good oil quench (.4-.5 Hv), or rounds up to 15"
in diameter when air cooling. The effect of a subsequent 1000F 2 hour temper is also

32
illustrated.

1.5

1.5

1.5
0.50

0.35

0.70

0.35

0.35

0.35
The relationship between hardness and section size was determined using data from the
Jominy end quench test, and air hardenability test, and controlled cooling tests. It must be
5.0

28
remembered that the results for a particular steel type are based on one chemical analysis
and one austenitizing temperature. Variations of these will affect hardenability, as shown
0.70

by the Jominy hardenability bands (shaded area). Therefore, the charts should be used to

determine estimated, rather than exact, hardness values.

24
1.0
1.5

USE OF CHARTS
1. Select steel type.

20
5.0

2. Find desired diameter for the quenching medium employed.

3. Read the approximate as-quenched or tempered hardness using the appropriate curve;
16 read hardness range using hardenability band.

For example, a 2-inch round made of 1045 type steel will

develop the following mid-radius hardnesses:
12

Mild Water Oil .4-.5 Hv Air

As-Cooled 28(25/32) Rc 25(22/29) Rc 91Rb

8
JOMINY DISTANCE

Tempered
1000 F-2 Hours 22.5 Rc 21 Rc 91Rb
0 4
BAR SIZE

5" RD

6" RD

7" RD

8" RD

Return to Table of Contents 66 67 Return to Table of Contents

 TYPE HEAT TREATMENT
1045 NORMALIZED 1600 F. AUSTENITIZED 1550 F.
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS C Mn P S Si Cr Ni Mo Cu Al V W B
.42 .79 .019 .023 .22 .11 .18 .04 .04
ROUND SECTION WITH SAME HARDNESS AT MID-RADIUS
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" ~9"

Return to Table of Contents

MILD WATER AIR
QUENCH 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 7" QUENCH 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 10" 15"
COOLING
RATE 55F/S 25F/S 12F/S 7F/S 290F/M 200F/M 80F/M 32F/M 27F/M 19F/M 13F/M 12F/M 9F/M 6F/M

614 60 LEGEND
AS COOLED
484 50 1000 F. TEMPER-2 HOURS

68
372 40
SAE HARDENABILITY BAND
AUSTENITIZING TEMPERATURE

ROCKWELL
C HARDNESS
283 30 1550 F.
230 20

185 90

150 80

BRINELL HARDNESS 3000 KG.

128 70

ROCKWELL
B HARDNESS
107 60

3
5 10 15 20 27 48 4" 11/2" 11/4" /4" 21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
SIXTEENTHS FROM QUENCHED END OF JOMINY BAR AIR HARDENABILITY DISTANCE

TYPE HEAT TREATMENT

1340 NORMALIZED 1600 F. AUSTENITIZED 1550 F.
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS C Mn P S Si Cr Ni Mo Cu Al V W B
.40 1.87 .011 .013 .24 .08 .09 .02 .11 .019
ROUND SECTION WITH SAME HARDNESS AT MID-RADIUS
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" ~9"
MILD WATER AIR
QUENCH 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 7" QUENCH 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 10" 15"
COOLING
RATE 55F/S 25F/S 12F/S 7F/S 290F/M 200F/M 80F/M 32F/M 27F/M 19F/M 13F/M 12F/M 9F/M 6F/M

614 60 LEGEND
AS COOLED
484 50 1000 F. TEMPER

69
372 40
SAE HARDENABILITY BAND
AUSTENITIZING TEMPERATURE
ROCKWELL

283 30
C HARDNESS

1550 F.
230 20

185 90

150 80
BRINELL HARDNESS 3000 KG.

128 70
ROCKWELL
B HARDNESS

107 60

3
5 10 15 20 27 48 4" 11/2" 11/4" /4" 21/2" 6"
Return to Table of Contents

INTERFACE
SIXTEENTHS FROM QUENCHED END OF JOMINY BAR AIR HARDENABILITY DISTANCE
 TYPE HEAT TREATMENT
3310 NORMALIZED 1700 F. AUSTENITIZED 1550 F.
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS C Mn P S Si Cr Ni Mo Cu Al V W B
.08 .54 .012 .012 .25 1.56 3.42 .05 .10 .032
ROUND SECTION WITH SAME HARDNESS AT MID-RADIUS
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" ~9"

Return to Table of Contents

MILD WATER AIR
QUENCH 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 7" QUENCH 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 10" 15"
COOLING
RATE 55F/S 25F/S 12F/S 7F/S 290F/M 200F/M 80F/M 32F/M 27F/M 19F/M 13F/M 12F/M 9F/M 6F/M

614 60

484 50

70
372 40

ROCKWELL
283 30

C HARDNESS
230 20

185 90 LEGEND
AS COOLED
150 80 1000 F. TEMPER-2 HOURS
SAE HARDENABILITY BAND

BRINELL HARDNESS 3000 KG.

128 70
AUSTENITIZING TEMPERATURE

ROCKWELL
1550 F.

B HARDNESS
107 60
(FROM ASM HANDBOOK)

1 1 3
5 10 15 20 27 48 4" 1 /2" 1 /4" /4" 21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
SIXTEENTHS FROM QUENCHED END OF JOMINY BAR AIR HARDENABILITY DISTANCE

TYPE HEAT TREATMENT

4027 NORMALIZED 1650 F. AUSTENITIZED 1600 F.
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS C Mn P S Si Cr Ni Mo Cu Al V W B
.26 .86 .011 .027 .29 .05 .09 .22 .07 .032
ROUND SECTION WITH SAME HARDNESS AT MID-RADIUS
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" ~9"
MILD WATER AIR
QUENCH 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 7" QUENCH 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 10" 15"
COOLING F F F F F F F F F F F
RATE 55 /S 25 /S 12 /S 7 /S 290 /M 200 /M 80 /M 32 /M 27 /M 19 /M 13 /M 12F/M 9F/M 6F/M

614 60 LEGEND
AS COOLED
484 50 1000 F. TEMPER-2 HOURS

71
372 40 SAE HARDENABILITY BAND
AUSTENITIZING TEMPERATURE
ROCKWELL

283 30
C HARDNESS

1600 F.
230 20

185 90

150 80
BRINELL HARDNESS 3000 KG.

128 70
ROCKWELL
B HARDNESS

107 60

3
5 10 15 20 27 48 4" 11/2" 11/4" /4" 21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
Return to Table of Contents

SIXTEENTHS FROM QUENCHED END OF JOMINY BAR AIR HARDENABILITY DISTANCE

 TYPE HEAT TREATMENT
4130 NORMALIZED 1650 F. AUSTENITIZED 1600 F.
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS C Mn P S Si Cr Ni Mo Cu Al V W B
.31 .51 .013 .020 .30 .96 .20 .21 .12
ROUND SECTION WITH SAME HARDNESS AT MID-RADIUS
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" ~9"

Return to Table of Contents

MILD WATER AIR
QUENCH 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 7" QUENCH 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 10" 15"
COOLING
RATE 55F/S 25F/S 12F/S 7F/S 290F/M 200F/M 80F/M 32F/M 27F/M 19F/M 13F/M 12F/M 9F/M 6F/M

614 60 LEGEND
AS COOLED
484 50 1000 F. TEMPER-2 HOURS

72
372 40 SAE HARDENABILITY BAND
AUSTENITIZING TEMPERATURE

ROCKWELL
283 30

C HARDNESS
1600 F.
230 20

185 90

150 80

BRINELL HARDNESS 3000 KG.

128 70

ROCKWELL
B HARDNESS
107 60

3
5 10 15 20 27 48 4" 11/2" 11/4" /4" 21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
SIXTEENTHS FROM QUENCHED END OF JOMINY BAR AIR HARDENABILITY DISTANCE

TYPE HEAT TREATMENT

4140 NORMALIZED 1600 F. AUSTENITIZED 1550 F.
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS C Mn P S Si Cr Ni Mo Cu Al V W B
.39 .82 .031 .021 .31 .96 .13 .20 .08
ROUND SECTION WITH SAME HARDNESS AT MID-RADIUS
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" ~9"
MILD WATER AIR
QUENCH 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 7" QUENCH 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 10" 15"
COOLING F F F F F F F F F F F
RATE 55 /S 25 /S 12 /S 7 /S 290 /M 200 /M 80 /M 32 /M 27 /M 19 /M 13 /M 12F/M 9F/M 6F/M

614 60

484 50

73
372 40
ROCKWELL

283 30
C HARDNESS

230 20

185 90 LEGEND
150 80
AS COOLED
1000 F. TEMPER-2 HOURS
BRINELL HARDNESS 3000 KG.

128 70 SAE HARDENABILITY BAND

ROCKWELL

AUSTENITIZING TEMPERATURE
B HARDNESS

107 60
1550 F.
3
5 10 15 20 27 48 4" 11/2" 11/4" /4" 21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
Return to Table of Contents

SIXTEENTHS FROM QUENCHED END OF JOMINY BAR AIR HARDENABILITY DISTANCE

 TYPE HEAT TREATMENT
4320 NORMALIZED 1700 F. AUSTENITIZED 1700 F.
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS C Mn P S Si Cr Ni Mo Cu Al V W B
.18 .61 .010 .014 .29 .50 1.79 .23 .09 .021
ROUND SECTION WITH SAME HARDNESS AT MID-RADIUS
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" ~9"

Return to Table of Contents

MILD WATER AIR
QUENCH 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 7" QUENCH 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 10" 15"
COOLING
RATE 55F/S 25F/S 12F/S 7F/S 290F/M 200F/M 80F/M 32F/M 27F/M 19F/M 13F/M 12F/M 9F/M 6F/M

614 60 LEGEND
AS COOLED
484 50 1000 F. TEMPER-2 HOURS

74
372 40 SAE HARDENABILITY BAND
AUSTENITIZING TEMPERATURE

ROCKWELL
283 30

C HARDNESS
1700 F.
230 20

185 90

150 80

BRINELL HARDNESS 3000 KG.

128 70

ROCKWELL
B HARDNESS
107 60

3
5 10 15 20 27 48 4" 11/2" 11/4" /4" 21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
SIXTEENTHS FROM QUENCHED END OF JOMINY BAR AIR HARDENABILITY DISTANCE

TYPE HEAT TREATMENT

4340 NORMALIZED 1600 F. AUSTENITIZED 1550 F.
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS C Mn P S Si Cr Ni Mo Cu Al V W B
.41 .74 .014 .015 .30 .72 1.75 .26 .13
ROUND SECTION WITH SAME HARDNESS AT MID-RADIUS
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" ~9"
MILD WATER AIR
QUENCH 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 7" QUENCH 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 10" 15"
COOLING
F F F F F F F F F F F
RATE 55 /S 25 /S 12 /S 7 /S 290 /M 200 /M 80 /M 32 /M 27 /M 19 /M 13 /M 12F/M 9F/M 6F/M

614 60

484 50

75
372 40
ROCKWELL

283 30
C HARDNESS

230 20

185 90 LEGEND
AS COOLED
150 80
1000 F. TEMPER-2 HOURS
BRINELL HARDNESS 3000 KG.

128 70 SAE HARDENABILITY BAND

ROCKWELL

AUSTENITIZING TEMPERATURE
B HARDNESS

107 60
1550 F.
3
5 10 15 20 27 48 4" 11/2" 11/4" /4" 21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
Return to Table of Contents

SIXTEENTHS FROM QUENCHED END OF JOMINY BAR AIR HARDENABILITY DISTANCE

 TYPE HEAT TREATMENT
4620 NORMALIZED 1700 F. AUSTENITIZED 1700 F.
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS C Mn P S Si Cr Ni Mo Cu Al V W B
.19 .60 .013 .019 .32 .20 1.75 .22 .05
ROUND SECTION WITH SAME HARDNESS AT MID-RADIUS
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" ~9"

Return to Table of Contents

MILD WATER AIR
QUENCH 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 7" QUENCH 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 10" 15"
COOLING
RATE 55F/S 25F/S 12F/S 7F/S 290F/M 200F/M 80F/M 32F/M 27F/M 19F/M 13F/M 12F/M 9F/M 6F/M

614 60 LEGEND
AS COOLED
484 50 1000 F. TEMPER-2 HOURS

76
372 40 SAE HARDENABILITY BAND
AUSTENITIZING TEMPERATURE

ROCKWELL
283 30

C HARDNESS
1700 F.
230 20

185 90

150 80

BRINELL HARDNESS 3000 KG.

128 70

ROCKWELL
B HARDNESS
107 60

3
5 10 15 20 27 48 4" 11/2" 11/4" /4" 21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
SIXTEENTHS FROM QUENCHED END OF JOMINY BAR AIR HARDENABILITY DISTANCE

TYPE HEAT TREATMENT

5130 NORMALIZED 1650 F. AUSTENITIZED 1600 F.
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS C Mn P S Si Cr Ni Mo Cu Al V W B
.30 .79 .022 .026 .26 .98 .09 .02 .14 .019
ROUND SECTION WITH SAME HARDNESS AT MID-RADIUS
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" ~9"
MILD WATER AIR
QUENCH 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 7" QUENCH 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 10" 15"
COOLING F F F F F F F F F F F
RATE 55 /S 25 /S 12 /S 7 /S 290 /M 200 /M 80 /M 32 /M 27 /M 19 /M 13 /M 12F/M 9F/M 6F/M

614 60 LEGEND
AS COOLED
484 50 1000 F. TEMPER-2 HOURS

77
372 40 SAE HARDENABILITY BAND
AUSTENITIZING TEMPERATURE
ROCKWELL

283 30
C HARDNESS

1600 F.
230 20

185 90

150 80
BRINELL HARDNESS 3000 KG.

128 70
ROCKWELL
B HARDNESS

107 60

3
5 10 15 20 27 48 4" 11/2" 11/4" /4" 21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
Return to Table of Contents

SIXTEENTHS FROM QUENCHED END OF JOMINY BAR AIR HARDENABILITY DISTANCE

 TYPE HEAT TREATMENT
5160 NORMALIZED 1600 F. AUSTENITIZED 1550 F.
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS C Mn P S Si Cr Ni Mo Cu Al V W B
.58 .91 .014 .016 .29 .78 .07 .01 .05 .023
ROUND SECTION WITH SAME HARDNESS AT MID-RADIUS
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" ~9"

Return to Table of Contents

MILD WATER AIR
QUENCH 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 7" QUENCH 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 10" 15"
COOLING
RATE 55F/S 25F/S 12F/S 7F/S 290F/M 200F/M 80F/M 32F/M 27F/M 19F/M 13F/M 12F/M 9F/M 6F/M

614 60

484 50

78
372 40

ROCKWELL
283 30

C HARDNESS
230 20

185 90 LEGEND
AS COOLED
150 80 400 F. TEMPER
1000 F. TEMPER

BRINELL HARDNESS 3000 KG.

128 70 SAE HARDENABILITY BAND

ROCKWELL
AUSTENITIZING TEMPERATURE

B HARDNESS
107 60
1550 F.

3
5 10 15 20 27 48 4" 11/2" 11/4" /4" 21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
SIXTEENTHS FROM QUENCHED END OF JOMINY BAR AIR HARDENABILITY DISTANCE

TYPE HEAT TREATMENT

8620 NORMALIZED 1700 F. AUSTENITIZED 1700 F.
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS C Mn P S Si Cr Ni Mo Cu Al V W B
.20 .85 .010 .014 .30 .50 .51 .19 .09 .031
ROUND SECTION WITH SAME HARDNESS AT MID-RADIUS
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" ~9"
MILD WATER AIR
QUENCH 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 7" QUENCH 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 10" 15"
COOLING F F F F F F F F F F F
RATE 55 /S 25 /S 12 /S 7 /S 290 /M 200 /M 80 /M 32 /M 27 /M 19 /M 13 /M 12F/M 9F/M 6F/M

614 60 LEGEND
AS COOLED
484 50 1000 F. TEMPER-2 HOURS

79
372 40 SAE HARDENABILITY BAND
AUSTENITIZING TEMPERATURE
ROCKWELL

283 30
C HARDNESS

1700 F.
230 20

185 90

150 80
BRINELL HARDNESS 3000 KG.

128 70
ROCKWELL
B HARDNESS

107 60

3
5 10 15 20 27 48 4" 11/2" 11/4" /4" 21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
Return to Table of Contents

SIXTEENTHS FROM QUENCHED END OF JOMINY BAR AIR HARDENABILITY DISTANCE

 TYPE HEAT TREATMENT
9310 NORMALIZED 1700 F. AUSTENITIZED 1550 F.
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS C Mn P S Si Cr Ni Mo Cu Al V W B
.10 .58 .012 .015 .30 1.26 3.26 .11 .11 .044
ROUND SECTION WITH SAME HARDNESS AT MID-RADIUS
OIL QUENCH
.4-.5 Hv 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" ~9"

Return to Table of Contents

MILD WATER AIR
QUENCH 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 7" QUENCH 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 10" 15"
COOLING
RATE 55F/S 25F/S 12F/S 7F/S 290F/M 200F/M 80F/M 32F/M 27F/M 19F/M 13F/M 12F/M 9F/M 6F/M

614 60

484 50

80
372 40

ROCKWELL
283 30

C HARDNESS
230 20

185 90 LEGEND
AS COOLED
150 80
1000 F. TEMPER-2 HOURS

BRINELL HARDNESS 3000 KG.

