Measurement and geometry

15
Circle
geometry
Optional Stage 5.3 topic
The ancient Greek philosopher, Thales of Miletus
(624546 BCE), is believed to have been the first
mathematician and scientist to attempt to explain things
by reasoning and deduction rather than by resorting to
mythology and superstition. He lived before Pythagoras
and proved the first theorem in mathematics: that any
angle drawn on the circumference of a semicircle is a right
angle. This rule is often called Thales theorem.
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Shutterstock.com/Ron Ellis
n Chapter outline n Wordbank
Proficiency strands collinear points Points that lie on a straight line.
15-01 Parts of a circle* U C converse A rule or statement turned back-to-front; the
15-02 Chord properties of reverse statement
circles* U F R C
15-03 Angle properties of cyclic quadrilateral A quadrilateral bounded by a circle,
circles* U F R C whose vertices lie on the circles circumference
15-04 Tangent and secant intercept The distance between the points where a line
properties of circles* U F R C intersects other lines or curves
15-05 Proofs using circle perpendicular bisector An interval or line that bisects
theorems* U F PS R C another interval at right angles
*STAGE 5.3 secant A line that intersects a curve at two points
subtend an angle To sit opposite an angle and hold its
arms
tangent A line that touches a curve at one point but
does not cross it

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Circle geometry

n In this chapter you will:

(STAGE 5.3) Prove and apply angle and chord properties of circles
(STAGE 5.3) identify the parts of a circle
(STAGE 5.3) prove chord and angle properties of circles and use them to find unknown
lengths and angles in circles
(STAGE 5.3) prove tangent and secant properties of circles and use them to find unknown
lengths and angles in circles

SkillCheck
Worksheet 1 Which congruence test (SSS, SAS, AAS or RHS) can be used to prove that each pair of
StartUp assignment 15
triangles are congruent?
MAT10MGWK10232 a b c 6 cm

10 cm 6 cm
10 cm

d e f

2 Which similarity test (SSS, SAS, AA or RHS) can be used to prove that each pair of
triangles are similar?
a b c 15

30
21
20
14 12 20

15
10 9

d 2.5 e 4 f
30 3 55
40
3 30
6
3 4.5 2
30
110 95

3.75 8

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Stage 5.3
15-01 Parts of a circle
Worksheet
The radius is an interval joining the centre to any A tangent is a line touching the circle at Parts of a circle
point on the circle. one point.
MAT10MGWK10233
The circumference is the perimeter of a circle. A secant is a line that cuts the circle at
two points.

radius
t
centre gen
tan

circumference

secant

A semicircle is half of a circle. A quadrant is quarter of a circle.

semicircle

Quadrant

A chord is an interval joining two points on the circle. A sector is part of a circle bounded by
A diameter is a chord that passes through the two radii and an arc.
centre. A segment is part of a circle cut off by
An arc is a part of the circumference of the circle. a chord.
chord sector

eter
diam

segment
a rc

Exercise 15-01 Parts of a circle

1 Name each part of the circle marked by a letter.
d

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Circle geometry

Stage 5.3 2 a Draw a sector and a segment in a circle.

b What is the difference between a sector and a segment?
3 State the mathematical rule connecting d (diameter) and r (radius) as an algebraic formula.
4 Which parts of a circle are labelled a and b? Select the correct answer
A, B, C or D. a

A diameter and segment B radius and segment b

C diameter and sector D radius and sector
5 Write the correct word to match each description.
a the distance from the centre of a circle to its side
b quarter of a circle
c line that touches the outside of a circle once
d an interval from one side of a circle to the other side, through the circles centre
e an interval from one side of the circle to the other side, not through the centre
f part of the circumference of a circle
g the area inside a circle formed by two radii and an arc
h the complete distance around a circle
i the area inside a circle formed by a chord and an arc
6 Name each part of the circle marked by a letter.
c

b d

Technology Perpendicular to a chord

1 Click View and Axes in GeoGebra.
2 Draw a circle using Circle with centre through point.
3 Insert one new point on the circumference of the circle.
4 Use Interval between two points to join BC.
5 Click Midpoint or Centre and chord BC.

6 Select Perpendicular line and A and the midpoint of chord BC.

7 Select Distance or Length and measure C to the midpoint of BC and repeat for point B to
the midpoint of BC. Use the Move tool to manipulate points B and C. What do you notice?

