Problems on trains ------formulas

1. km/hr to m/s conversion:

a km/hr 5
ax m/s.
= 18

2. m/s to km/hr conversion:

18
a m/s = a x km/hr.
5

3. Formulas for finding Speed, Time and Distance

4. Time taken by a train of length l metres to pass a pole or standing man or a signal post
is equal to the time taken by the train to cover l metres.
5. Time taken by a train of length l metres to pass a stationery object of length b metres
is the time taken by the train to cover (l + b) metres.
6. Suppose two trains or two objects bodies are moving in the same direction at u m/s
and v m/s, where u > v, then their relative speed is = (u - v) m/s.
7. Suppose two trains or two objects bodies are moving in opposite directions at u m/s
and v m/s, then their relative speed is = (u + v) m/s.
8. If two trains of length a metres and b metres are moving in opposite directions at u
m/s and v m/s, then:

The time taken by the trains to cross each other (a + b)

sec.
= (u + v)

9. If two trains of length a metres and b metres are moving in the same direction at u m/s
and v m/s, then:

The time taken by the faster train to cross the slower train (a + b)
sec.
= (u - v)

10. If two trains (or bodies) start at the same time from points A and B towards each other
and after crossing they take a and b sec in reaching B and A respectively, then:

(A's speed) : (B's speed) = (b : a)

Time and work formulas

1. Work from Days:

If A can do a piece of work in n days, then A's 1 day's work 1

.
= n

2. Days from Work:

If A's 1 day's work 1

,then A can finish the work in n days.
= n

3. Ratio:

If A is thrice as good a workman as B, then:

Ratio of work done by A and B = 3 : 1.

Ratio of times taken by A and B to finish a work = 1 : 3.

Problems on ages

 Odd Days:

We are supposed to find the day of the week on a given date.

For this, we use the concept of 'odd days'.

In a given period, the number of days more than the complete weeks are called odd days.

 Leap Year:

(i). Every year divisible by 4 is a leap year, if it is not a century.

(ii). Every 4th century is a leap year and no other century is a leap year.

Note: A leap year has 366 days.

Examples:

i. Each of the years 1948, 2004, 1676 etc. is a leap year.

ii. Each of the years 400, 800, 1200, 1600, 2000 etc. is a leap year.
iii. None of the years 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 1800, 2100 is a leap year.

 Ordinary Year:

The year which is not a leap year is called an ordinary years. An ordinary year has 365 days.

 Counting of Odd Days:

 1. 1 ordinary year = 365 days = (52 weeks + 1 day.)

1 ordinary year has 1 odd day.

2. 1 leap year = 366 days = (52 weeks + 2 days)

1 leap year has 2 odd days.

3. 100 years = 76 ordinary years + 24 leap years

  = (76 x 1 + 24 x 2) odd days = 124 odd days.

  = (17 weeks + days) 5 odd days.

Number of odd days in 100 years = 5.

Number of odd days in 200 years = (5 x 2) 3 odd days.

Number of odd days in 300 years = (5 x 3) 1 odd day.

Number of odd days in 400 years = (5 x 4 + 1) 0 odd day.

Similarly, each one of 800 years, 1200 years, 1600 years, 2000 years etc. has 0 odd
days.

 Day of the Week Related to Odd Days:

No. of days: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Sun Thurs
Day: Mon. Tues. Wed. Fri. Sat.
. .
Profit and loss

IMPORTANT FACTS

Cost Price:

The price, at which an article is purchased, is called its cost price, abbreviated as C.P.

Selling Price:

The price, at which an article is sold, is called its selling prices, abbreviated as S.P.

Profit or Gain:

If S.P. is greater than C.P., the seller is said to have a profit or gain.

Loss:

If S.P. is less than C.P., the seller is said to have incurred a loss.

IMPORTANT FORMULAE

1. Gain = (S.P.) - (C.P.)

2. Loss = (C.P.) - (S.P.)
3. Loss or gain is always reckoned on C.P.
4. Gain Percentage: (Gain %)

Gain x 100
    Gain % =
C.P.

5. Loss Percentage: (Loss %)

Loss x 100
    Loss % =
C.P.

6. Selling Price: (S.P.)

(100 + Gain %)
    SP = x C.P
100

7. Selling Price: (S.P.)

    SP (100 - Loss %) x
= 100 C.P.

8. Cost Price: (C.P.)

100 x
    C.P. =
(100 + Gain %) S.P.
 9. Cost Price: (C.P.)