128 70 SAE HARDENABILITY BAND

ROCKWELL
AUSTENITIZING TEMPERATURE

B HARDNESS
107 60
1550 F.
3
5 10 15 20 27 48 4" 11/2" 11/4" /4" 21/2" 6"
INTERFACE
SIXTEENTHS FROM QUENCHED END OF JOMINY BAR AIR HARDENABILITY DISTANCE

AVERAGE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CARBON CONTENT, HARDNESS AND

PERCENTAGE OF MARTENSITE IN QUENCHING

99.9% MARTENSITE
95% MARTENSITE
60 90% MARTENSITE

80% MARTENSITE
50% MARTENSITE

50

81
40

Hodge, J. M. and Orehoski, M. A.

Relationship between hardenability
ROCKWELL C HARDNESS

30 and percentage of martensite in

some low-alloy steels.
Transactions. AIME, 1946, v. 167,
pp. 627-642.
20
Note: Fine divisions added to
simplify use of the graph.

10
.10 .20 .30 .40 .50 .60 .70
Return to Table of Contents

PERCENT CARBON
 TENSILE STRENGTH, MPa
414 552 690 828 966 1104 1241 1379 1517 1655 1793 1931 CARBURIZING INFORMATION
For .10% Carbon (Approx.) Higher Alloy Carburizing
160 EFFECTS OF SURFACE CONDITIONS AND MECHANICAL 1140 Steels, i.e., 3310, 9310, etc.
NOTCHES ON ENDURANCE OR FATIGUE LIMITS
140 966 EFFECTIVE CASE DEPTH
for
ENDURANCE LIMIT, 1000 psi

828

ENDURANCE LIMIT, MPa

120 VARIOUS CARBURIZING TIMES AND TEMPERATURES
POLISHED
690 (Calculated in Inches to .40% CARBON LEVEL)
100
GROUND
552 Carburizing Carburizing Temperature (F)
80
Time,
MACHINED 414 Hours 1600 1650 1700 1750
60
276
40 1 .011" .013" .016" .019"
HOT ROLLED,
138 2 .015" .019" .023" .027"
20 SEVERLY NOTCHED,
AS FORGED
3 .019" .023" .028" .034"
60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 4 .021" .026" .033" .039"
TENSILE STRENGTH, 1000 psi
5 .024" .030" .037" .044"
Note: Endurance limits for surfaces exposed to corrosive environment fall
below the band for hot rolled, severly notched, and as forged surfaces. 6 .026" .033" .040" .048"
7 .028" .035" .043" .052"
8 .030" .038" .046" .056"
9 .032" .040" .049" .059"
CONDITIONS WHICH AFFECT 10 .034" .042" .052" .062"
FATIGUE STRENGTH 11 .036" .044" .054" .065"

The fatigue strength of a material depends on many factors of which the following are 12 .037" .046" .057" .068"
considered among the most important: (1) the strength of the material and the magni-
tude of the stress being applied to the material in its application, (2) the surface integrity 16 .043" .053" .065" .078"
of the material including its finish and method of manufacture, magnitude of residual
stress present, and the presence of decarburization, (3) the environment in which the 20 .048" .059" .073" .088"
material is exposed in service.
24 .052" .065" .080" .096"
It must be noted that fatigue data such as that represented by the curves shown above are
averages obtained from laboratory tests which approach ideal conditions and should not
be considered more than a guide. 30 .059" .073" .089" .108"
Note: Case depth tables are based on data published in Metals Progress Data Sheet in May 1974 by F. E. Harris.

F.B. Stulen and W.C. Schulte, Metals Engineering Quarterly (Am. Soc. Metals), Vol. 5, No. 3, Aug. 1965
SAE Fatigue Design Handbook (AE4) - 1968
Proceedings of the International Conference on Fatigue of Metals, (IME-ASME) - 1956

Return to Table of Contents 82 83 Return to Table of Contents

 PROCESS AND QUALITY CONTROL CONSIDERATIONS
CARBURIZING INFORMATION PROCESS AND QUALITY CONTROL CONSIDERATIONS
For .20% Carbon (Approx.) Lower Alloy Carburizing
Steels, i.e., 4017, 4620, 8620, etc. DEW POINT,
DEW F F
POINT,

EFFECTIVE CASE DEPTH -20 0 20 40 60 80 100

for 2
VARIOUS CARBURIZING TIMES AND TEMPERATURES
(Calculated in Inches to .40% CARBON LEVEL) Austenite Low-carbon
cementite steel
Carburizing

SURFACE CARBON CONCENTRATION, %

Carburizing Temperature (F)
Time, 1
Hours 1600 1650 1700 1750
1 .013" .015" .019" .022"
760 C
2 .018" .022" .026" .031" 0.6
815 C Austenite
3 .022" .027" .032" .039"
+ ferrite
4 .025" .031" .037" .045" 870 C
0.4
5 .029" .034" .042" .050"
925 C
6 .031" .038" .045" .055"
7 .034" .041" .049" .059" 980 C
8 .036" .044" .053" .063"
0.2 1040 C
9 .038" .046" .056" .067"
Workpiece
10 .040" .049" .059" .071" temperature 1095 C
1150 C
11 .042" .051" .062" .073"

12 .044" .053" .065" .077" 0.1

-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
16 .051" .061" .075" .088"
DEW POINT, C
20 .057" .069" .084" .099"
Variation of carbon potential with dew point for an endothermic-based atmosphere containing 20% CO and
40% H2 in contact with plain carbon steel at various workpiece temperatures.
24 .062" .075" .092" .109"

30 .070" .085" .103" .122"

Note: Case depth tables are based on data published in Metals Progress Data Sheet in May 1974 by F. E. Harris

Return to Table of Contents 84 74

85 Return to Table of Contents
 DETERMINING CARBURIZING
DETERMINING CARBURIZING TIMES
TIMES

4
AND TEMPERATURES
AND TEMPERATURES
Low-carbon

Austenite
+ ferrite
steel

100
80
60

F
Variation of carbon potential with carbon dioxide concentration for an endothermic-based atmosphere containing 20% CO and 40% H2 in contact with plain
2

0
50
1,
40

F
0
760 C

60
CONSIDERATIONS

1,

F
0
70
1,
20

F
0
1

80
CONSIDERATIONS

815 C

1,
870 C

F
0
90
10

1,
0.6
8
6

CASE DEPTH, 0.001 in.

TIME AT HEAT, Hr
CARBON DIOXIDE IN ATMOSPHERE, %
0.4
4 400
CONTROL

925 C
CONTROL

2 200
0.2
980 C

1 100
QUALITY

Austenite cementite

1040 C

80
ANDQUALITY

60
0.1

40
1095 C
PROCESS AND

0.06

20
PROCESS

carbon steel at various workpiece temperatures.

0.04

10
11 12 13 14 15
temperature
Workpiece
1150 C

PARAMETER, P
TO USE THE CHART
In the upper grid, select a point (time and temperature) for which the case depth results are
0.02

known. Go vertically down from that point to the known case depth and plot the point. Pass a line
through this point parallel to the dashed line shown. Projecting a line vertically upward from any
point on this line into the grid will give the combinations of time and temperature that will result
in the same depth of case. For instance, a vertical line drawn upward from the dashed line at 100
thousandths indicates that a 0.100 in.
0.01

case will be produced by 6 hr. at 1900F, 11 hr. at 1800F, or 22 hr. at 1700F. Shop experience of
2

0.6

0.4

0.1

the Cook Heat Treat Co., Houston, is depicted by this line and its related points.
0.2

SURFACE CARBON CONCENTRATION, % Adapted from information provided by Charles F. Lewis, Cook Heat
Treating Co., Div. Lindberg Corp.

Return to Table of Contents 86 87 Return to Table of Contents

 APPROXIMATE CRITICAL TEMPERATURES AND Ms/Mf POINTS
OF CARBON AND ALLOY STEELS
SAE Heating (F) Cooling (F) Quench SAE
No. Ac1 Ac3 Ar3 Ar1 Temp F Ms (F) Mf (F) No.

Return to Table of Contents

1015 1370 1565 1545 1270 ............. ............. ............. 1015
1020 1350 1555 1515 1270 ............. ............. ............. 1020
1030 1350 1485 1465 1270 ............. ............. ............. 1030
1035 1350 1475 1440 1270 ............. ............. ............. 1035
1040 1350 1460 1420 1270 ............. ............. ............. 1040
1045 1350 1440 1405 1270 ............. ............. ............. 1045
1050 1340 1420 1390 1270 ............. ............. ............. 1050
1065 ............. ............. ............. ............. 1500 525 300 1065
1090 ............. ............. ............. ............. 1625 420 175 1090

88
1330 1325 1470 1340 1160 ............. ............. ............. 1330
1335 1315 1460 1340 1165 1550 640 450 1335
1340 1340 1420 1310 1160 ............. ............. ............. 1340
1345 1325 1420 1300 1160 ............. ............. ............. 1345

2317 1285 1435 1265 1065 ............. ............. ............. 2317

2330 1280 1360 1205 910/1050 ............. ............. ............. 2330
2340 1285 1350 1185 1060 1450 580 400 2340
2345 1265 1335 1125 1040 ............. ............. ............. 2345

2512 1290 1400 1150 1060 ............. ............. ............. 2512

2515 1260 1400 1160 1090 ............. ............. ............. 2515

3115 1355 1500 1480 1240 ............. ............. ............. 3115

3120 1350 1480 1445 1230 ............. ............. ............. 3120
3130 1345 1460 1360 1220 ............. ............. ............. 3130
3140 1355 1410 1275 1225 1550 630 440 3140
3141 1355 1410 1300 1215 ............. ............. ............. 3141
3150 1355 1380 1275 1215 ............. ............. ............. 3150

CRITICAL TEMPERATURES AND Ms/Mf POINTS continued

SAE Heating (F) Cooling (F) Quench SAE
No. Ac1 Ac3 Ar3 Ar1 Temp F Ms (F) Mf (F) No.
3310 1335 1440 1235 1160 ............. ............. ............. 3310
3316 1335 1425 1235 1160 ............. ............. ............. 3316

4027 1360 1500 1400 1230 ............. ............. ............. 4027

4032 1340 1500 1350 1250 ............. ............. ............. 4032
4042 1340 1460 1340 1210 1500 610 ............. 4042
4053 1310 1400 1320 1200 ............. ............. ............. 4053
4063 1360 1390 1220 1190 1500 445 ............. 4063
4068 1365 1395 1215 1195 ............. ............. ............. 4068
4118 1385 1500 1410 1275 ............. ............. ............. 4118
4130 1380 1475 1350 1250 1600 710 550 4130
4140 1380 1460 1370 1280 1500 640 425 4140

89
4147 ............. ............. ............. ............. 1500 590 ............. 4147
4150 1390 1450 1290 1245 ............. ............. ............. 4150
4160 ............. ............. ............. ............. 1575 500 ............. 4160
4320 1355 1485 1330 840/1170 ............. ............. ............. 4320
4340 1350 1425 1220 725/1210 1550 550 330 4340
4342 ............. ............. ............. ............. 1500 530 ............. 4342
4615 1340 1485 1400 1200 ............. ............. ............. 4615
4620 1300 1490 1335 1220 ............. ............. ............. 4620
4640 1325 1400 1220 875/1130 1550 640 490 4640
4695(1) ............. ............. ............. ............. 1550 255 ............. 4695(1)
4718 1285 1510 1410 1200 ............. ............. ............. 4718
4815 1285 1450 1310 860/1110 ............. ............. ............. 4815
4820 1290 1440 1260 825/1110 ............. ............. ............. 4820

5045 1360 1430 1305 1255 ............. ............. ............. 5045
5060 1370 1410 1305 1285 ............. ............. ............. 5060
5120 1380 1525 1460 1305 ............. ............. ............. 5120
Return to Table of Contents

5140 1360 1450 1345 1230 1550 630 460 5140

(1) Represents the case of 4600 grades of carburizing steels
 CRITICAL TEMPERATURES AND Ms/Mf POINTS continued
SAE Heating (F) Cooling (F) Quench SAE
No. Ac1 Ac3 Ar3 Ar1 Temp F Ms (F) Mf (F) No.
51100 1385 1415 1320 1300 ............. ............. ............. 51100
52100 1340 1415 1320 1270 1560 345 .............
52100 1650 305 ............. 52100

Return to Table of Contents

52100 1740 260 ............. 52100

6117 1400 1560 1430 1270 1650 305 ............. 6117

6120 1410 1530 1440 1300 1740 260 ............. 6120
6140 ............. ............. ............. ............. 1550 620 460 6140
6150 1380 1450 1375 1275 ............. ............. ............. 6150

8615 1360 1550 1455 1265 ............. ............. ............. 8615

8620 1350 1525 1400 1200 ............. ............. ............. 8620
8630 1350 1480 1340 1210 1600 690 540 8630

90
8640 1350 1435 1275 1170 ............. ............. ............ 8640
8650 1325 1390 1240 1195 ............. ............. ............ 8650
8695(2) ............. ............. ............. ............. 1500 275 ............ 8695(2)

8720 1380 1520 1400 1200 ............. ............. ............ 8720

8740 1350 1450 1300 1180 ............. ............. ............ 8740
8750 1350 1410 1265 1190 ............. ............. ............ 8750

9310 1315 1490 1305 830/1080 ............. ............. ............ 9310

9317 1300 1455 1290 800 ............. ............. ............ 9317
9395(2) ............. ............. ............. ............. 1700 170 ............ 9395(2)
9442 1350 1435 1280 1190 1575 620 410 9442

9 Cr 1 Mo 1515 1645 1430 1350 ............. ............. ............ 9 Cr 1 Mo

17-22-A 1370 1480 1350 1245 ............. ............. ............ 17-22-A
17-22-AS 1440 1600 1460 1280 ............. ............. ............ 17-22-AS
17-22-AV 1435 1700 1525 1230 ............. ............. ............ 17-22-AV
Graph Mo 1380 1415 1365 1275 1450 410 ............ Graph Mo
Graph Air 1275 1415 1260 1150 1460 325 ............ Graph Air
(2) Represents the case of 8600 and 9300 grades of carburizing steels, respectively.

4142
4140
4135
4132
4130
4063
4047
4032
4017
3335
3316
3310
3240
3140
3135
3115
2512
2340
2317
1350
1141
1118
1040
1015
1010
1008

No.
SAE
(F)

2200
2200
2200
2200
2150
2200
2200
2300
2250
2250
2250
2200
2200
2200
2250
2250
2200
2250
2200
2200
2250
2200
2250
2250
2250

2200
Temperature

91


FOR STEELS

8650
8640
8630
8620
8617
6150
6135
6120
5160
5140
5120
5060
4820
4718
4640
4620
4615
4520
4427
4422
4340
4337
4320

52100
51100

No.
SAE
RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM
HOT WORKING TEMPERATURES

(F)

2200
2200
2200
2250
2250
2200
2250
2250
2050
2050
2150
2200
2250
2150
2250
2250
2200
2300
2300
2250
2250
2250
2200
2200
2200
Temperature

Return to Table of Contents

 RECOMMENDED MAXIMUM
HOT WORKING TEMPERATURES
MECHANICAL TUBING TOLERANCES
Standard TimkenSteel Tolerances
FOR STEELS continued
HOT ROLLED, ROUND(1)
SAE Temperature Timken Temperature OD Tolerances
No. (F) Type (F) As rolled or single thermal treatment:
8720 2250 inches
2 1/4 Cr 1 Mo 2250
TOD 5 6 (.0045 OD 1 .005) or 6.015 min.
8735 2200 5 Cr 1/2 Mo (.05C) 2250
8740 2200 5 Cr 1/2 Mo (.15C) 2250 mm
TOD 5 6 (.0045 OD 1 .13) or 6.38 min.
9310 2250 5 Cr 1/2 Mo (.25C) 2250 over 10.75 inches (273mm) to 12.0 inches (305mm)
5 Cr 1/2 Mo + Ti 2100 inches TOD 5 6.095
302 2200 5 Cr 1/2 Mo + Si 2200 mm TOD 5 62.41
303 2200 7 Cr 1/2 Mo 2250 greater than 12.00 inches (305mm) to 13 inches
304 2200 9 Cr 1 Mo 2200 (330mm)refer to mill
309 2150
Quenched and tempered, or normalized and tempered:
310 2050 8 1/2 Ni 2200
316 2150 inches
TOD 5 61.5 (.0045 OD 1 .005) or 6.023 min.
317 2150 Graph-Mo 1950
321 2150 Graph-Air 1925 mm
347 2150 TOD 5 61.5 (.0045 OD 1 .13) or 6.58 min.
5 Cr Mo (1.00C) 2050 over 10.75 inches (273mm) to 12.00 inches (305 mm)
410 2200 5Cr Mo W (1.00W) 2300 inches TOD 5 6.113
416 2200 mm TOD 5 62.87
420 2200 10105 2050 Wall Tolerances (All Thermal Conditions)
430 2100 Nitriding #3 2200
440A 2100 OD to wall ratio over 10:1 or over 10.75 inches (273 mm) to
13.00 inches (330 mm) OD
440C 2050 17-22A 2200
443 2100 17-22AS 2200 (all OD to wall ratios) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610%
446 1900 17-22AV 2250 OD to wall ratio of 10:1 or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.5%

Note: Minimum wall tolerance is 6.020 inch (.51mm).
C-Mo 2300 A 485-1 2050
DM 2300 A 485-2 2050
A 485-3 2100
DM-2 2300 A 485-4 2100

TBS-600 2050

CBS-600 2250
CBS-1000M 2200
OD - Outside Diameter T - Tolerance ID - Inside Diameter W - Wall Thickness
NOTE: Information obtained from hot-twist test data published in Evaluating The Forgeability of Steels (1) Hot rolled and rough turned tubes can be purchased to outside diameter (OD) and wall thickness (W) only.
(TimkenSteel) occasionally modified by actual Forge Shop experience.
TimkenSteel guaranteed tube sizes are calculated using TimkenSteel tolerances.