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Stage 5.3
15-02 Chord properties of circles
Worksheet

Equal chords A page of circles

MAT10MGWK10234
When an arc or chord of a circle subtends an angle, it sits opposite or under the angle and holds
the angles arms. The angle stands on the ends of the arc or chord. The angle is subtended by the
arc or chord.
P
A
O
B X
Y

The arc AB subtends the angle at O. The chord XY subtends the angle at P.
A theorem is a rule or statement that can be proved from basic principles. We will now look at
theorems relating to chords that can be proved by congruent triangles. These theorems can also be
demonstrated using GeoGebra, other graphing technology, or pencil-and-paper constructions.

Summary
Theorem 1: Chords of equal length in a circle subtend equal angles at C
the centre of the circle. D
O

B
A
If AB = CD,
AOB = COD.

Proof:
In 4AOB and 4COD:
AB CD (given)
OA OC (equal radii)
OB OD (equal radii)
[ 4AOB 4COD (SSS)
[ \AOB \COD (matching angles of congruent triangles)
So chords of equal length subtend equal angles at the centre of a circle.

Summary
Theorem 2: Chords of equal length in a circle are equidistant from the C
Y
centre of the circle.
D
O

A X B
If AB = CD,
then OX = OY.

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Circle geometry

Stage 5.3 Proof:

Draw radii OA, OB, OC and OD. C Y
In 4AOX and 4COY: D
OA OC (equal radii) O
\A \C (matching angles of congruent 4AOB and 4COD proved in B
Theorem 1) A X
\OXA \OYC 90 (given)
[ 4AOX 4COY (AAS)
[ OX OY (matching sides of congruent triangles)
So equal chords are equidistant from the centre of a circle.

Perpendicular bisectors of chords

Summary
Theorem 3: The perpendicular from the centre of a circle to a
chord bisects the chord.
The converse of this is also true. The line from the centre of
a circle to the midpoint of a chord is perpendicular to the O
chord.

A X B

The word converse means to turn around or reverse. So the converse of a theorem is the
theorem written back-to-front.
Proof:
Draw radii OA and OB.
In 4AOX and 4BOX: O
OA OB (equal radii) A
OX is common. X
\OXA \OXB 90 (OX AB) B
[ 4AOX 4BOX (RHS)
[ AX BX (matching sides of congruent triangles)
So the perpendicular from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the chord.

Summary
Theorem 4: The perpendicular bisector of a chord in a circle passes
through the centre of the circle.
O
A
X
B

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Proof: Stage 5.3
The perpendicular from O to AB bisects AB. (proved in Theorem 3)
[ OX is the perpendicular bisector of AB.
[ The perpendicular bisector of AB passes through the centre O.

Common chords
Summary
Theorem 5: When two circles intersect, the line joining their A
centres bisects their common chord at right angles.
O P

Proof:
A
Draw radii OA, OB, PA and PB and let OP and AB bisect at M.
In 4OAP and 4OBP:
O M P
OA OB (equal radii)
PA PB (equal radii)
B
OP is common.
[ 4OAP 4OBP (SSS)
[ \AOM \BOM (matching angles of congruent triangles)
In 4OAM and 4OBM:
OA OB (equal radii)
OM is common.
[ \AOM \BOM (proved above)
[ 4OAM 4OBM (SAS)
[ AM MB (matching sides of congruent triangles)
[ AB OP (line from the centre of a circle to the midpoint of a chord)
So the perpendicular from the centre of a circle to a chord bisects the chord.

Example 1
In each diagram, O is the centre of a circle.
a If PQ 35 cm, find PT. b If OP 16 cm, find AB.

O A
16 O
Q 34
P
T
P B

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Circle geometry

Stage 5.3 Solution

1
a PT PQ the perpendicular from the centre bisects the chord
2
1
3 35
2
17:5 cm
b PB2 342  162 by Pythagoras theorem
900
p
PB 900
30 cm
) AB 2 3 PB the perpendicular from the centre bisects the chord
60 cm

Example 2
The length AB of the common chord of two circles is 24 cm. A
If the radii of the circles are 13 cm and 15 cm, find the 13 cm 15 cm
distance between their centres. X Y

B
AB = 24 cm

Solution
We need to find XY.
A
Let XY and AB cross at M.
X M Y
XY AB (common chord of circles)
1 B
AM 3 AB
2
1
3 24
2
12 cm
XM 2 132  122 by Pythagoras theorem
25
p
XM 25
5 cm
YM 152  122
2

81
p
YM 81
9 cm
) XY 5 9
14 cm
The distance between the centres is 14 cm.