Return to Table of Contents 92 93 Return to Table of Contents

 MECHANICAL TUBING TOLERANCE continued MECHANICAL TUBING TOLERANCE continued
Standard TimkenSteel Tolerances Standard TimkenSteel Tolerances

ROUGH TURNED, ROUND (1) COLD DRAWN, ROUND (2)

OD Tolerances OD Tolerances
As turned or single thermal treatment: As drawn:
under 6.75 inches (171.5mm) inches
inches TOD 5 6.005 TOD/ID 5 6 (.0023 OD 2 .003) or 6.004 min.
mm TOD 5 6.13 mm
6.75 inches (171.5mm) and over TOD/ID 5 6 (.0023 OD 2 .08) or 6.10 min.
inches TOD 5 6.010
Drawn and annealed, normalized, tempered or
mm TOD 5 6.25
stress relieved:
Straightened and/or tempered or stress relieved after inches
rough turning: TOD/ID 5 61.8 (.0023 OD 2 .003) or 6.007 min.
inches TOD 5 6.010 mm
mm TOD 5 6.25 TOD/ID 5 61.8 (.0023 OD 2 .08) or 6.18 min.
Quenched and tempered, or normalized and tempered: Quenched and tempered, or normalized and tempered
Under 6.75 inches (171.5mm) (OD & wall or ID & wall dimensions only):
Heat Treated Before Rough Turned inches
TOD 5 6.010 inches (6.25mm) TOD/ID 5 62.5 (.0023 OD 2 .003) or 6.010 min.
Heat Treated After Rough Turned mm
TOD 5 6.015 inches (6.38mm) TOD/ID 5 62.5 (.0023 OD 2 .08) or 6.25 min.
6.75 inches (171.5mm) and over Quenched and tempered, or normalized and tempered
Heat Treated Before Rough Turned (OD & ID dimensions only):
TOD 5 6.020 inches (6.51mm) inches
Heat Treated After Rough Turned TOD/ID 5 63.75 (.0023 OD 2 .003) or 6.015 min.
TOD 5 6.030 inches (6.76mm) mm
TOD/ID 5 63.75 (.0023 OD 2 .08) or 6.38 min.
Wall Tolerances (All Thermal Conditions)
OD to wall ratio over 10:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612.5% Wall Tolerances (All Thermal Conditions)
OD to wall ratio of 10:1 or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610.0% OD to wall ratio over 10:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.5%
Note: Minimum wall tolerance is 6.020 inch (.51mm). OD to wall ratio 10:1 to 4:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66%
OD to wall ratio under 4:1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67.5%
Note: (1) Minimum wall tolerance is 6.012 inch (.30mm)
(2) When ID is under 1.000 inch (25.4mm), inquiry basis
(3) Walls 6% of OD and lighter, inquiry basis
(4) When OD & ID dimensions, use 67.5% wall
OD - Outside Diameter T - Tolerance ID - Inside Diameter W - Wall Thickness OD - Outside Diameter T - Tolerance ID - Inside Diameter W - Wall Thickness
(1) Hot rolled and rough turned tubes can be purchased to outside diameter (OD) and wall thickness (W) only.
(2) Tubes with a final OD/W ratio less than 4:1 or a nominal finish wall size greater than 1.250 inches (31.75mm)

TimkenSteel guaranteed tube sizes are calculated using TimkenSteel tolerances. will have a hot rolled ID and will be produced to cold drawn OD tolerances and hot rolled
wall tolerances.
ASTM A-519 tolerances are acceptable except for cold finished sizes smaller than 2.500 inches
(63.50mm) diameter, where TimkenSteel tolerances apply.

Return to Table of Contents 94 95 Return to Table of Contents

 MECHANICAL TUBING TOLERANCE continued
Standard TimkenSteel Tolerances
MECHANICAL TUBING TOLERANCES
Special Processed Tubing Tolerances

ROTOROLLED , ROUND
COLD DRAWN, SHAPED (Square, Rectangular or Oval)
OD Tolerances OD Tolerances
As Rotorolled: As drawn or tempered:
inches inches
TOD/ID 5 6 (.0024 OD 1 .0016) or 6 .005 min. OD TOD/ID 5 6.005 OD or 6.020 min.
6.010 min. ID mm
mm TOD 5 6.005 OD or 6.51 min.
TOD/ID 5 6 (.0024 OD 1 .041) or 6
 .13 min.
Quenched and tempered, or normalized and tempered:
Rotorolled and annealed, normalized, tempered or inches
stress relieved: TOD/ID 5 6.01 OD or 6.040 min.
inches mm
TOD/ID 5 6 (.0024 OD 1 .007) or 6.010 min. TOD/ID 5 6.01 OD or 61.02 min.
mm
TOD/ID 5 6 (.0024 OD 1 .18) or 6.25 min. Wall Tolerances (All Thermal Conditions)
All wall thicknesses 610% at center of flats
Quenched and tempered, or normalized and tempered
(OD & wall or ID & wall dimensions only):
inches
COLD DRAWN, SHAPED3 (Dissimilar OD and ID Configuration)
TOD/ID 5 62 (.0024 OD 1 .0016) or 6.010 min.
mm OD Tolerances
TOD/ID 5 62 (.0024 OD 1 .041) or 6.25 min. As drawn or tempered:
Quenched and tempered, or normalized and tempered inches
(OD & ID dimensions only): TOD/ID 5 6.005 OD or 6.010 min.
inches mm
TOD/ID 5 63 (.0024 OD 1 .0016) or 6.015 min. TOD/ID 5 6.005 OD or 6.25 min.
mm Quenched and tempered, or normalized and tempered:
TOD/ID 5 63 (.0024 OD 1 .041) or 6.38 min.
inches
Wall Tolerances (All Thermal Conditions) TOD/ID 5 6.01 OD or 6.020 min.
All wall thicknesses 65% mm
TOD/ID 5 6.01 OD or 6.51 min.
Note: Minimum wall tolerance is 6.012 inches (.30mm)
Wall Tolerances (All Thermal Conditions)
All wall thicknesses 610% at center of flats

OD - Outside Diameter T - Tolerance ID - Inside Diameter W - Wall Thickness

3 When corner radii and twist are important, they must be reviewed by our mill before we accept the order.
OD - Outside Diameter T - Tolerance ID - Inside Diameter W - Wall Thickness

Return to Table of Contents 96 97 Return to Table of Contents

 LENGTH TOLERANCES STRAIGHTNESS TOLERANCES
All Conditions Seamless Steel Tubing All Conditions Seamless Steel Tubing

Random Lengths Straightness tolerances (T) should not exceed those shown in the tables below. The
Tubing shipped on random-length orders has a length spread of 7 feet (2.1 meters) with a tolerance (T) for any 3-foot (1 meter) length is measured as shown in Figure 1. The total
mean length 10 feet to 26 feet (3 to 8 meters) unless otherwise specified. tolerance, the maximum curvature in the total length, is measured as shown in Figure 2.
The table applies to lengths not exceeding 22 feet (6.7 meters).
Multiple Lengths
For tubing ordered in multiple lengths, it is standard practice for the customer to make The tolerances shown apply to conventional steel grades of as rolled, annealed, and heat
their own allowances for loss of steel due to cutting operations. These allowances will vary treated tubing up to 302 Brinell maximum or micro alloy grades with a hardness of 229
from one customer to another due to their cutting practices and the amount of facing Brinell or below. Heat treated tubes with a Brinell hardness of 302 maximum up to 401
required on the ends of the part. Therefore, tubing is furnished to the multiple length as maximum or micro alloy grades with a Brinell hardness exceeding 229 will have toler-
specified by the individual customer. ance (T) twice the values shown in the table. Tubes with lighter walls, or with hardness
exceeding 401 Brinell maximum, or weighing greater than 140 pounds per foot, require
agreement on tolerances at time of order.

In Inches
Permissible
Specified Size Variations
Specified Length Outside Diameter Over Under FIGURE 1
Measuring technique for straightness in any three feet
4 feet and under Up to 2 inches incl. 1/16 inch 0
4 feet and under Over 2 inches to 3/32 inch 0
4 inches incl.
4 feet and under Over 4 inches 1/8 inch 0
Over 4 feet to 10 feet, incl. Up to 2 inches incl. 3/32 inch 0 T max
Over 4 feet to 10 feet, incl. Over 2 inches 1/8 inch 0 Three foot (one meter) straight-edge
Over 10 feet to 24 feet, incl. All 3/16 inch 0
Over 24 feet to 34 feet, incl. All 5/16 inch 0 FIGURE 2
Over 34 feet to 44 feet, incl. All 7/16 inch 0 Measuring technique for overall straightness
L

In Meters
Permissible
Specified Size Variations
Specified Length Outside Diameter Over Under
T max
1 meter and under Up to 50mm incl. 1mm 0 Surface plate
1 meter and under Over 50mm to 2mm 0
100mm incl.
1 meter and under Over 100mm 3mm 0
Over 1 meter to 3 meters Up to 50mm incl. 2mm 0
Over 1 meter to 3 meters Over 50mm 3mm 0
Over 3 meters to 7 meters All 5mm 0
Over 7 meters to 10 meters All 8mm 0
Over 10 meters to 13 meters All 11mm 0

Return to Table of Contents 98 99 Return to Table of Contents

 STRAIGHTNESS TOLERANCES continued
Seamless Steel Tubing(1)
In Inches
Maximum Maximum Curvature Maximum Curvature
Curvature in Total Lengths for Lengths
Specified Size in any 3 feet of 5 feet or more Under 5 feet

Return to Table of Contents

OD 5 inches and smaller. Wall .030 inch .020 inch 3 length in feet Ratio of .010 inch
thickness, over 3% of OD 3 per foot
OD over 5 inches to 8 inches .045 inch .030 inch 3 length in feet Ratio of 0.015 inch
inclusive. Wall thickness, over 3 per foot
4% of OD
OD over 8 inches to 12 inches .060 inch .045 inch 3 length in feet Ratio of 0.020 inch
inclusive. Wall thickness, over per foot

100
3
4% of OD

OD 125mm and smaller. Wall .85mm .55mm 3 length in meters Ratio of .85mm
thickness, over 3% of OD per meter
OD over 125mm to 200mm inclusive. 1.25mm .85mm 3 length in meters Ratio of 1.25mm
Wall thickness, over 4% of OD per meter
OD over 200mm to 280mm inclusive. 1.65mm 1.25 mm 3 length in meters Ratio of 1.65mm
Wall thickness, over 4% of OD per meter
(1)
Refer to the previous page for exception to the straightness tolerance.

ed  1.128 d
ed  1.050 d
ed  1.027 d

eD  1.128 D
eD  1.050 D
eD  1.027 D
A   (D  t) t
W  10.68 (D  t) t

W  13.60 (D  t) t
W  11.78 (D  t) t
W  11.27 (D  t) t
M  .02466 (D  t) t

M  .03138 (D  t) t
M  .02719 (D  t) t
M  .02601 (D  t) t

101
2

2
2

eD  1.050 D

ed  1.128 d

ed  1.027 d
ed  1.050 d

et  1.050 D  d

et  D  1.128 d

et  D  1.027 d
et  D  1.050 d
SEAMLESS STEEL TUBING SHAPES

W  10.68 (D  et) et

W  10.68 (D  et) et
W  10.68 (D  et) et

W  10.68 (eD  et) et

M  .02466 (D  et) et

M  .02466 (D  et) et
M  .02466 (D  et) et

M  .02466 (eD  et) et

Return to Table of Contents

 SEAMLESS STEEL TUBING SHAPES continued
TUBE SIZE CALCULATIONS
How Mechanical Tube Sizes Are Calculated
TimkenSteel has pioneered a method to determine the most economical tube size, which
insures that all part dimensions will clean up during machining. This program has the
capability to determine what we call a guaranteed tube size for either full or bright
metal cleanup on the outer diameter and/or the inner diameter, based on the condition
of the tube.
W  13.60 (D  t) t W  10.68 (eD  et) et
M  .03138 (D  t) t M  .02466 (eD  et) et The guaranteed tube size is based on the parts critical finished dimensions and critical
eD  1.128 D et  1.027 D  d machining position. The required critical dimensions are: 1) maximum finished OD, 2)
ed  1.128 d 2 minimum finished ID, and 3) maximum finished part length. All applicable tolerances
eD  1.027 D and surface finishes (machined or ground) should be included. The critical machining
position is based on whether the tube is chucked on the tube OD or the tube ID during
the initial machining operation.

Critical finished part dimensions and machining position influence the amount of
cleanup, the size tolerances and the tube eccentricity variables. These variables are then
factored into the tube size calculation.

W  5.34 (D1  D2  2t) t W  10.68 (D  et) et Cleanup Allowance

M  .01233 (D1  D2  2t) t M  .02466 (D  et) et Cleanup allowance must be added to the finished OD dimension or subtracted from
eD  D1  D2 et  D  .7425 d the finished ID dimension to provide for the elimination of surface imperfections,
2 2 decarburization and camber (out-of-straightness). Other allowances specific to the
ed  d1  d2 ed  .7425 d application may be needed. (See table, page 98.)
2
Examples of Tube Size Calculation
Legend
Finished Part Dimensions
A 5 Tubing cross sectional area. Round ed 5 Equivalent round inside diameter
4.995 inches 6.005 inch OD 3 4.005 inches 6.005 inch ID 3 7 inches.
OD and ID. in inches (or millimeters) Part is cut to length and held on one end. Allowance
W 5 Weight in pounds per foot et 5 Equivalent wall thickness in inches for camber is made for parts over 3 inches, measured
(or millimeters) from the end of the part to the face of the chuck. 7 inches
M 5 Mass in kilograms per meter
Examples on page 96 are for a hot rolled tube using
D1 5 Major outside diameter of oval TimkenSteel cleanup allowances.
D 5 Outside diameter or distance across
tube in inches (or millimeters)
flats in inches
(or millimeters) d1 5 Major inside diameter of oval tube
in inches (or millimeters)
d 5 Inside diameter or distance across
flats in inches D2 5 Minor outside diameter of oval
(or millimeters) tube in inches (or millimeters)
t 5 Wall thickness in inches d2 5 Minor inside diameter of oval tube
(or millimeters) in inches (or millimeters)
eD 5 Equivalent round outside diameter
in inches (or millimeters)

Return to Table of Contents 102 103 Return to Table of Contents

 Figure 5
Figure 3
Figure 1

and ID surfaces.

Return to Table of Contents

clean up at this point.
eccentricity. Tube ID is

(dashed line) has been

Example 1, Operaton 2.)

eliminated at A due to tube

eccentricity. Part would not
eccentric in relation to tube
requiring full cleanup of OD

stock added to ID. (Refer to

OD. Note that cleanup stock

to OD showing effect of tube
Cross section of finished part

Same tube size machined true

Finished part showing cleanup

104
Figure 4
Figure 2

Figure 6

sate for eccentricity is added to the tube OD. (See Example 2, page 97.)
TUBE SIZE CALCULATIONS continued

Operations 4 and 5.)

Finished part with cleanup

When machining true to the ID, similar considerations apply except that stock to compen-
the recommended tube size.
for part to clean up. (Refer to
Finished part with addition of

point A. (Refer to Example 1,

Here enough stock has been
cleanup stock to OD. (Refer to

added to ID to protect cleanup

allowance added to OD and ID

stock required at minimum wall

not for eccentricity, this would be
Example 1, Operation 3.) Were it
determines minimum wall required
Example 1, Operation 1, page 96.)

TUBE SIZE CALCULATIONS continued

Example 1 Machined True to OD

Operation Formula Example
1. Determine nominal tube OD Maximum machined OD 5.000 in 127.00mm
(see Figure 2, page 95) Plus cleanup stock 1 .054 in 1 1.37mm
Plus camber allowance 1 .027 in 1 .69mm
Plus OD negative tolerance 1 .028 in 1 .71mm
Nominal tube OD 5.109 in 129.77mm
2. Determine maximum tube ID Minimum machined ID 4.000 in 101.60mm
(see Figure 3) Minus cleanup stock 2 .042 in 2 1.07mm
Minus camber allowance 2 .027 in 2 .69mm
Maximum tube ID 3.931 in 99.84mm

105
3. Determine minimum wall required Tube OD (Operation 1) 5.109 in 129.77mm
(see Figure 4) Minus tube ID (Operation 2) 2 3.931 in 2 99.84mm
1.178 in 29.93mm
Divide by 2 4 2 4 2
Minimum tube wall .589 in 14.96mm
4. Determine average wall required Minimum tube wall .589 in 14.95mm
(see Figure 6) Divide by the complement of minus tolerance 4 .925 4 .925
Average tube wall .637 in 16.17mm
5. Determine nominal tube ID Tube OD (Operation 1) 5.109 in 129.77mm
(see Figure 6) Minus average wall doubled 2 1.274 in 2 32.34mm
Required tube ID 3.835 in 97.43mm
Return to Table of Contents

Guaranteed Tube Size: 5.109 inches OD 6.028 inches 3 .637 inches 67.5% Theoretical Foot Weight: 30.42 lbs.
 TUBE SIZE CALCULATIONS continued
Example 2 Machined True to ID
When machining true to the ID, similar considerations apply, except that stock to compensate for tube eccentricity is added to the tube OD. This will result in a
larger recommended tube size.
Operation Formula Example

Return to Table of Contents

1. Determine minimum tube OD Maximum machined OD 5.000 in 127.00mm
Plus ID cleanup stock 1 .042 in 1 1.07mm
Plus camber allowance 1 .027 in 1 .69mm
Minimum tube OD 5.069 in 128.76mm
2. Determine nominal tube ID Minimum machined ID 4.000 in 101.60mm
Minus minimum OD cleanup 2 .054 in 2 1.37mm
Minus camber allowance 2 .027 in 2 .69mm

106
Minus OD tolerance 2 .028 in 2 .71mm
Minus (if hot rolled) 2 .030 in 2 .76mm
Nominal tube ID 3.861 in 98.07mm
3. Determine minimum wall required Minimum tube OD (Operation 1) 5.069 in 128.76mm
Minus nominal tube ID (Operation 2) 2 3.861 in 2 98.07mm
1.208 in 30.69mm
Divide by 2 4 2 4 2
Minimum tube wall .604 in 15.35mm
4. Determine average wall required Minimum tube wall (Operation 3) .604 in 15.35mm
Divide by the complement of minus tolerance 4 .925 4 .925
Average tube wall .653 in 16.59mm
5. Determine nominal tube OD Nominal tube ID (Operation 2) 3.861 in 98.07mm
Plus average wall doubled 1 1.306 in 1 33.19mm
Nominal tube OD 5.167 in 131.26mm
Guaranteed Tube Size: 5.167 inches OD 6.028 inches 3 .653 inches 67.5% Theoretical Foot Weight: 31.48 lbs.

HOT ROLLED AND COLD DRAWN MECHANICAL TUBING CLEANUPS

FOR FULL SURFACE INTEGRITY AND BASE METAL
Outside Diameter (mm)
25.40 50.80 76.20 101.60 127.00 152.40 177.80 203.20 228.00 254.00 279.40 304.80
0.18 4.572
0.17 4.318
0.16 HR-OD 4.064
0.15 Clean-up 3.810
0.14 3.556
0.13 CD-OD 3.302
Cleanup
0.12 3.048
0.11 2.794
0.10 2.540

107
0.09 2.286
HR-CD-ID Cleanup
Cleanup (mm)

0.08 2.032
Cleanup (inches)

0.07 1.778
0.06 1.524
0.05 1.270
0.04 1.016
0.03 0.762
0.02 0.508
0.01 0.254
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0
Outside Diameter (inches)
Return to Table of Contents

Note: Total stock removal is calculated for the tube diameter

FORMULAS FOR CALCULATING SURFACE CLEANUP BAR CROSS SECTIONAL TOLERANCES FOR HOT
ROLLED STEEL BARS(1)
Hot Rolled OD Cleanup 5 [.022e.18 OD]
Cold Drawn OD Cleanup 5 .86[.022e.18 OD] Variation from Size
Specified Size of Out-of-Round
Hot Rolled and Cold Drawn ID Cleanup 5 .78[.022e.18 OD]
Rounds or Squares Over Under or Square
(inches) (inches) (inches) (inches)
To 5/16 incl. .005 .005 .008
FORMULAS FOR CALCULATING CAMBER Over 5/16 to 7/16 incl. .006 .006 .009
Over 7/16 to 5/8 incl. .007 .007 .010
(STRAIGHTNESS) CLEANUP Over 5/8 to 7/8 incl. .008 .008 .012
Over 7/8 to 1 incl. .009 .009 .013
Chucked on one end: Over 1 to 1-1/8 incl. .010 .010 .015
Part length 3 inches or lessno camber added
Part length over 3 inchesdouble the part length to calculate camber. Over 1-1/8 to 1-1/4 incl. .011 .011 .016
Over 1-1/4 to 1-3/8 incl. .012 .012 .018
Chucked on both ends: Over 1-3/8 to 1-1/2 incl. .014 .014 .021
Length 6 inches or lessno camber added Over 1-1/2 to 2 incl. 1/64 1/64 .023
Length over 6 inchesuse formulas below (do not double part length).
Over 2 to 2-1/2 incl. 1/32 0 .023
Formulas (Calculate all length dimensions in inches): Over 2-1/2 to 3-1/2 incl. 3/64 0 .035
A) OD , 5.000 inches 5 (171 3 length) 2 444 2 (1.03 3 length squared) Over 3-1/2 to 4-1/2 incl. 1/16 0 .046
Over 4-1/2 to 5-1/2 incl. 5/64 0 .058
100,000
Over 5-1/2 to 6-1/2 incl. 1/8 0 .070
B) OD $ 5.000 inches 5 (222 3 length) 2 222 2 (1.13 3 length squared) Over 6-1/2 to 8-1/4 incl. 5/32 0 .085
100,000 Over 8-1/4 to 9-1/2 incl. 3/16 0 .100
C) OD , 5.000 inches and Part Length . 60 inches 5 450 1 (25 3 length) Over 9-1/2 to 10 incl. 1/4 0 .120
30,000 (1) Tolerances are in accordance with ASTM A29 Rev. 5 revision.

D) OD 5.000 inches and Part Length . 60 inches:

Use formula C 1 .030 inches

STANDARD TIMKENSTEEL
COMPANY TOLERANCES
Variation from Size
Specified Size of Out-of-Round
Rounds or Squares Over Under or Square
(inches) (inches) (inches) (inches)
Over 10 to 12 incl. 1/4 0 0.150
12-1/2 or 13 round 1/4 .. ..
14, 15 or 16 round 1/4 1/8 ..
Over 12 square or 1/2 1/2 ..
rectangular. All other sizes
not listed.
If forged 1/2 1/2

Return to Table of Contents 108 109 Return to Table of Contents

 BAR LENGTH TOLERANCES FOR MASTER WEIGHT TABLES FOR
HOT ROLLED STEEL BARS ROUNDS AND SQUARES
Specified Sizes of Weight Per Ft. - in Lbs. Weight Per Ft. - in Lbs.
Rounds, Squares, 10' to 20' to 30' to 40' to Sq. Cor. Sq. Cor.
Hexagons, Octagons 20' 30' 40' 60' Size Squares Rounds Size Squares Rounds
(inches) Excl. Excl. Excl. Excl. 1/8" .0531 .0417 3/4" 1.9125 1.5021
Up to 3-1/2, incl. 1-1/2 1-3/4 2-1/4 2-3/4 9/64" .0672 .0528 49/64" 1.9930 1.5653
5/32" .0830 .0652 25/32" 2.0752 1.6299
Over 3-1/2 to 5, incl. 2 2-1/4 2-5/8 3 11/64" .1004 .0789 51/64" 2.1590 1.6957
Over 5 to 12 incl. 2-1/2 2-3/4 3 3-1/4
3/16" .1195 .0939 13/16" 2.2445 1.7629
No Tolerance Under
13/64" .1403 .1102 53/64" 2.3317 1.8313
7/32" .1627 .1278 27/32" 2.4205 1.9011
STRAIGHTNESS TOLERANCE 15/64" .1868 .1467 55/64" 2.5110 1.9721

HOT ROLLED STEEL BARS

1/4"
17/64"
.2125
.2399
.1669
.1884


7/8"
57/64"
2.6031
2.6969
2.0445
2.1182
Rounds, Squares, Hexagons, Octagons, 9/32" .2689 .2112 29/32" 2.7924 2.1931
Flats, and SpringFlats 19/64" .2997 .2354 59/64" 2.8895 2.2694

Measurement is taken on the concave side of the bar 5/16" .3320 .2608 15/16" 2.9883 2.3470
with a straight edge. 21/64" .3661 .2875 61/64" 3.0887 2.4259
11/32" .4018 .3155 31/32" 3.1908 2.5061
23/64" .4391 .3449 63/64" 3.2946 2.5876
Normal Straightness Special Straightness
14" in any 5 ft. 18" in any 5 ft. 3/8" .4781 .3755 1" 3.400 2.6704
25/64" .5188 .4075 1-1/32" 3.616 2.8399
and and 13/32" .5611 .4407 1-1/16" 3.838 3.0146
27/64" .6051 .4753 1-3/32" 4.067 3.1945
length in ft. length in ft.
14" 3 18" 3
7/16" .6508 .5111 1-1/8" 4.303 3.3797
5 5 29/64" .6981 .5483 1-5/32" 4.546 3.5700
15/32" .7471 .5867 1-3/16" 4.795 3.7656
(1) 3 length in ft. Inquire with mill. 31/64" .7977 .6265 1-7/32" 5.050 3.9664
8" 3
5
1/2" .8500 .6676 1-1/4" 5.313 4.1724
Note: Because of warpage, straightness tolerances do not apply to bars if any 33/64" .9040 .7100 1-9/32" 5.581 4.3836
subsequent heating operation or controlled cooling has been performed. 17/32" .9596 .7536 1-5/16" 5.587 4.6001
Note: Tolerances shown are based upon ASTM A29. 35/64" 1.0168 .7986 1-11/32" 6.139 4.8218
(1) Note: As applicable to rounds greater than 12".

9/16" 1.0758 .8449 1-3/8" 6.428 5.0486
37/64" 1.1364 .8925 1-13/32" 6.724 5.2807
MACHINING ALLOWANCE 19/32" 1.1986 .9414 1-7/16" 7.026 5.5180
FOR HOT ROLLED BARS 39/64"

1.2625 .9916 1-15/32" 7.335 5.7606

5/8" 1.3281 1.0431 1-1/2" 7.650 6.0083

Minimum Stock Removal (diameter) 41/64" 1.3954 1.0959 1-17/32" 7.972 6.2612
21/32" 1.4643 1.1500 1-9/16" 8.301 6.5194
Standard Grades 1.6% per side 43/64" 1.5348 1.2054 1-19/32" 8.636 6.7838
Resulfurized Grades 2.4% per side
11/16" 1.6070 1.2622 1-5/8" 8.978 7.0514
45/64" 1.6809 1.3202 1-21/32" 9.327 7.3252
Note: Based on bars within special straightness tolerance. Since straightness is a 23/32" 1.7564 1.3795 1-11/16" 9.682 7.6043
function of length, additional machining allowance may be required for turning 47/64" 1.8336 1.4401 1-23/32" 10.044 7.8885
on centers.

Round Cornered squares differ in weight from above schedule.

Return to Table of Contents 110 111 Return to Table of Contents

 MASTER WEIGHT TABLES FOR MASTER WEIGHT TABLES FOR
ROUNDS AND SQUARES continued ROUNDS AND SQUARES continued

Weight Per Ft. - in Lbs. Weight Per Ft. - in Lbs. Weight Per Ft. - in Lbs. Weight Per Ft. - in Lbs.
Sq. Cor. Sq. Cor. Sq. Cor. Sq. Cor.
Size Squares Rounds Size Squares Rounds Size Squares Rounds Size Squares Rounds

1-3/4" 10.413 8.1780 3" 30.600 24.033 5" 85.000 66.759 7-1/2" 191.25 150.21
1-25/32" 10.788 8.4726 3-1/32" 31.241 24.537 5-1/16" 87.138 68.438 7-9/16" 194.45 152.72
1-13/16" 11.170 8.7725 3-1/16" 31.888 25.045 5-1/8" 89.303 70.139 7-5/8" 197.68 155.26
1-27/32" 11.558 9.0776 3-3/32" 32.542 25.559 5-3/16" 91.495 71.860 7-11/16" 200.93 157.81

1-7/8" 11.953 9.3880 3-1/8" 33.203 26.078 5-1/4" 93.713 73.602 7-3/4" 204.21 160.39
1-29/32" 12.355 9.7035 3-5/32" 33.871 26.602 5-5/16" 95.957 75.364 7-13/16" 207.52 162.99
1-15/16" 12.763 10.0243 3-3/16" 34.545 27.131 5-3/8" 98.228 77.148 7-7/8" 210.85 165.60
1-31/32" 13.178 10.3502 3-7/32" 35.225 27.666 5-7/16" 100.526 78.953 7-15/16" 214.21 168.24

2" 13.600 10.6814 3-1/4" 35.913 28.206 5-1/2" 102.850 80.778 8" 217.60 170.90
2-1/32" 14.028 11.0178 3-9/32" 36.606 28.751 5-9/16" 105.20 82.62 8-1/16" 221.01 173.58
2-1/16" 14.463 11.3595 3-5/16" 37.307 29.301 5-5/8" 107.58 84.49 8-1/8" 224.45 176.29
2-3/32" 14.905 11.7063 3-11/32" 38.014 29.856 5-11/16" 109.98 86.38 8-3/16" 227.92 179.01

2-1/8" 15.353 12.0583 3-3/8" 38.728 30.417 5-3/4" 112.41 88.29 8-1/4" 231.41 181.75
2-5/32" 15.808 12.4156 3-13/32" 39.449 30.983 5-13/16" 114.87 90.22 8-5/16" 234.93 184.52
2-3/16" 16.270 12.7781 3-7/16" 40.176 31.554 5-7/8" 117.35 92.17 8-3/8" 238.48 187.30
2-7/32" 16.738 13.1458 3-15/32" 40.910 32.130 5-15/16" 119.86 94.14 8-7/16" 242.05 190.11

2-1/4" 17.213 13.5187 3-1/2" 41.650 32.712 6" 122.40 96.13 8-1/2" 245.65 192.93
2-9/32" 17.694 13.8968 3-9/16" 43.151 33.891 6-1/16" 124.96 98.15 8-9/16" 249.28 195.78
2-5/16" 18.182 14.2802 3-5/8" 44.678 35.090 6-1/8" 127.55 100.18 8-5/8" 252.93 198.65
2-11/32" 18.677 14.6687 3-11/16" 46.232 36.311 6-3/16" 130.17 102.24 8-11/16" 256.61 201.54

2-3/8" 19.178 15.0625 3-3/4" 47.813 37.552 6-1/4" 132.81 104.31 8-3/4" 260.31 204.45
2-13/32" 19.686 15.4615 3-13/16" 49.420 38.814 6-5/16" 135.48 106.41 8-13/16" 264.04 207.38
2-7/16" 20.201 15.8657 3-7/8" 51.053 40.097 6-3/8" 138.18 108.53 8-7/8" 267.80 210.33
2-15/32" 20.722 16.2751 3-15/16" 52.713 41.401 6-7/16" 140.90 110.66 8-15/16" 271.59 213.31

2-1/2" 21.250 16.6898 4" 54.400 42.726 6-1/2" 143.65 112.82 9" 275.40 216.30
2-17/32" 21.785 17.1096 4-1/16" 56.113 44.071 6-9/16" 146.43 115.00 9-1/16" 279.2 219.3
2-9/16" 22.326 17.5346 4-1/8" 57.853 45.438 6-5/8" 149.23 117.20 9-1/8" 283.1 222.4
2-19/32" 22.874 17.9650 4-3/16" 59.620 46.825 6-11/16" 152.06 119.43 9-3/16" 287.0 225.4

2-5/8" 23.428 18.4004 4-1/4" 61.413 48.233 6-3/4" 154.91 121.67 9-1/4" 290.9 228.5
2-21/32" 23.989 18.8410 4-5/16" 63.232 49.662 6-13/16" 157.79 123.93 9-5/16" 294.9 231.6
2-11/16" 24.557 19.2870 4-3/8" 65.078 51.112 6-7/8" 160.70 126.22 9-3/8" 298.8 234.7
2-23/32" 25.131 19.7382 4-7/16" 66.951 52.583 6-15/16" 163.64 128.52 9-7/16" 302.8 237.8

2-3/4" 25.713 20.1946 4-1/2" 68.850 54.075 7" 166.60 130.85 9-1/2" 306.8 241.0
2-25/32" 26.300 20.656 4-9/16" 70.776 55.587 7-1/16" 169.59 133.19 9-9/16" 310.9 244.2
2-13/16" 26.895 21.123 4-5/8" 72.728 57.121 7-1/8" 172.60 135.56 9-5/8" 315.0 247.4
2-27/32" 27.496 21.595 4-11/16" 74.707 58.675 7-3/16" 175.64 137.95 9-11/16" 319.1 250.6

2-7/8" 28.103 22.072 4-3/4" 76.713 60.250 7-1/4" 178.71 140.36 9-3/4" 323.2 253.9
2-29/32" 28.717 22.555 4-13/16" 78.745 61.846 7-5/16" 181.81 142.79 9-13/16" 327.4 257.1
2-15/16" 29.338 23.042 4-7/8" 80.803 63.463 7-3/8" 184.93 145.24 9-7/8" 331.6 260.4
2-31/32" 29.996 23.535 4-15/16" 82.888 65.100 7-7/16" 188.08 147.71 9-15/32" 335.8 263.7

Round Cornered squares differ in weight from above schedule. Round Cornered squares differ in weight from above schedule.