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Stage 5.3
Exercise 15-02 Chord properties of circles
1 The converse of Theorem 1 is: Chords subtending equal angles at the D See Example 1
centre of a circle have equal lengths. C

a Prove that 4AOB 4COD, given that \AOB \COD. O

b Hence, prove that AB CD. A
B
AOB = COD
2 The converse of Theorem 2 is: Chords that are equidistant from the C
centre of a circle are equal. Y

a Prove that 4OXA 4OYC and therefore AX CY. O D

b Prove that 4OXB 4OYD and therefore BX DY. A
X
c Hence show that AB CD. B
OX = OY
3 The converse of Theorem 3 is: The line from the centre of a circle to
the midpoint of a chord is perpendicular to the chord.
O
a Prove that 4OXA 4OXB and therefore \OXA \OXB.
b Prove that OX AB. A X B
AX = BX
4 a Draw a circle and construct any two non-parallel chords.
b Bisect these chords.
c Through what point must each perpendicular bisector pass? (Use Theorem 4.)
d Explain why the point of intersection between the two perpendicular bisectors is the centre
of the circle.
5 The diagram shows the perpendicular bisectors of two sides AB and C
CA of a triangle, intersecting at O. It can be proved that O is the
centre of a circle passing through all three vertices of the triangle. Y
O

A X B

The full statement on this theorem is: Given any three non-collinear* points, the point of
intersection of the perpendicular bisectors of any two sides of the triangle formed by the three
points is the centre of the circle through all three points.
(*Non-collinear means not on the same straight line.)
Prove this theorem as follows:
a prove that 4AOY 4COY and therefore OA OC
b prove that 4AOX 4BOX and therefore OA OB
c hence prove that the circle with centre O and radius OA also passes through B and C.
6 This circle has a radius of 7 cm and the chord RS is 8 cm. Find, S
correct to 2 decimal places, the length of OA. A

R
O

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Circle geometry

Stage 5.3 7 In the diagram, AB OP. If OB 32.5 cm and OP 12.5 cm,

find AB. A
O
P

B
8 In each problem, state which chord theorem you use.
a OU OV b GF 12 m c UV VW
AB 9 m Find the length of DE. \VOW 64
Find the length of UC. Find the size of \UVO.
E V
D B
O U W
D O
U V G
O
A C
F
d OT PQ e OM XY f DE ON
OQ 17 mm XY 40 cm ON 18 m
OT 8 mm OX 29 cm DE 36 m
Find PQ. Find OM. Find the radius.
X N
D E
O
O M O
P T Q
Y

9 Find the radius of a circle in which a chord of length 96 cm is 20 cm from the centre.
10 On a clear day, you can see 11.5 km in any direction from a particular lookout. If a straight
road is 6.9 km from the lookout, what length of the road can be seen from the lookout?
11 In the diagram, OM UV, XW || UV, UV 24 cm and
XW 32 cm. If the radius of the circle is 20 cm, find the
length of MN.
O

N W
X
M V
U

See Example 2 12 O and P are the centres of circles. If OY 40 cm, XP 51 cm and X

XY 48 cm, find the distance between the centres.
O T
P

13 P and Q are the centres of circles. If DC 32 cm, PX 30 cm and C

XQ 12 cm, find the radius of each circle.
P X
Q

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14 M and N are the centres of circles. MT 36 cm, NT 20 cm and A Stage 5.3
AM 39 cm. Find:
M N
a AB b the area of kite ANBM T

15 A and B are the centres of circles with the same radius. XY 40 cm X

and AB 96 cm. Find:
a the radius of each circle A B

b the area of rhombus AXBY

Y

Worksheet
15-03 Angle properties of circles A page of circles

MAT10MGWK10234
We will now look at proofs of theorems relating to angles in a circle. These theorems can also be
Puzzle sheet
demonstrated using GeoGebra, other graphing technology, or pencil-and-paper constructions.
Finding angles in circles

MAT10MGPS00054
Summary
Worksheet
Theorem 6: The angle at the centre of a circle is twice the C
Angles problems with
angle at the circumference, standing on the same arc. algebra

\AOB 2 3 \ACB O MAT10MGWK00040

A
B

The arms of \ACB touch the endpoints of the arc AB, so we say that \ACB stands on the arc AB.
\AOB is the angle at the centre and \ACB is the angle at the circumference. Both angles stand on
the same arc AB.
Proof: C
Draw radius CO and produce (extend) to point D. xy
Let \ACD x and \BCD y.
[ \ACB x y O
x
OA OC OB (equal radii)
A D y
[ \OAC x (equal angles in isosceles 4OAC)
B
Similarly, \OBC y (equal angles in isosceles 4OBC)
\AOD x x exterior angle of 4OAC
2x
Similarly; \BOD y y exterior angle of 4OBC
2y
) \AOB 2x 2y
2x y
2 3 \ACB
So the angle at the centre of the circle is twice the angle at the circumference, standing on the
same arc.

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Circle geometry

Stage 5.3 Example 3

Video tutorial
Find the value of each pronumeral.
Circle geometry

MAT10MGVT10020 a b c O
36 B
220 S 61
O d
x O
y
Y

Solution
a x 2 3 36 angle at centre is twice angle at circumference
72
1
b y 3 220 angle at centre is twice angle at circumference
2
110
c \BSY 2 3 61 angle at centre is twice angle at circumference
122
SB SY (equal radii)
[ \SBY \SYB d (equal angles in isosceles 4SYB)
2d 122 180 angle sum of 4SYB
2d 58
d 29

Summary
Theorem 7: The angle in a semicircle is a right angle. C
A
O B

ACB = 90

Proof: B

\AOC 180 (a straight angle)

C
1 O
\ABC of \AOC angle at centre is twice angle at circumference A
2
1
3 180
2
90

The angle in a semicircle is a right angle.

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Stage 5.3
Summary
Theorem 8: Angles at the circumference of a circle, standing on the B
same arc, are equal. A
Or put another way, angles in the same segment are equal.
\A \B N
M

Angles \A and \B both stand on the same arc MN.

Proof:
Join radii OM and ON.
Let \MON 2x
1
) \A 3 \MON angle at the centre is twice the angle at the circumference
2
1 B
3 2x A
2 x
x x O
1 2x
Similarly; \B 3 \MON N
2
M
1
3 2x
2
x
[ \A \B
So angles standing on the same arc are equal.

Example 4 Video tutorial

Circle geometry
Find b, giving reasons. N MAT10MGVT10020

b
48 A

V
Solution O

\NAO 90 (angle in a semicircle)

) \VAO 90  48
42
[ b 42 (angles standing on the same arc)

Cyclic quadrilaterals
A cyclic quadrilateral is a quadrilateral whose four vertices lie on the
cyclic
circumference of a circle.
quadrilateral

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Circle geometry

Stage 5.3
Summary
Theorem 9: The opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral are B
supplementary. C

\A \C 180 A
\B \D 180 O

Proof:
Draw radii OA and OC. B
Let \B x and \D y. x C

[ Reflex \AOC 2x (angle at centre is twice angle at the

2y
circumference) A O
[ Obtuse \AOC 2y (angle at centre is twice angle at the 2x
circumference)
y
2x 2y 360 angles at a point D
x y 180
[ \B \D 180
Hence, \A \C 180 (angle sum of a quadrilateral)
So the opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary.

Summary
Theorem 10: The exterior angle at a vertex of a cyclic quadrilateral B
is equal to the interior opposite angle. C
\CDE \B
A

D
E

Proof:
Let \B x. B

\ADC 180  x (opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral) x C

\CDE 180  180  x angles on a straight line

180  180 x A
180 x
x
[ \ABC \CDE x D

The exterior angle of a cyclic quadrilateral is equal to the interior opposite angle. E

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Example 5 Stage 5.3

Find p and q, giving reasons. q

47
Solution
O
p 180  47 opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral p
133
q 2 3 133 angle at centre is twice angle at circumference
266

Video tutorial
Example 6
Circle geometry

Find c, giving reasons. E MAT10MGVT10020

Solution
S
\ASN 77 (exterior angle of cyclic quadrilateral YESN)
77 C 43
c 180  43  77 angle sum of 4SAN A
Y N
60

Exercise 15-03 Angle properties of circles

1 Find x, giving reasons, if O is the centre of the circle. See Example 3

a b c
x 56
O O 240
x O
x

d e f
x O 37 O
O x
116 80 x

g h i x
O x x
52 O O
126

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Circle geometry

Stage 5.3 2 Find x, giving reasons.