Return to Table of Contents 112 113 Return to Table of Contents

 MASTER WEIGHT TABLES FOR
ROUNDS AND SQUARES continued
REDUCTION RATIOS
FOR ROUND BARS
Weight Per Ft. - in Lbs. Weight Per Ft. - in Lbs. As Cast Size As Cast Size
Sq. Cor. Sq. Cor. Product Product
Size Squares Rounds Size Squares Rounds Diameter 28" Diameter 28"
(inches) Square 11" x 14.75" (inches) Square 11" x 14.75"
10" 340.0 267.0 11-3/4" 469.4 368.7
10-1/16" 344.3 270.4 11-13/16" 474.4 372.6 16.000 3.9 6.500 23.6 5.0
10-1/8" 348.5 273.8 11-7/8" 479.5 376.6 15.000 4.4 6.000 27.7 5.8
10-3/16" 352.9 277.1 11-15/16" 484.5 380.5 14.500 4.7 5.500 33.0 6.9
14.000 5.1 5.000 39.9 8.4
10-1/4" 357.2 280.6 12" 489.6 384.5 13.500 5.5 4.500 49.3 10.3
10-5/16" 361.6 284.0 12-1/16" 494.6 388.5 13.000 5.9 4.000 62.4 13.1
10-3/8" 366.0 287.4 12-1/8" 499.8 392.5 12.500 6.4
10-7/16" 370.4 290.9 12-3/16" 505.0 396.6 3.500 81.5 17.1
12.000 6.9 3.000 110.9 23.3
11.500 7.5 1.6
10-1/2" 374.9 294.4 12-1/4" 510.2 400.7 2.500 159.7 33.5
10-9/16" 379.3 297.9 12-5/16" 515.4 404.8 11.000 8.2 1.7 2.000 249.6 52.4
10-5/8" 383.8 301.5 12-3/8" 520.6 408.9 10.500 9.1 1.9 1.500 443.7 93.1
10-11/16" 388.4 305.0 12-7/16" 525.9 413.0 10.000 10.0 2.1 1.000 998.2 209.4
9.500 11.1 2.3
10-3/4" 392.9 308.6 12-1/2" 531.2 417.2 9.000 12.3 2.6
10-13/16" 397.5 312.2 13" 575 451 8.500 13.8 2.9
10-7/8" 402.1 315.8 13-1/2" 620 487 8.000 15.6 3.3
10-15/16" 406.7 319.5 14" 666 523 7.500 17.7 3.7
7.000 20.4 4.3
11" 411.4 323.1 14-1/2" 715 561
11-1/16" 416.1 326.8 15" 765 601
11-1/8" 420.8 330.5 15-1/2" 817 642
11-3/16" 425.5 334.2 16" 871 684 REDUCTION RATIOS
11-1/4" 430.3 337.9

16-1/2" 926 727
FOR SQUARE BARS
11-5/16" 435.1 341.7 17" 982 772 As Cast Size As Cast Size
11-3/8" 439.9 345.5 17-1/2" 1040 818
11-7/16" 448.8 349.3 18" 1102 865 Product Product
Diameter 28" Diameter 28"
(inches) Square 11" x 14.75" (inches) Square 11" x 14.75"
11-1/2" 449.6 353.1 18-1/2" 1164 914
11-9/16" 454.6 357.0 19" 1227 964 16.000 3.1 6.500 18.6 3.9
11-5/8" 459.5 360.9 19-1/2" 1293 1015 15.000 3.5 6.000 21.8 4.6
11-11/16" 464.4 364.8 20" 1360 1068 14.500 3.7 5.500 25.9 5.4
14.000 4.0 5.000 31.4 6.6
13.500 4.3 4.500 38.7 8.1
13.000 4.6 4.000 49.0 10.3
12.500 5.0 3.500 64.0 13.4
12.000 5.4 3.000 87.1 18.3
11.500 5.9 1.2 2.500 125.4 26.3
11.000 6.5 1.4 2.000 196.0 41.1
10.500 7.1 1.5 1.500 348.4 73.1
10.000 7.8 1.6 1.000 784.0 164.5
9.500 8.7 1.8
9.000 9.7 2.0
8.500 10.9 2.3
8.000 12.3 2.6
7.500 13.9 2.9
7.000 16.0 3.4
Round Cornered squares differ in weight from above schedule.

Return to Table of Contents 114 115 Return to Table of Contents

 6
5
4
3
2
1
in.

6
5
4
4
4
3
3
3
2
2
1

Return to Table of Contents

Square Size

mm

95.2
88.9
82.6
76.2
63.5
57.2
50.8
38.1
25.4

165.1
152.4
139.7
127.0
120.6
114.3
108.0
101.6

116
9.0
4.0
1.0

36.0
25.0
16.0
6.25
5.06
2.25

42.25
30.25
22.56
20.25
18.06
14.06
12.25
10.56
Square in.
mm
645.2

9071.0
7903.2
6812.9
5806.4
4032.2
3264.5
2580.6
1451.6

27258.0
23225.8
19516.1
16129.0
14554.8
13064.5
11651.6
10322.6
Equivalent Cross Sectional Area
EQUIVALENT CROSS-SECTIONAL AREAS AND
METRIC EQUIVALENTS FOR COLD SHEARING TABLES

RECOMMENDED COLD SHEARING LIMITATIONS

HOT ROLLED ALLOY AND CARBON STEEL BILLETS AND BARS
(Standard AISI and SAE Grades and Formerly Standard SAE Grades)
Maximum Square or Equivalent Cross-Sectional Area Without Heat Treatment

When Maximum of Specified Carbon Range is, percent

Grade Series Designation
Over 0.20 Over 0.25 Over 0.33 Over 0.44 Over 0.49 Over 0.55 Over 0.76
Thru 0.20
thru 0.25 thru 0.33 thru 0.44 thru 0.49 thru 0.55 thru 0.76 thru 1.05

10XX
12XX 4 4 4 8 2 2 1 1

117
11XX Thru 1.00 Max. Mn
11XX Over 1.00 Max. Mn
4 4 3 2 2 1 1
15XX
13XX 4 3 2 2**
23XX 4 4 3 3 2**
25XX 4
31XX 4 4 3 3 2 **
32XX 3 3 2 2**
33XX
34XX 4 2 **
Return to Table of Contents

Note: For standard H grades, the maximum carbon content of the comparable standard steel is used when considering cold shearing limitations.
**Size 1 in. square and smaller should be cold shearing quality or thermally treated before cold shearing. Producers should be consulted for flat sizes under 3/4 in. thickness.
All sizes in this carbon range should be cold shearing quality or thermally treated before cold shearing.
 RECOMMENDED COLD SHEARING LIMITATIONS WITHOUT HEAT TREATMENT continued

When Maximum of Specified Carbon Range is, percent

Grade Series Designation
Over 0.20 Over 0.25 Over 0.33 Over 0.44 Over 0.49 Over 0.55 Over 0.76
Thru 0.20
thru 0.25 thru 0.33 thru 0.44 thru 0.49 thru 0.55 thru 0.76 thru 1.05

Return to Table of Contents

40XX 4 4 4 3 2 ** 2
41XX 4 4 3 2 **
43XX 4 4 1 **
44XX 4 4
46XX 4 4 3 2**
47XX 4

118
48XX 4 3
50XX 4 2
50BXX 2 2**
51XX 4 4 4 3 2
51BXX
61XX 4 4 3 2 2**
81XX 4 2
81BXX 2
86XX 4 4 3 2 2**
Note: For standard H grades, the maximum carbon content of the comparable standard steel is used when considering cold shearing limitations.
**Size 1 in. square and smaller should be cold shearing quality or thermally treated before cold shearing. Producers should be consulted for flat sizes under 3/4 in. thickness.
All sizes in this carbon range should be cold shearing quality or thermally treated before cold shearing.

RECOMMENDED COLD SHEARING LIMITATIONS WITHOUT HEAT TREATMENT continued

When Maximum of Specified Carbon Range is, percent

Grade Series Designation
Over 0.20 Over 0.25 Over 0.33 Over 0.44 Over 0.49 Over 0.55 Over 0.76
Thru 0.20
thru 0.25 thru 0.33 thru 0.44 thru 0.49 thru 0.55 thru 0.76 thru 1.05
86BXX 3 2**
87XX 4 4 2 2**
88XX 3
92XX
93XX

119
94XX 2
94BXX 4 4 2
97XX
98XX
43BVXX 4
Note: For standard H grades, the maximum carbon content of the comparable standard steel is used when considering cold shearing limitations.
**Size 1 in. square and smaller should be cold shearing quality or thermally treated before cold shearing. Producers should be consulted for flat sizes under 3/4 in. thickness.
All sizes in this carbon range should be cold shearing quality or thermally treated before cold shearing.

Return to Table of Contents
 RECOMMENDED COLD SHEARING LIMITATIONS
FOR COLD SHEARING QUALITY
HOT ROLLED ALLOY AND CARBON STEEL BILLETS AND BARS
(Standard AISI and SAE Grades and Formerly Standard SAE Grades)
Maximum Square or Equivalent Cross-Sectional Area Annealed for Cold Shearing Quality

Return to Table of Contents

When Maximum of Specified Carbon Range is, percent
Grade Series Designation
Over 0.20 Over 0.25 Over 0.33 Over 0.44 Over 0.49 Over 0.55 Over 0.76
Thru 0.20
thru 0.25 thru 0.33 thru 0.44 thru 0.49 thru 0.55 thru 0.76 thru 1.05

10XX

120
12XX 6 6 6 5 4 4 3 2
11XX Thru 1.00 Max. Mn
11XX Over 1.00 Max. Mn
6 6 5 4 4 3 2
15XX
13XX 5 4 4 4
23XX 5 5 4 4 3
25XX 5
31XX 5 5 4 4 4
32XX 4 3 3 2
Note: For standard H grades, the maximum carbon content of the comparable standard steel is used when considering cold shearing limitations.
All sizes in this carbon range should be thermally treated before cold shearing.

RECOMMENDED COLD SHEARING LIMITATIONS FOR COLD SHEARING QUALITY continued

When Maximum of Specified Carbon Range is, percent

Grade Series Designation
Over 0.20 Over 0.25 Over 0.33 Over 0.44 Over 0.49 Over 0.55 Over 0.76
Thru 0.20
thru 0.25 thru 0.33 thru 0.44 thru 0.49 thru 0.55 thru 0.76 thru 1.05
33XX 3
34XX 4 3
40XX 5 5 4 4 4 4
41XX 5 5 4 4 4 3
43XX 4 4 4

121
44XX 5 4
46XX 5 5 4 4
47XX 5
48XX 5 4
50XX 5 4
50BXX 4 4 3
51XX 5 5 4 4 4 3
51BXX 4 3
61XX 5 5 4 4 4 3
81XX 5
Note: For standard H grades, the maximum carbon content of the comparable standard steel is used when considering cold shearing limitations.
Return to Table of Contents

All sizes in this carbon range should be thermally treated before cold shearing.
 ESTIMATED MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Over 0.76
thru 1.05
HOT ROLLED CARBON STEEL BARS

All sizes in this carbon range should be thermally treated before cold shearing.
Estimated Minimum Values
SAE and Tensile Yield Brinell
Over 0.55

Elongation Reduction
thru 0.76

AISI No. Strength Strength in 2 in., in Area, Hardness

psi psi % %
RECOMMENDED COLD SHEARING LIMITATIONS FOR COLD SHEARING QUALITY continued

1008 44,000 24,500 30 55 86

When Maximum of Specified Carbon Range is, percent

Over 0.49
thru 0.55

Note: For standard H grades, the maximum carbon content of the comparable standard steel is used when considering cold shearing limitations.
1010 47,000 26,000 28 50 95
3

3
1
1012 48,000 26,500 28 50 95
1015 50,000 27,500 28 50 101
1017 53,000 29,000 26 50 105
Over 0.44
thru 0.49

1018 58,000 32,000 25 50 116

1020 55,000 30,000 25 50 111
4
4
4
4

3
1022 62,000 34,000 23 47 121
1023 56,000 31,000 25 50 111
1025 58,000 32,000 25 50 116
Over 0.33
thru 0.44

4
4

1026 64,000 35,000 24 49 126

1030 68,000 37,500 20 42 137
1035 72,000 39,500 18 40 143
1037 74,000 40,500 18 40 143
Over 0.25
thru 0.33

1038 75,000 41,000 18 40 149

4
4

1040 76,000 42,000 18 40 149

1042 80,000 44,000 16 40 163
1043 82,000 45,000 16 40 163
Over 0.20
thru 0.25

1045 82,000 45,000 16 40 163

4
5

1046 85,000 47,000 15 40 170

1050 90,000 49,500 15 35 179
1055 94,000 51,500 12 30 192
Thru 0.20

1060 98,000 54,000 12 30 201

4
5

1065 100,000 55,000 12 30 207

1070 102,000 56,000 12 30 212
1080 112,000 61,500 10 25 229
Grade Series Designation

1085 121,000 66,500 10 25 248

1090 122,000 67,000 10 25 248
1524 74,000 41,000 20 42 149
43BVXX
81BXX

86BXX

94BXX
86XX

87XX
88XX
92XX
93XX
94XX

97XX
98XX

1536 83,000 45,500 16 40 163

1541 92,000 51,000 15 40 187
1548 96,000 53,000 14 33 197
1552 108,000 59,500 12 30 217

Return to Table of Contents 122 123 Return to Table of Contents

 ESTIMATED MECHANICAL PROPERTIES IRON CARBON PHASE DIAGRAM
RESULFURIZED HOT ROLLED CARBON STEEL
BARS(1) Temperature
F = Austenite
Temperature
C
3000
= Ferrite
+L = Delta iron
Estimated Minimum Values 2802
CM = Cementite
2800 1539
2720 1492
SAE and Tensile Yield Elongation Reduction Brinell

L
2600 +
AISI No. Strength Strength in 2 in., in Area, Hardness 2552 +L 1400
psi psi % % 2400

1117 62,000 34,000 23 47 121 2200

L + Fe3C
1132 83,000 45,500 16 40 167 2066 2066 F
2000 1130
1137 88,000 48,000 15 35 179
1141 94,000 51,500 15 35 187 1800
Fe3C
1144 97,000 53,000 15 35 197 1670 910
+ Fe3C
1146 85,000 47,000 15 40 170 1600
Austenite
All SAE 1100 series steels are rated on the basis of 0.10 maximum silicon or coarse grain
(1) 760
1400
1333
+ 1333 F A1,2,3 to Pearlite 723
melting practice.

1200
0.025 Pearlite Pearlite and Cementite
and + Fe3C
1000 Ferrite Magnetic change of Fe3C
410 210
0.008% 6.67
0.50% 0.83% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 65%
Hypo-eutectoid Hyper-eutectoid
Steel Cast Iron

Materials Science and Metallurgy, 4th Edition; Pollack, Prentice Hall, 1988

Return to Table of Contents 124 125 Return to Table of Contents


IRON CARBON PHASE DIAGRAM CALCULATIONS FOR X AND R CHARTS AND
(ENLARGED VERSION) CAPABILITY
CONTROL CHARTS
FOR VARIABLES PROCESS CAPABILITY

Calculate the Average (X) and Estimated ()

Range (R) of each subgroup 5 R/d2

X1 1 X2 1 . . . . . Xn
X 5 n Estimated Process Capability (Cp)

R 5 Xmax 2 Xmin USL 2 LSL

Cp 5
6

Calculate the Average Range (R)

and the process Average (X) Estimated Capability Ratio (Cr)

= X1 1 X2 1 . . . . . Xk Cr 5 1/Cp 3 100 (%)
X 5 k

R1 1 R2 1 . . . . . Rk Estimated Process Capability (Cpk)

R 5 k

= =
USL 2 X X 2 LSL
CPU 5 CPL 5

3 3
Calculate the Control Limits

_ = CPK 5 Minimum of CPU or CPL

UCL X 5 X 1 A2R UCLR 5 D4R
_ =
LCL X 5 X 2 A2R LCLR 5 D3R

Note: A2, D3, D4, d2 factors are dependent on subgroup size (n). See factor values table.
Note: Calculations of Process capability (Cp, Cpk, Cr) are only valid for stable processes.