See Example 4 a b c
x
x 48 x
30
36 40

d e f
35 x
x x
74

3 Find the value of each pronumeral, giving reasons.

a S b c
R 37
T
144 O 43 m O n
O y
x

d e f
p
25
w
O h
O 37 84
100

See Example 5 4 Find the value of each pronumeral, giving reasons.

a 105
b p c x
59

O
180

m q y
92

See Example 6 5 Find the value of each pronumeral, giving reasons.

a b c
w x 110

106
n
y
84

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6 Find x, giving reasons. Stage 5.3
a b c
67 7x O
x 3x
O O
x

d e f
x
117 88

x 75 x

7 Find the value of each pronumeral, giving reasons.

a A b A c z y
D
54
x
z zO
O
33 150 y x D
x 110
B B
C y
C

d A e A f
y y
48
x
z
z O 28 O
x x z
y 20
B C B C

8 Which of these quadrilaterals can also be a cyclic quadrilateral? Why?

A P B D C W
85 47 E
54 23
122 Q 131 X
118 141 F
48 105 G 49 157
S R Z Y

Tangent and secant properties

15-04 of circles NSW

Worksheet

Circle geometry cards

We will now look at proofs of theorems relating to tangents and secants in a circle. These
theorems can also be demonstrated using GeoGebra, other graphing technology, or pencil-and- MAT10MGWK10235

paper constructions. Worksheet

Circle geometry review

MAT10MGWK10236

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Circle geometry

Stage 5.3 Tangents to a circle

Worksheet
A tangent to a circle is a line that touches the circle at only one point. The point of intersection is
called the point of contact.
A page of circles
At any point on a circle, there is only one tangent to the circle at that point.
MAT10MGWK10234

Summary
Theorem 11: A tangent to a circle is perpendicular to the X
P
radius drawn to the point of contact.
\OPT 90
O T

Theorem 12: The two tangents drawn to a circle from an T

external point are equal in length.
P
PT PM.
M

Proof:
Draw radii OT and OM, and join OP. T
P
In 4PTO and 4PMO:
OP is common. O
OT OM (equal radii)
M
\OTP \OMP 90 (angle between tangent and radius)
[ 4PTO 4PMO (RHS)
[ PT PM (matching sides of congruent triangles)
So tangents drawn from an external point are equal in length.

Alternate segment theorem

Summary
Theorem 13: The angle between a tangent and a chord
M Y
drawn to the point of contact is equal to the angle in the
alternate segment.
\YPB \M A B
P

(To be proved in question 1 of Exercise 15-04)

AB is a tangent to the circle. The chord PY divides the circle into two segments.
\M is in the alternate (opposite) segment to \YPB.
Similarly, \Y is in the alternate segment to \APM, so \APM \Y.

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Stage 5.3
Example 7
Video tutorial
Find the value of each pronumeral, giving reasons.
Circle geometry
a A b 85 mm A c
B MAT10MGVT10020
R 40
K 31 a 37
x
T O x

d
65 y
C
I
Solution
a \KTR 90 (angle between a tangent and a radius)
a 31 90
a 59
b d 85 (tangents from an external point)
\ABO \ACO 90 (angle between a tangent and a radius)
) x 90 40 90 360 angle sum of a quadrilateral
x 220 360
x 140
c x 65 (angle in alternate segment)
y 37 (angle in alternate segment)

Summary
Theorem 14: When two circles touch, A A
their centres and the point of contact
are collinear. P Q T
T P Q
The circles have a common tangent AB.
P, T and Q lie on a straight line (to be
proved in question 2 of Exercise 15-04). B B

Products of intercepts
When a line crosses another line or curve at two points, the distance between the points is called
an intercept.

Summary
D B
Theorem 15: The products of the intercepts of two intersecting
chords are equal.
Y
AY 3 YB CY 3 YD
A
C

AY, YB, CY and YD are called intercepts.

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Circle geometry

Stage 5.3 Proof:

Draw AD and CB. D
B
In 4ADY and 4CBY:
\D \B (angles in the same segment) Y
\A \C (angles in the same segment) A
[ 4ADY ||| 4CBY (equiangular) C
) AY YD (matching sides of similar triangles)
CY YB
[ AY 3 YB CY 3 YD
Therefore, the products of intercepts of two intersecting chords are equal.

Summary

Theorem 16: The product of the intercepts of two intersecting C

secants to a circle from an external point are equal. D
YA 3 YB YC 3 YD Y
B
A
Theorem 17: The square of a tangent to a circle from an T
external point equals the product of the intercepts of any
secant from the point.
P
PT 2 PB 3 PA
B
A

(To be proved in question 3 of Exercise 15-04.)

Example 8
Find x, giving reasons.
a A b A 10 cm c A 48 cm
B 8 cm B 16 c
m
15 cm Y P
C 6 cm
20 cm Y 9 cm x cm
D x cm
C
D T
x cm
B

Solution
a x 3 15 9 3 20 intercepts of intersecting chords
15x 180
x 12
b 6 3 6 x 8 3 18 intercepts of intersecting secants
36 6x 144
6x 108
x 18

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c x2 16 3 16 48 tangent  secant theorem Stage 5.3
1024
p
x 1024
32

Exercise 15-04 Tangent and secant properties of circles

1 AB is a tangent to a circle at P, with centre O. M
a If \YPB is an angle between a tangent and chord, what is the O Y
angle in the alternate segment?
b If \YPB x, why is \OPY 90  x?
A B
c Show that \POY 2x. P
d Hence show that \PMY \YPB.
2 Two circles with centres P and Q touch at T with A A
a common tangent AB.
a Explain why \ATP and \ATQ are right angles.
P Q P T
b Hence, show that P, T and Q are on the T Q
same line.
B B
3 PT is a tangent and PA is a secant. T
a Prove that 4PTA ||| 4PBT.
b Hence, show that PT PA and PT 2 PB 3 PA. P
PB PT
B
A
4 Find the value of each pronumeral, giving reasons. See Example 7

a b
a 34 75

b 72

c d
g
46 e

67

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 Chapter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Circle geometry

Stage 5.3 5 Find the value of n.

See Example 8
a b c n
4 10 n
12 n
(n + 3) 6
5 n 21
4

d e n f 5
8 n
16
n 6
16 9
5
6 ABC is a right-angled triangle with an internal circle such that each A
side is a tangent to the circle. R, S and T are the respective points
of contact of each of the tangents. If SC 30 cm, RB 5 cm
and AT x, find the value of x. T

B S C
7 Two circles with centres P and Q and radii 18 cm and A
8 cm respectively, touch each other externally as shown. B
Find the length of: X
a XP b AB P Q

NSW
15-05 Proofs using circle theorems

Example 9
PT is a tangent to a circle, and PA PB. P
T
Prove that PT || AB.

A B
Solution
\TPB \A (angle in alternate segment)
\A \B (equal angles of isosceles 4PAB)
[ \TPB \B
[ PT || AB (alternate angles are equal)

578 9780170194662
 N E W C E N T U R Y M AT H S A D V A N C E D
for the A ustralian Curriculum 10 10A
Stage 5.3
Exercise 15-05 Proofs using circle theorems
1 PQ and RS are two chords of a circle intersecting at the point Y. Prove R Q See Example 9
that the triangles PYR and SYQ are similar and hence PY 3 YQ RY 3 YS.
Y
P
S
2 ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral. Side AB is produced to E so that AECD A B E
is a parallelogram. Prove that 4CBE is an isosceles triangle.

D C

3 O is the centre of two concentric circles. DEFG is a straight line. Prove

that DE FG.
O
D G
E F

4 HT is a tangent and parallel to IP. HJP is a straight line. H

T
Prove that \HIP \HJI.
J

I P

5 UVW is an isosceles triangle, where UV UW. A circle with

centre O is drawn on one of the equal sides. Prove that the U
O
circle bisects the base of the triangle.
V W
X

6 PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral. PR bisects \QRS. Prove that 4SPQ is Q

P
isosceles.

S R
7 Two circles with centres P and Q intersect at X and Y. AB is X
parallel to PQ, the interval joining the centres of the circles.
Prove that PQ 1 AB. P Q
2
A Y B

8 Two circles touch externally at T. XY is the common tangent. X

PTQ and RTS are straight lines. Prove that PR || SQ. P S
T

Q
R Y

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