FACTOR VALUES NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

Materials Science and Metallurgy, 4th Edition; Pollack, Prentice Hall, 1988 N = 2 3 4 5 6 12

D4 3.27 2.57 2.28 2.11 2.00 1.72

D3 * * * * * 0.26

A2 1.86 1.02 0.73 0.58 0.48 0.27

-3s -2s -1s X +1s +2s +3s
d2 1.13 1.69 2.06 2.33 2.53 3.26 68.3%
95.4%
* No constant for subgroup sizes below 7. 99.7%

Return to Table of Contents 126 127 Return to Table of Contents

 CONTROL CHARTS
CONTROL FORATTRIBUTES
CHARTS FOR ATTRIBUTES HANDY PHYSICAL CONSTANTS
The
The ppChart
Chart TheTheuuChart
Chart Acceleration of gravity, g 32.17 ft/s2 5 9.807 m/s2
Density of water 62.4 lbm/ft3 5 1 g/cm3
_p 5 number
numberof rejects in subgroup
of rejects in subgroup _ u 5 total nonconformities
total nonconformities
1 gal H2O 5 8.345 lbm
p = _________________________ u = __________________
number inspected in subgroups total units inspected
number inspected total units inspected Gas Constant, R 1545 ft-lbf/pmole-R 5 8.314 J/gmole-K Gas volume
_ _ in subgroups _
3p ( 12 p ) 3u (STP: 68F, 1 atm) 359 ft3/pmole 5 .02241 m3/gmole Joules
UCLP 5 P1 ______
_ _ UCLu 5 u1 _ Constant, J 778 ft-lbf/BTU
_ n3 p ( 1- p ) n_ _____ 3 u
UCL = P + _________ UCL = u + Poissons ratio, .3 (for steel)
u
P
n n
_ _ _ STEEL CONSTANTS
3 p ( 12 _p ) _ 3u _
LCLP 5 P2 _ 3 p ( 1- p )
LCLu 5 u2 _ 3 u Fe-Fe3C eutectoid composition 0.77 w/o carbon
LCLP = P n- _________
LCLu = u -n_____ Fe-Fe3C eutectoid temperature 1340F (727C)
n n
Modulus of Elasticity (steel) 30 3 106 psi
The np Chart The c Chart
The np Chart The u Chart Densities:
np 5 Number of non-conforming c 5 The count (number) of nonconformi- Carbon & Low-Alloy Steels 0.283 lbm/in3 5 7.84 g/cm3
units= within
np Numbera sample
of non-conforming c = tiesThewithin
counta sample
(number) of 304 SS 0.29 lbm/in3 5 7.88 g/cm3

units within a sample nonconformities within a Tool Steels Carbon Steels 3 1.000
np_5 Average number of c5 Asample
verage number of non- Moly High Speed Carbon Steels 3 1.035
= Average
np nonconforming units of
number per _ confomities per sample Multiphase Alloys Carbon Steels 3 1.074
sample nonconforming units per c = Average number of non-
sample UCLc confomities
5 c 1 3 c per sample Steel Tensile Strength (psi) ~ 500 3 Brinell Number
UCLnp 5 np 1 3 np

_ ( 1 2 p_) _
UCLnp = np + 3 np (1 - p ) LCL
UCL c5c=2c 3+3c c
c COMPARISON MATERIALS
LCL np 5 np2 3 _ np ( 1 2 _p) _
LCL np = np - 3 np (1 - p ) LCL c = c - 3 c Density Modulus of Poissons
Material (g/cm3) Elasticity (psi) Ratio
Aluminum Alloys 2.6-2.9 10.0 3 106 0.33
Nickel-base Superalloys 8.0-8.9 28.5 2 31.0 3 106 0.31
IDENTIFICATIONof
Identification OFOut-of
OUT-OF Control
CONTROLConditions
CONDITIONS Titanium Alloys 4.4-5.0 15.0 3 16.8 3 106 0.34
(Eachpoint
(Each point is
is aasubgroup)
subgroup)

SI PREFIXES
One or
More Points
A Run Of giga G 109
7 Or More
Outside
Points
mega M 106
Control
Increasing. kilo k 103
Limits.
hecto h 102
deka da 101
deci d 1021
centi c 1022
A Run Of
A Run Of
7 Or More
milli m 1023
7 Or More
Points On micro 1026
Points
Decreasing.
Either Side
nano n 1029
Of Aim Size.

Return to Table of Contents 128 129 Return to Table of Contents

 ENGINEERING CONVERSION FACTORS CONVERSION FACTORS
Explanation of Dimensional Units
EQUATION: A 3 B 5 C
All table entries are categorized according to their specific combination of basic dimen- A B C
sions of Length [L], Mass [M] and Time [t]. For example, all units of force have the dimen-
sions [M][L][t]22. The following better illustrates this convention: Area [L]2
ft2 0.092903 m2
Force
5 [M][L][t]22 in2 645.16 mm2
in2 6.45160 cm2

5 (Mass) 3 (Acceleration) Energy, Work or Heat [M] [L]2 [t]22
Btu 1.05435 kJ
1 kgf 5 (1 kg) 3 (9.80665 m/s2) Btu 0.251996 kcal
Calories (cal) 4.184* Joules (J)
ft-lbf 1.355818 J
ft-lbf 0.138255 kgf-m
Example Conversion hp-hr 2.6845 MJ
KWH 3.600 MJ
Meters to Yards m-kgf 9.80665* J
N-m 1. J
(50 m) 3 (3.28084 ft/m) 3 (1/3 yd/ft) 5 54.68066 yd
Flow Rate [L]3 [t]21
ft3/min 7.4805 gal/min
ft3/min 0.471934 l/s
gal/min 0.063090 l/s
Significant Digits
Force or Weight [M] [L] [t]22
The convention is to retain the number of digits which correctly infers the known accuracy kgf 9.80665* Newton (N)
of the numbers involved. Normally, this means using the same number of significant lbf 4.44822 N
digits as occur in the original number. For the above example, the answer would therefore lbf 0.453592 Kgf
be rounded to 55 yards. Fracture Toughness
ksiin 1.098800 MPam
When the accuracy of the measurement is known, additional digits may become signifi-
cant. For example, if the measurement of 50 meters is known to be accurate to .01 meters Heat Content
(.0109 yards), then the conversion result may be rounded to 54.68 yards. Btu/lbm 0.555556 cal/g
Btu/lbm 2.324444 J/g
Btu/ft3 0.037234 MJ/m3
Heat Flux
Btu/hr-ft2 7.5346 E-5 cal/s-cm2
Btu/hr-ft2 3.1525 W/m2
cal/s-cm2 4.184* W/cm2
Length [L]
Foot (ft) 0.304800 Meter (m)
Inch (in) 25.4000 Millimeter (mm)
Mile (mi) 1.609344 Kilometer (km)

* Indicates exact conversion(s)

Return to Table of Contents 130 131 Return to Table of Contents

 CONVERSION FACTORS continued METRIC-ENGLISH STRESS
CONVERSION TABLE
EQUATION: A 3 B 5 C
Kg Per Sq Mm to Psi to M Pa
A B C Kg Kg Kg Kg
per per per per
Mass Density [M] [L]23 sq Psi M Pa sq Psi M Pa sq Psi M Pa sq Psi M Pa
mm mm mm mm
lbm/in3 27.68 g/cm3
lbm/ft3 16.0184 kg/m3 10 14,223 98.1 50 71,117 490.3 90 128,011 882.6 130 184,904 1274.9
11 15,646 107.9 51 72,539 500.1 91 129,433 892.4 131 186,327 1284.7
Power [M] [L] [t] 2 23
12 17,068 117.7 52 73,962 510.0 92 130,855 902.2 132 187,749 1294.5
Btu/hr 0.292875 Watt (W) 13 18,490 127.5 53 75,384 519.8 93 132,278 912.0 133 189,171 1304.3
ft-lbf/s 1.355818 W 14 19,913 137.3 54 76,806 529.6 94 133,700 921.8 134 190,594 1314.1
Horsepower (hp) 745.6999 W 15 21,335 147.1 55 78,229 539.4 95 135,122 931.6 135 192,016 1323.9
Horsepower 550.* ft-lbf/s 16 22,757 156.9 56 79,651 549.2 96 136,545 941.4 136 193,438 1333.7
17 24,180 166.7 57 81,073 559.0 97 137,967 951.2 137 194,861 1343.5
Pressure (fluid) [M] [L]21 [t]22 18 25,602 176.5 58 82,496 568.8 98 139,389 961.0 138 196,283 1353.3
Atmosphere (atm) 14.696 lbf/in2 19 27,024 186.3 59 83,918 578.6 99 140,812 970.9 139 197,705 1363.1
atm 1.01325 E5* Pascal (Pa)
lbf/ft2 47.88026 Pa 20 28,447 196.1 60 85,340 588.4 100 142,234 980.7 140 199,128 1372.9
lbf/in2 27.6807 in. H2O at 39.2F 21 29,869 205.9 61 86,763 598.2 101 143,656 990.5 141 200,550 1382.7
22 31,291 215.7 62 88,185 608.0 102 145,079 1000.3 142 201,972 1392.5
Stress [M] [L]21 [t]22 23 32,714 225.6 63 89,607 617.8 103 146,501 1010.1 143 203,395 1402.4
kgf/cm2 9.80665 E-2* MPa 24 34,136 235.4 64 91,030 622.6 104 147,923 1020.0 144 204,817 1412.2
ksi 6.89476 MPa 25 35,558 245.2 65 92,452 637.4 105 149,346 1029.7 145 206,239 1422.0
N/mm2 1. MPa 26 36,981 255.0 66 93,874 647.2 106 150,768 1039.5 146 207,662 1431.8
kgf/mm2 1.42231 ksi 27 38,403 264.8 67 95,297 657.0 107 152,190 1049.3 147 209,084 1441.6
28 39,826 274.6 68 96,719 666.9 108 153,613 1059.1 148 210,506 1451.4
Volume [L]3 & Capacity 29 41,248 284.4 69 98,141 676.7 109 155,035 1068.9 149 211,929 1461.2
in3 16.3871 cm3
ft3 0.028317 m3 30 42,670 294.2 70 99,564 686.5 110 156,457 1078.7 150 213,351 1471.0
ft3 7.4805 Gallon 31 44,093 304.0 71 100,986 696.3 111 157,880 1088.5 151 214,773 1480.8
32 45,515 313.8 72 102,408 706.1 112 159,302 1098.3 152 216,196 1490.6
ft3 28.3168 Liter (l) 33 46,937 323.6 73 103,831 715.9 113 160,724 1108.2 153 217,618 1500.4
Gallon 3.785412 Liter 34 48,360 333.4 74 105,253 725.7 114 162,147 1118.0 154 219,040 1510.2

Specific Heat 35 49,782 343.2 75 106,675 735.5 115 163,569 1127.8 155 220,463 1520.0
Btu/lbm-F 1. cal/g-C 36 51,204 353.0 76 108,098 745.3 116 164,991 1137.6 156 221,885 1529.8
37 52,627 362.8 77 109,520 755.1 117 166,414 1147.4 157 223,307 1539.6
Temperature* 38 54,049 372.7 78 110,943 764.9 118 167,836 1157.2 158 224,730 1549.5
Fahrenheit (F232)/1.8 Celsius 39 55,471 382.5 79 112,365 774.7 119 169,258 1167.0 159 226,152 1559.3
Fahrenheit F1459.67 Rankine
Celsius C1273.16 Kelvin 40 56,894 393.3 80 113,787 784.5 120 170,681 1176.8
Rankine R/1.8 Kelvin 41 58,316 402.1 81 115,210 794.3 121 172,103 1186.6
42 59,738 411.9 82 116,632 804.1 122 173,525 1196.4
Thermal Conductivity 43 61,161 421.7 83 118,054 814.0 123 174,948 1206.2
Btu-ft/hr-ft2-F 14.8816 cal-cm/hr-cm2-C 44 62,583 431.5 84 119,477 823.8 124 176,370 1216.0

* Indicates exact conversion(s) 45 64,005 441.3 85 120,899 833.6 125 177,792 1225.8
46 65,428 451.1 86 122,321 843.4 126 179,215 1235.6
47 66,850 460.9 87 123,744 853.2 127 180,637 1245.4
48 68,272 470.7 88 125,166 863.0 128 182,059 1255.3
49 69,695 480.5 89 126,588 872.8 129 183,482 1265.1

Return to Table of Contents 132 133 Return to Table of Contents

 WORK-ENERGY CONVERSION TABLE TABLES FOR CONVERSION FROM
ft.-lbf joules ft.-lbf joules INCHES INTO MILLIMETERS

0.7376 1 1.356 37.6157 51 69.147 Fractions Inches Millimeters
1.4751 2 2.712 38.3532 52 70.503
2.2127 3 4.067 39.0908 53 71.858 1
64 .015625 .396875
2.9502 4 5.423 39.8284 54 73.214
3.6878 5 6.779 40.5659 55 74.570 1
32 .031250 .793750
4.4254 6 8.135 41.3035 56 75.926 3
64 .046875 1.190625
5.1629 7 9.491 42.0410 57 77.282
5.9005 8 10.847 42.7786 58 78.637 116 .062500 1.587500
6.6381 9 12.202 43.5162 59 79.993 5
64 .078125 1.984375
7.3756 10 13.558 44.2537 60 81.349 3
32 .093750 2.381250
8.1132 11 14.914 44.9913 61 82.705
8.8507 12 16.270 45.7289 62 84.061 7
64 .109375 2.778125
9.5883 13 17.626 46.4664 63 85.417 18 .125000 3.175000
10.3259 14 18.981 47.2040 64 86.772
11.0634 15 20.337 47.9415 65 88.128 9
64 .140625 3.571875
11.8010 16 21.693 48.6791 66 89.484 5
32 .156250 3.968750
12.5386 17 23.049 49.4167 67 90.840
50.1542 68 92.196 11
64 .171875 4.365625
13.2761 18 24.405
14.0137 19 25.761 50.8918 69 93.551 316 .187500 4.762500
14.7512 20 27.116 51.6294 70 94.907 13
64 .203125 5.159375
15.4888 21 28.472 52.3669 71 96.263
16.2264 22 29.828 53.1045 72 97.619 7
32 .218750 5.556250
16.9639 23 31.184 53.8420 73 98.975 15
64 .234375 5.953125
17.7015 24 32.540 54.5796 74 100.331
18.4391 25 33.895 55.3172 75 101.686 14 .250000 6.350000
19.1766 26 35.251 56.0547 76 103.042 17
64 .265625 6.746875
19.9142 27 36.607 56.7923 77 104.398
57.5298 78 105.754 9
32 .281250 7.143750
20.6517 28 37.963
21.3893 29 39.319 58.2674 79 107.110 19
64 .296875 7.540625
22.1269 30 40.675 59.0050 80 108.465 516 .312500 7.937500
22.8644 31 42.030 59.7425 81 109.821
23.6020 32 43.386 60.4801 82 111.177 21
64 .328125 8.334375
24.3396 33 44.742 61.2177 83 112.533 11
32 .343750 8.731250
25.0771 34 46.098 61.9552 84 113.889
25.8147 35 47.454 62.6928 85 115.245 23
64 .359375 9.128125
26.5522 36 48.809 63.4303 86 116.600 38 .375000 9.525000
27.2898 37 50.165 64.1679 87 117.956
64.9055 88 119.312 25
64 .390625 9.921875
28.0274 38 51.521
28.7649 39 52.877 65.6430 89 120.668 13
32 .406250 10.318750
29.5025 40 54.233 66.3806 90 122.024 27 .421875 10.715625
64
30.2400 41 55.589 67.1182 91 123.379
30.9776 42 56.944 67.8557 92 124.735 716 .437500 11.112500
31.7152 43 58.300 68.5933 93 126.091 29
64 .453125 11.509375
32.4527 44 59.656 69.3308 94 127.447
33.1903 45 61.012 70.0684 95 128.803 15
32 .468750 11.906250
33.9279 46 62.368 70.8060 96 130.159 31
64 .484375 12.303125
34.6654 47 63.723 71.5435 97 131.514
72.2811 98 132.870 12 .500000 12.700000
35.4030 48 65.079
36.1405 49 66.435 73.0186 99 134.226 * On the basis of the conversion factor 1 in. 5 25.4 mm.
36.8781 50 67.791 73.7562 100 135.582
Examples: 1 ft-lbf 5 1.356 joules
1 joule 5 0.7376 ft-lbf

Return to Table of Contents 134 135 Return to Table of Contents

 TABLES FOR CONVERSION continued TEMPERATURE CONVERSION TABLES
Albert Sauveur type of table. Values revised.
Fractions Inches Millimeters 459.4 to 0 0 to 100 100 to 1000
C F/C F C F/C F C F/C F C F/C F C F/C F
33
64 .515625 13.096875 -273 -459.4 -17.8 0 32 10.0 50 122.0 38 100 212 260 500 932
-268 -450 -17.2 1 33.8 10.6 51 123.8 43 110 230 266 510 950
17
32 .531250 13.493750 -262 -440 -16.7 2 35.6 11.1 52 125.6 49 120 248 271 520 968
-257 -430 -16.1 3 37.4 11.7 53 127.4 54 130 266 277 530 986
35
64 .546875 13.890625 -251 -420 -15.6 4 39.2 12.2 54 129.2 60 140 284 282 540 1004
916 .562500 14.287500 -246 -410 -15.0 5 41.0 12.8 55 131.0 66 150 302 288 550 1022
-240 -400 -14.4 6 42.8 13.3 56 132.8 71 160 320 293 560 1040
37
64 .578125 14.684375 -234 -390 -13.9 7 44.6 13.9 57 134.6 77 170 338 299 570 1058
-229 -380 -13.3 8 46.4 14.4 58 136.4 82 180 356 304 580 1076
19
32 .593750 15.081250 -223 -370 -12.8 9 48.2 15.0 59 138.2 88 190 374 310 590 1094
39
64 .609375 15.478125 -218 -360 -12.2 10 50.0 15.6 60 140.0 93 200 392 316 600 1112
-212 -350 -11.7 11 51.8 16.1 61 141.8 99 210 410 321 610 1130
58 .625000 15.875000 -207 -340 -11.1 12 53.6 16.7 62 143.6 100 212 413.6 327 620 1148
-201 -330 -10.6 13 55.4 17.2 63 145.4 104 220 428 332 630 1166
41
64 .640625 16.271875 -196 -320 -10.0 14 57.2 17.8 64 147.2 110 230 446 338 640 1184
21
32 .656250 16.668750 -190 -310 -9.4 15 59.0 18.3 65 149.0 116 240 464 343 650 1202
-184 -300 -8.9 16 60.8 18.9 66 150.8 121 250 482 349 660 1220
43
64 .671875 17.065625 -179 -290 -8.3 17 62.6 19.4 67 152.6 127 260 500 354 670 1238
-173 -280 -7.8 18 64.4 20.0 68 154.4 132 270 518 360 680 1256
1116 .687500 17.462500 -169 -273 -459.4 -7.2 19 66.2 20.6 69 156.2 138 280 536 366 690 1274
45
64 .703125 17.859375 -168 -270 -454 -6.7 20 68.0 21.1 70 158.0 143 290 554 371 700 1292
-162 -260 -436 -6.1 21 69.8 21.7 71 159.8 149 300 572 377 710 1310
23
32 .718750 18.256250 -157 -250 -418 -5.6 22 71.6 22.2 72 161.6 154 310 590 382 720 1328
-151 -240 -400 -5.0 23 73.4 22.8 73 163.4 160 320 608 388 730 1346
47
64 .734375 18.653125 -146 -230 -382 -4.4 24 75.2 23.3 74 165.2 166 330 626 393 740 1364
34 .750000 19.050000 -140 -220 -364 -3.9 25 77.0 23.9 75 167.0 171 340 644 399 750 1382
49 .765625 19.446875 -134 -210 -346 -3.3 26 78.8 24.4 76 168.8 177 350 662 404 760 1400
64 -129 -200 -328 -2.8 27 80.6 25.0 77 170.6 182 360 680 410 770 1418
25 .781250 19.843750 -123 -190 -310 -2.2 28 82.4 25.6 78 172.4 188 370 698 416 780 1436
32 -118 -180 -292 -1.7 29 84.2 26.1 79 174.2 193 380 716 421 790 1454
51
64 .796875 20.240625 -112 -170 -274 -1.1 30 86.0 26.7 80 176.0 199 390 734 427 800 1472
1316 .812500 20.637500 -107
-101
-160
-150
-256
-238
- .6
0
31
32
87.8
89.6
27.2
27.8
81
82
177.8
179.6
204
210
400
410
752
770
432
438
810
820
1490
1508
53
64 .828125 21.034375 -96
-90
-140
-130
-220
-202
.6
1.1
33
34
91.4
93.2
28.3
28.9
83
84
181.4
183.2
216
221
420
430
788
806
443
449
830
840
1526
1544
27
32 .843750 21.431250 -84 -120 -184 1.7 35 95.0 29.4 85 185.0 227 440 824 454 850 1562
55
64 .859375 21.828125

-79
-73
-110
-100
-166
-148
2.2
2.8
36 96.8
37 98.6
30.0
30.6
86
87
186.8
188.6
232
238
450
460
842
860
460
466
860
870
1580
1598
78 .875000 22.225000 -68 -90 -130 3.3 38 100.4 31.1 88 190.4 243 470 878 471 880 1616
-62 -80 -112 3.9 39 102.2 31.7 89 192.2 249 480 896 477 890 1634
57
64 .890625 22.621875
-57 -70 -94 4.4 40 104.0 32.2 90 194.0 254 490 914 482 900 1652
29
32 .906250 23.018750 -51 -60 -76 5.0 41 105.8 32.8 91 195.8 488 910 1670
-46 -50 -58 5.6 42 107.6 33.3 92 197.6 493 920 1688
59
64 .921875 23.415625 -40 -40 -40 6.1 43 109.4 33.9 93 199.4 499 930 1706
-34 -30 -22 6.7 44 111.2 34.4 94 201.2 504 940 1724
1516 .937500 23.812500
-29 -20 -4 7.2 45 113.0 35.0 95 203.0 510 950 1742
61
64 .953125 24.209375 -23 -10 14 7.8 46 114.8 35.6 96 204.8 516 960 1760
-17.8 0 32 8.3 47 116.6 36.1 97 206.6 521 970 1778
31
32 .968750 24.606250 8.9 48 118.4 36.7 98 208.4 527 980 1796
9.4 49 120.2 37.2 99 210.2 532 990 1814
63
64 .984375 25.003125 37.8 100 212.0 538 1000 1832

1 1.000000 25.400000
Look up reading in middle column. If in degrees Celsius, read Fahrenheit equivalent in right hand column; if in
Fahrenheit degrees, read Celsius equivalent in left hand column.
(All the values in these tables are exact).

Return to Table of Contents 136 137 Return to Table of Contents

 TEMPERATURE CONVERSION TABLES continued
Albert Sauveur type of table. Values revised.
HARDNESS CONVERSION TABLES
BASED ON BRINELL
1000 to 2000 2000 to 3000 (APPROXIMATE)
C F/C F C F/C F C F/C F C F/C F
BRINELL HARDNESS ROCKWELL HARDNESS Diamond
538 1000 1832 816 1500 2732 1093 2000 3632 1371 2500 4532 Pyramid Approx.
543 1010 1850 821 1510 2750 1099 2010 3650 1377 2510 4650 Diameter Tungsten A-Scale B-Scale C-Scale Hardness Tensile
549 1020 1868 827 1520 2768 1104 2020 3668 1382 2520 4568 mm Carbide 60 Kg 100 Kg 150 Kg Superficial Number Strength
554 1030 1886 832 1530 2786 1110 2030 3686 1388 2530 4586 3000 Kg 10 mm Ball Brale 1/16" Ball Brale 30 N (Vickers) 1000 psi
560 1040 1904 838 1540 2804 1116 2040 3704 1393 2540 4604

566 1050 1922 843 1550 2822 1121 2050 3722 1399 2550 4622 .... .... 86.5 .... 70.0 86.0 1076 ....
571 1060 1940 849 1560 2840 1127 2060 3740 1404 2560 4640 .... .... 86.0 .... 69.0 85.0 1004 ....
577 1070 1958 854 1570 2858 1132 2070 3758 1410 2570 4658 .... .... 85.6 .... 68.0 84.4 940 ....
582 1080 1976 860 1580 2876 1138 2080 3776 1416 2580 4676 .... .... 85.0 .... 67.0 83.6 900 ....
588 1090 1994 866 1590 2894 1143 2090 3794 1421 2590 4694
.... 757 84.4 .... 65.9 82.7 860 ....
593 1100 2012 871 1600 2912 1149 2100 3812 1427 2600 4712
599 1110 2030 877 1610 2930 1154 2110 3830 1432 2610 4730 2.25 745 84.1 .... 65.3 82.2 840 ....
604 1120 2048 882 1620 2948 1160 2120 3848 1438 2620 4748 .... 722 83.4 .... 64.0 81.1 800 ....
610 1130 2066 888 1630 2966 1166 2130 3866 1443 2630 4766
616 1140 2084 893 1640 2984 1171 2140 3884 1449 2640 4784 .... 710 83.0 .... 63.3 80.4 780 ....
2.35 682 82.2 .... 61.7 79.0 737 ....
621 1150 2102 899 1650 3002 1177 2150 3902 1454 2650 4802 2.40 653 81.2 .... 60.0 77.5 697 ....
627 1160 2120 904 1660 3020 1182 2160 3920 1460 2660 4820
632 1170 2138 910 1670 3038 1188 2170 3938 1466 2670 4838
638 1180 2156 916 1680 3056 1193 2180 3956 1471 2680 4856 2.45 627 80.5 .... 58.7 76.3 667 323
643 1190 2174 921 1690 3074 1199 2190 3974 1477 2690 4874 2.50 601 79.8 .... 57.3 75.1 640 309
2.55 578 79.1 .... 56.0 73.9 615 297
649 1200 2192 927 1700 3092 1204 2200 3992 1482 2700 4892 2.60 555 78.4 .... 54.7 72.7 591 285
654 1210 2210 932 1710 3110 1210 2210 4010 1488 2710 4910
660 1220 2228 938 1720 3128 1216 2220 4028 1493 2720 4928 2.65 534 77.8 .... 53.5 71.6 569 274
666 1230 2246 943 1730 3146 1221 2230 4046 1499 2730 4946
671 1240 2264 949 1740 3164 1227 2240 4064 1504 2740 4964 2.70 514 76.9 .... 52.1 70.3 547 263
2.75 495 76.3 .... 51.0 69.4 528 253
677 1250 2282 954 1750 3182 1232 2250 4082 1510 2750 4982
682 1260 2300 960 1760 3200 1238 2260 4100 1516 2760 5000 2.80 477 75.6 .... 49.6 68.2 508 243
688 1270 2318 966 1770 3218 1243 2270 4118 1521 2770 5018 2.85 461 74.9 .... 48.5 67.2 491 235
693 1280 2336 971 1780 3236 1249 2280 4136 1527 2780 5036 2.90 444 74.2 .... 47.1 65.8 472 225
699 1290 2354 977 1790 3254 1254 2290 4154 1532 2790 5054

704 1300 2372 982 1800 3272 1260 2300 4172 1538 2800 5072 2.95 429 73.4 .... 45.7 64.6 455 217
710 1310 2390 988 1810 3290 1266 2310 4190 1543 2810 5090 3.00 415 72.8 .... 44.5 63.5 440 210
716 1320 2408 993 1820 3308 1271 2320 4208 1549 2820 5108 3.05 401 72.0 .... 43.1 62.3 425 202
721 1330 2426 999 1830 3326 1277 2330 4226 1554 2830 5126 3.10 388 71.4 .... 41.8 61.1 410 195
727 1340 2444 1004 1840 3344 1282 2340 4244 1560 2840 5144
3.15 375 70.6 .... 40.4 59.9 396 188
732 1350 2462 1010 1850 3362 1288 2350 4262 1566 2850 5162
738 1360 2480 1016 1860 3380 1293 2360 4280 1571 2860 5180 3.20 363 70.0 .... 39.1 58.7 383 182
743 1370 2498 1021 1870 3398 1299 2370 4298 1577 2870 5198 3.25 352 69.3 (110.0) 37.9 57.6 372 176
749 1380 2516 1027 1880 3416 1304 2380 4316 1582 2880 5216
754 1390 2534 1032 1890 3434 1310 2390 4334 1588 2890 5234 3.30 341 68.7 (109.0) 36.6 56.4 360 170
3.35 331 68.1 (108.5) 35.5 55.4 350 166
760 1400 2552 1038 1900 3452 1316 2400 4352 1593 2900 5252 3.40 321 67.5 (108.0) 34.3 54.3 339 160
766 1410 2570 1043 1910 3470 1321 2410 4370 1599 2910 5270
771 1420 2588 1049 1920 3488 1327 2420 4388 1604 2920 5288
777 1430 2606 1054 1930 3506 1332 2430 4406 1610 2930 5306 3.45 311 66.9 (107.5) 33.1 53.3 328 155
782 1440 2624 1060 1940 3524 1338 2440 4424 1616 2940 5324 3.50 302 66.3 (107.0) 32.1 52.2 319 150
3.55 293 65.7 (106.0) 30.9 51.2 309 145
788 1450 2642 1066 1950 3542 1343 2450 4442 1621 2950 5342 3.60 285 65.3 (105.5) 29.9 50.3 301 141
793 1460 2660 1071 1960 3560 1349 2460 4460 1627 2960 5360
799 1470 2678 1077 1970 3578 1354 2470 4478 1632 2970 5378 3.65 277 64.6 (104.5) 28.8 49.3 292 137
804 1480 2696 1082 1980 3596 1360 2480 4496 1638 2980 5396
810 1490 2714 1088 1990 3614 1366 2490 4514 1643 2990 5414
1093 2000 3632 1649 3000 5432

Look up reading in middle column. If in degrees Celsius, read Fahrenheit equivalent in right hand column; if in
Fahrenheit degrees, read Celsius equivalent in left hand column.

Return to Table of Contents 138 139 Return to Table of Contents

 HARDNESS CONVERSION TABLES continued USEFUL
USEFULEQUATIONS FOR
EQUATIONS FOR
BRINELL HARDNESS ROCKWELL HARDNESS Diamond
HARDENABLE ALLOY STEELS
HARDENABLE ALLOY STEELS
Pyramid Approx.
Diameter Tungsten A-Scale B-Scale C-Scale Hardness Tensile
mm Carbide 60 Kg 100 Kg 150 Kg Superficial Number Strength Ae1 (F) ~ 1333 2 25 3 Mn 1 40 3 Si 1 42 3 Cr 2 26 3 Ni ............... (1)
3000 Kg 10 mm Ball Brale 1/16" Ball Brale 30 N (Vickers) 1000 psi 104 V Ae3 (F) ~ 1570 2 323 3 C 2 25 3 Mn 1 80 3 Si 2 3 3 Cr 2 32 3 Ni .. (2)
Ac1 (C) ~ 723 2 10.7 3 Mn 1 29.1 3 Si 1 16.9 3 Cr 2 16.9 3 Ni 1
3.70 269 64.1 (104.0) 27.6 48.3 284 133
3.75 262 63.6 (103.0) 26.6 47.3 276 129 290 3 As 1 6.38 3 W ........................................................... (3)
3.80 255 63.0 (102.0) 25.4 46.2 269 126 Ac3 (C) ~ 910 2 203 3 C 1 44.7 3 Si 15.2 3 Ni 1 31.5 3 Mo 1 104
3.85 248 62.5 (101.0) 24.2 45.1 261 122 3 V 1 13.1 3 W ...................................................................... (4)
3.90 241 61.8 100.0 22.8 43.9 253 118

3.95 235 61.4 99.0 21.7 42.9 247 115 Ms (F) ~ 930 2 600 3 C 2 60 3 Mn 2 20 3 Si 2 50 3 Cr 2 30 3
4.00 229 60.8 98.2 20.5 41.9 241 111 Ni 2 20 3 Mo 2 20 3 W........................................................ (5)
4.05 223 59.7 97.3 (18.8) .... 234 ....
4.10 217 59.2 96.4 (17.5) .... 228 105 M10 (F) ~ Ms 2 18 ................................................................................. (6)
4.15 212 58.5 95.5 (16.0) .... 222 102 M50 (F) ~ Ms 2 85 ................................................................................. (7)
M90 (F) ~ Ms 2 185 ............................................................................... (8)
4.20 207 57.8 94.6 (15.2) .... 218 100
4.25 201 57.4 93.8 (13.8) .... 212 98 Mf (F) ~ Ms 2 387................................................................................ (9)
4.30 197 56.9 92.8 (12.7) .... 207 95
4.35 192 56.5 91.9 (11.5) .... 202 93 Bs (F) ~ 1526 2 486 3 C 2 162 3 Mn 2 126 3 Cr 2 67 3 Ni 2
4.40 187 55.9 90.7 (10.0) .... 196 90
149 3 Mo ............................................................................ (10)
4.45 183 55.5 90.0 (9.0) .... 192 89 B50 (F) ~ Bs 2 108 ............................................................................. (11)
4.50 179 55.0 89.0 (8.0) .... 188 87 Bf (F) ~ Bs 2 216 ............................................................................. (12)
4.55 174 53.9 87.8 (6.4) .... 182 85
4.60 170 53.4 86.8 (5.4) .... 178 83
4.65 167 53.0 86.0 (4.4) .... 175 81 Carburized Case Depth (in.) ~ .025t, for 1700F ............................... (13)

4.70 163 52.5 85.0 (3.3) .... 171 79 Carburized Case Depth (in.) ~ .021t, for 1650F ............................... (14)
4.80 156 51.0 82.9 (.9) .... 163 76
4.90 149 49.9 80.8 .... .... 156 73 Carburized Case Depth (in.) ~ .018t, for 1600F ............................... (15)
5.00 143 48.9 78.7 .... .... 150 71 (t 5 time in hours)
5.10 137 47.4 76.4 .... .... 143 67

5.20 131 46.0 74.0 .... .... 137 65 ___________________________________________________________________________

5.30 126 45.0 72.0 .... .... 132 63
5.40 121 43.9 69.8 .... .... 127 60 Note: Each equation above is subject to the chemistry limitations under which
it was developed.
5.50 116 42.8 67.6 .... .... 122 58
5.60 111 41.9 65.7 .... .... 117 56 1 & 2: R. A. Grange, Metal Progress, 79, April 1961, p 73.
3 & 4: K. W. Andrews, JISI, 203, 1965, p 721.
Values in ( ) are beyond normal range and are given for information only. 5: E. S. Rowland and S. R. Lyle, Trans. ASM, 37, 1946, p 27.
6-12: W. Steven and A. G. Haynes, JISI, 183, 1956, p 349.
The Brinell values in this table are based on the use of a 10mm tungsten carbide ball; at hardness levels of 429 13-15: F. E. Harris, Metal Progress, 44, August 1943, p 265.
Brinell and below, the values obtained with the tungsten carbide ball, the Hultgren ball, and the standard ball
are the same.
The Hardness Conversion Tables are based on SAE J417 and ASTM E140.

Return to Table of Contents 140 141

105 Return to Table of Contents
 GLOSSARY continued
GLOSSARY OF
METALLURGICAL TERMS MOLYBDENUM - Mo
increases hardenability of steels and helps maintain a specified hardenability. It increases
Alloying Elements high temperature tensile and creep strengths. Molybdenum hardened steels require
higher tempering temperatures for softening purposes.
ALUMINUM - Al
is used to deoxidize steel and control grain size. Grain size control is effected by forming NICKEL - Ni
a fine dispersion with nitrogen and oxygen which restricts austenite grain growth. is used in low alloy steels to reduce the sensitivity of the steel to variations in heat
Aluminum is also an extremely effective nitride former in nitriding steels. treatment and distortion and cracking on quenching. It also improves low temperature
toughness and hardenability.
BORON - B
is usually added between .0005-.003% to significantly increase the hardenability, NIOBIUM - Nb (Columbium - Cb)
especially for low carbon alloys. It does not affect the strength of ferrite, therefore not lowers transition temperature and raises the strength of low carbon steel. Niobium
sacrificing ductility, formability or machinability in the annealed state. increases strength at elevated temperatures, results in finer grain size and forms stable
carbides, lowering the hardenability of the steel.
CALCIUM - Ca
is used in certain steels to control the shape, size and distribution of oxide and/or sulfide NITROGEN - N
inclusions. Benefits may include improved ductility, impact strength and machinability. increases the strength, hardness and machinability of steel, but it decreases the ductility
and toughness. In aluminum killed steels, nitrogen combines with the aluminum to
CARBON - C provide grain size control, thereby improving both toughness and strength. Nitrogen can
is the most important alloying element which is essential for the formation of cementite, reduce the effect of boron on the hardenability of steels.
pearlite, spheriodite, bainite, and iron-carbon martensite. Compared to steels with similar
microstructures, strength, hardness, hardenability, and ductile-to-brittle transition PHOSPHORUS - P
temperature are increased with increasing carbon content up to approximately .60%. is generally restricted to below 0.04 weight percent to minimize its detrimental effect
Toughness and ductility of pearlitic steels are decreased with increasing carbon content. on ductility and toughness. Certain steels may contain higher levels to enhance machin-
ability, strength and/or atmospheric corrosion resistance.
CHROMIUM - Cr
is used in low alloy steels to increase 1) resistance to corrosion and oxidation, 2) high SILICON - Si
temperature strength, 3) hardenability, and 4) abrasion resistance in high carbon alloys. is one of the principal deoxidizers with the amount used dependent on the
Straight chromium steels are susceptible to temper embrittlement and can be brittle. deoxidization practice. It slightly increases the strength of ferrite without a serious loss
of ductility. In larger quantities, it aids the resistance to scaling up to 500F in air and
COPPER - Cu decreases magnetic hysteresis loss.
is detrimental to hot workability and subsequent surface quality. It is used in certain
steels to improve resistance to atmospheric corrosion. SULFUR - S
is detrimental to transverse strength and impact resistance. It affects longitudinal
LEAD - Pb properties to a lesser degree. Existing primarily in the form of manganese sulfide
improves machinability. It does not dissolve in steel but stays as globules. stringers, sulfur is typically added to improve machinability.
Environmental concerns are resulting in a decreased usage of lead in the steel industry.
TITANIUM - Ti
MANGANESE - Mn is added to boron steels because it combines with oxygen and nitrogen, thus increasing
is important because it deoxidizes the melt and facilitates hot working of the steel by the effectiveness of boron. Titanium, as titanium nitride, also provides grain size control
reducing the susceptibility to hot shortness. It combines with sulfur to form MnS stringers at elevated temperatures in microalloy steels. In excess, titanium is detrimental to
which increases machinability. Manganese contributes to the effectiveness of normalizing machinability and internal cleanness.
for strengthening, to the formation of fine pearlite, and lowers the Ms temperature,
therefore increasing the probability of retained austenite.

Return to Table of Contents 142 143 Return to Table of Contents

 GLOSSARY continued GLOSSARY continued

TELLURIUM - Te END-QUENCH HARDENABILITY TEST (Jominy Test)

is added to steel to modify sulfide type inclusion size, morphology and distribution. A laboratory procedure for determining the hardenability of a steel or other ferrous
The resulting sulfide type inclusions are finer and remain ellipsoidal in shape following alloy. Hardenability is determined by heating a standard specimen above the upper
hot working, thereby improving transverse properties. critical temperature, placing the hot specimen in a fixture so that a stream of cold
water impinges on one end, and, after cooling to room temperature is completed,
VANADIUM - V measuring the hardness near the surface of the specimen at regularly spaced intervals
inhibits grain growth during heat treating while improving strength and toughness of along its length. The data are normally plotted as hardness versus distance from the
hardened and tempered steels. Additions up to .05% increase hardenability whereas quenched end.
larger amounts tend to reduce hardenability because of carbide formation. Vanadium is
also utilized in ferrite/pearlite microalloy steels to increase hardness through carbonitride HARDNESS
precipitation strengthening of the matrix. Resistance of a metal to plastic deformation, usually by indentation. However, this may
also refer to stiffness or temper, or to resistance to scratching, abrasion, or cutting.

Standard Mill Terminology IMPACT TEST

A test to determine the behavior of materials when subjected to high rates of loading,
ANNEALING usually in bending, tension or torsion. The quantity measured is the energy absorbed
A treatment consisting of heating uniformly to a temperature, within or above the critical in breaking the specimen by a single blow, as in the Charpy or Izod tests.
range, and cooling at a controlled rate to a temperature under the critical range. This
treatment is used to produce a definite microstructure, usually one designed for best INGOT
machinability, and/or to remove stresses, induce softness, and alter ductility, toughness or A casting of a simple shape which can be used for hot working or remelting.
other mechanical properties.
KILLED STEEL
BILLET Steel treated with a strong deoxidizer to reduce oxygen to a level where no reaction
A solid semifinished round or square that has been hot worked usually smaller than a occurs between carbon and oxygen during solidification.
bloom. Also a general term for wrought starting stock for forgings or extrusions.
LAP
BLOOM A surface imperfection which appears as a seam. It is caused by the folding over of hot
A semifinished hot rolled rectangular product. The width of the bloom is no more than metal, fins, or sharp corners and then rolling or forging them into the surface but not
twice the thickness and the cross-sectional area is usually not less that 36 square inches. welding them. Laps on tubes can form from seams on piercing mill billets.
CAPPED STEEL MACHINABILITY
A type of steel similar to rimmed steel, usually cast in a bottle top ingot, in which the This is a generic term for describing the ability of a material to be machined. To be
application of a mechanical or chemical cap renders the rimming action incomplete by meaningful, machinability must be qualified in terms of tool wear, tool life, chip control,
causing the top metal to solidify. and/or surface finish and integrity. Overall machining performance is affected by a myriad
of variables relating to the machining operation and the workpiece. An overall review is
DI (Ideal Diameter) provided in the ASM Metals Handbook: Machinability, Ninth Edition, Volume 16, 1989.
The diameter of a round steel bar that will harden at the center to a given percent of mar-
tensite when subjected to an ideal quench (i.e., Grossman quench severity H=infinity) NORMALIZING
A treatment consisting of heating uniformly to temperature at least 100F above the
ELONGATION critical range and cooling in still air at room temperature. The treatment produces a
In tensile testing, the increase in gage length, measured after the fracture of a specimen recrystallization and refinement of the grain structure and gives uniformity in hardness
within the gage length, usually expressed as a percentage of the original gage length. and structure to the product.

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 GLOSSARY continued GLOSSARY continued

PICKLING TEMPERING
An operation by which surface oxide (scale) is removed by chemical action. Sulfuric acid A treatment consisting of heating uniformly to some predetermined temperature
is typically used for carbon and low-alloy steels. After the acid bath, the steel is rinsed under the critical range, holding at that temperature a designated period of time
in water. and cooling in air or liquid. This treatment is used to produce one or more of the
following end results: A) to soften material for subsequent machining or cold
QUENCHING working, B) to improve ductility and relieve stresses resulting from prior treatment
A treatment consisting of heating uniformly to a predetermined temperature and cooling or cold working, and C) to produce the desired mechanical properties or structure
rapidly in air or liquid medium to produce a desired crystalline structure. in the second step of a double treatment.

REDUCTION OF AREA TENSILE STRENGTH

The difference, expressed as a percentage of original area, between the original cross- In tensile testing, the ratio of maximum load to original cross-sectional area.
sectional area of a tensile test specimen and the minimum cross-sectional area measured
after complete separation. YIELD POINT
The first stress in a material, usually less than the maximum attainable stress,
RIMMED STEEL at which an increase in strain occurs without an increase in stress. If there is a
A low carbon steel having enough iron oxide to give a continuous evolution of carbon decrease in stress after yielding, a distinction may be made between upper and
monoxide during solidification giving a rim of material virtually free of voids. lower yield points.

SCAB YIELD STRENGTH

An imperfection which is a flat piece of metal rolled into the steel surface. The stress at which a material exhibits a specified deviation from proportionality of
stress and strain. An offset of .2% is commonly used.
SEAM
A defect on the surface of a metal which appears as a crack. Experience indicates that most
seams are created during the cooling or reheating of cast structures.

SEMI-KILLED STEEL
Incompletely deoxidized steel which contains enough dissolved oxygen to react with the Information adapted from ASM
carbon to form carbon monoxide to offset solidification shrinkage. and/or SAE publications.

SPHEROIDIZE ANNEAL
A special type of annealing that requires an extremely long cycle. This treatment is used
to produce globular carbides and maximum softness for best machinability in some
analyses, or to improve cold formability.

STRAND CASTING (Continuous Casting)

Operation in which a cast shape is continuously drawn through the bottom of the mold as
it solidifies. The length is not determined by mold dimensions.

STRESS RELIEVE TEMPER

A thermal treatment to restore elastic properties and to minimize distortion on
subsequent machining or hardening operations. This treatment is usually applied to
material that has been heat treated (quenched and tempered). Normal practice would be
to heat to a temperature 100F lower than the tempering temperatures used to establish
mechanical properties and hardness. Ordinarily, no straightening is performed after the
stress relieve temper.

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 GLOSSARY OF FORGING TERMS FORGING GLOSSARY continued

AS FORGED FILLET
The condition of a forged component when it is removed from the finisher die block cavity The concave easing of an interior corner of the forging that is used to reduce stress
without any additional or subsequent operations. concentration within the component.

BACKWARD EXTRUSION FIN

The forging or forming process where a metal contained within a die is forced backward A thin projection formed on a forging when metal is forced under pressure into hairline
or in the opposite direction over a punch producing a blind hole or cup shaped forging. cracks or die interfaces.

BLANK FINISH ALL OVER (F.O.A.)

Raw material or forging stock from which a forging is made. The designation that a forging has been produced sufficiently larger than the dimensions
specified to permit machining to the required size on all surfaces.
BLOCKER FORGING
The primary forging operation that defines the basic shape of the forging by approximat- FLASH
ing the components final dimensions and leaving a generous finish allowance and radii. The excess metal that extends out from the body of the forging to ensure complete filling
of the die block impression.
BOSS
A relatively short projection or protrusion on the surface of a forging, often cylindrical in FORGING BILLET
shape. A wrought metal multiple or mult used as forging stock.

BURNING FORGING STRESSES

Metal that has been overheated to an excessively high temperature resulting in Elastic residual stresses induced by part design, forging operations or post-forging c
permanent damage. Burning occurs by either incipient melting at the grain boundaries ooling. The stresses can be relieved by a subsequent heat treatment such as annealing
or intergranular oxidation. or normalizing.

COLD FORGING FORWARD EXTRUSION

An impression or closed die forging process that is performed at or near room The forcing of metal through a die orifice in the same direction as the force applied.
temperature. This process often requires a lubricant to assist with material flow and
will produce a close-tolerance, draft-less forging. HAMMER FORGING
A mechanical forging or forming process that shapes the metal by means of a ham-
COINING mer ram striking forging stock that is placed on an anvil, repeated strikes create the
A post-forging process that is used to attain tighter tolerances or to improve the surface components desired shape. The action of the hammer provides instantaneous localized
finish of the forged components. compressive forces that deform the metal. The process also is referred to as Drop Forging
and is frequently used during the forging of shafts.
DIE BLOCK(S)
Metal block(s) that have been machined with the required forging impressions to HOT FORGING
produce the forged component. A forging process that induces plastic deformation at a specified temperature and strain
rate to simultaneously produce recrystallization and metal deformation, thus avoiding
DIE IMPRESSION strain hardening.
The counter-sunk portion of the die block surface that defines the shape of the
forged component. IMPRESSION DIE FORGING
A forging process that utilizes mating dies with shaped impressions to form a component.
DIE SINKING The process also is referred to as Closed Die Forging.
The forming or machining operation that creates the depressed pattern of a die block.
MULT OR MULTIPLE
DRAFT A single piece of raw material or forging stock used to produce a forging.
The taper on the sides of the die impression and the associated forging that is required
for removal of the component from the die block.

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 FORGING GLOSSARY continued
FORGING GLOSSARY continued
SHEAR CRACKING
OPEN DIE FORGING A diagonal, transgranular crack caused by shear stresses.
A forging process where components are made between a set of flat dies or dies with
simple shapes such as V or O shapes. Shafts, Discs and Saddle/Mandrel Rings are SHOT BLASTING
manufactured through this process. The cleaning of a metal surface through the combination of an air blast and metal shot
used as an abrasive.
PREHEATING
The heating of a metal to a relatively high temperature for a long period of time to gain a SHRINKAGE
uniform and sufficient soak in order to change the structure before hot working. The contraction of metal that occurs during cooling after hot forging.

PUNCHOUT SLIVER (DEFECT)

The metal that is removed when punching a hole in a forging. This operation is often A loose piece of metal or slender fragment that is forged into the surface of a component
required during the Ring Rolling process. during the forging operation.

RECRYSTALLIZATION SOAKING
The process by which deformed grains are replaced by a new set of undeformed grains Prolonged heating of a metal at a selected temperature in order to ensure it has achieved
that nucleate and grow until the original grains have been entirely consumed. a uniform temperature through the entire cross section.

RESIDUAL STRESS STRAIN

Macroscopic stresses that are set up within a metal as the result of non-uniform plastic The elastic or plastic deformation of steel caused by stress.
deformation (i.e. forging). The deformation can be caused by cold working or by drastic
temperature gradients created by accelerated cooling operations such as quenching. STRAIN HARDENING
An increase in hardness and strength caused by plastic deformation at temperatures lower
RING ROLLING than the recystallization range of the material.
A forging process that traditionally starts with a hole-punched work piece. The process
uses an inner mandrel roll and an outer drive roll. The inner mandrel roll compresses STRESS
toward the drive roll resulting in a thinner wall and enlarged diameter forging. (1) The deforming load to which a metal is subjected. (2) The resistance which the metal
offers to deformation by a force.
SADDEN
Light reduction incurred at the initial forging operation to break up and refine the coarse TRIMMING
as-cast structure at the surface of an ingot. A mechanical shearing operation (hot or cold) that removes the flash or excess material
from the forging.
SCALE
Oxidation of metal due to heat, resulting in relatively heavy surface layers of oxide. TOLERANCE LIMIT
The permissible deviation from a specified value of any design characteristic.
SEAM (DEFECT)
(1) A crack located on the surface of the metal that has been closed but not welded shut. UPSET FORGING
They are generally formed by a preexisting defect produced during casting or cold/hot A forging or forming process that occurs near the end of the bar. The upset occurs between
working (i.e. laps). (2) A defect on the surface of a metal which appears as a crack, usually laterally moving dies which increases the diameter of the worked piece by compressing
resulting from a discontinuity obtained during casting or teeming. its length.

SHEAR WARM FORGING

A type of cutting operation in which the metal is cut by means of a moving blade and a The forging or forming process where metal deformation occurs below the recrystal-
fixed edge or by a pair of moving blades. lization temperature. For steels, this temperature can range from 800 to 1800 degrees
Fahrenheit.

WORK HARDENING
An increased resistance to deformation (i.e. increase in hardness)
produced by cold working.

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 FORGING GLOSSARY continued

WORKABILITY
The characteristic or group of characteristics that determine the ease of forming a metal
into a desired shape.

WROUGHT STEEL
Steel that has been produced by thermo-mechanical working or hot deformation.

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