100 x
    C.P. =
(100 - Loss %) S.P.

10. If an article is sold at a gain of say 35%, then S.P. = 135% of S.P.
11. If an article is sold at a loss of say, 35% then S.P. = 65% of C.P.
12. When a person sells two similar items, one at a gain of say x%, and the other at a loss
of x%, then the seller always incurs a loss given by:

Common Loss and Gain % x

    Loss %
2= 1 2.
= 10
0

13. If a trader professes to sell his goods at cost price, but uses false weights, then

Error
    Gain % = x 100
(True Value) - (Error) %.

Average

 Average:

Sum of observations
------------------------------
Average =
-
Number of observations

 Average Speed:

Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x kmph and an equal distance at y kmph.

2xy
Then, the average speed druing the whole journey -------
kmph.
is -
x+y
Permutations and Combinations

 Factorial Notation:

Let n be a positive integer. Then, factorial n, denoted n! is defined as:

n! = n(n - 1)(n - 2) ... 3.2.1.

Examples:

i. We define 0! = 1.
ii. 4! = (4 x 3 x 2 x 1) = 24.
iii. 5! = (5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1) = 120.

 Permutations:

The different arrangements of a given number of things by taking some or all at a time, are
called permutations.

Examples:

i. All permutations (or arrangements) made with the letters a, b, c by taking two at a
time are (ab, ba, ac, ca, bc, cb).
ii. All permutations made with the letters a, b, c taking all at a time are:
( abc, acb, bac, bca, cab, cba)

 Number of Permutations:

Number of all permutations of n things, taken r at a time, is given by:

n n!
Pr = n(n - 1)(n - 2) ... (n - r + 1) =
(n - r)!

Examples:
6
i. P2 = (6 x 5) = 30.
7
ii. P3 = (7 x 6 x 5) = 210.
iii. Cor. number of all permutations of n things, taken all at a time = n!.

 An Important Result:

If there are n subjects of which p1 are alike of one kind; p2 are alike of another kind; p3 are
alike of third kind and so on and pr are alike of rth kind,
such that (p1 + p2 + ... pr) = n.
 n!
Then, number of permutations of these n objects is =
(p1!).(p2)!.....(pr!)

 Combinations:

Each of the different groups or selections which can be formed by taking some or all of a
number of objects is called a combination.

Examples:

1. Suppose we want to select two out of three boys A, B, C. Then, possible selections are
AB, BC and CA.

Note: AB and BA represent the same selection.

2. All the combinations formed by a, b, c taking ab, bc, ca.

3. The only combination that can be formed of three letters a, b, c taken all at a time is
abc.
4. Various groups of 2 out of four persons A, B, C, D are:

AB, AC, AD, BC, BD, CD.

5. Note that ab ba are two different permutations but they represent the same
combination.

 Number of Combinations:

The number of all combinations of n things, taken r at a time is:

n n! n(n - 1)(n - 2) ... to r factors

Cr = = .
(r!)(n - r!) r!

Note:
n
i. Cn = 1 and nC0 = 1.
n
ii. Cr = nC(n - r)

Examples:

(11 x 10 x 9 x 8)
i.   11C4 = = 330.
(4 x 3 x 2 x 1)
16 x 15 x
16 x 15 x 14
ii.   16C13 = 16C(16 - 13) = 16C3 = 14 = = 560.
3! 3x2x1
LCM AND HCF

1. Factors and Multiples:

If number a divided another number b exactly, we say that a is a factor of b.

In this case, b is called a multiple of a.

2. Highest Common Factor (H.C.F.) or Greatest Common Measure (G.C.M.) or

Greatest Common Divisor (G.C.D.):

The H.C.F. of two or more than two numbers is the greatest number that divided each
of them exactly.

There are two methods of finding the H.C.F. of a given set of numbers:

I. Factorization Method: Express the each one of the given numbers as the
product of prime factors. The product of least powers of common prime
factors gives H.C.F.
II. Division Method: Suppose we have to find the H.C.F. of two given numbers,
divide the larger by the smaller one. Now, divide the divisor by the remainder.
Repeat the process of dividing the preceding number by the remainder last
obtained till zero is obtained as remainder. The last divisor is required H.C.F.

Finding the H.C.F. of more than two numbers: Suppose we have to find the
H.C.F. of three numbers, then, H.C.F. of [(H.C.F. of any two) and (the third
number)] gives the H.C.F. of three given number.

Similarly, the H.C.F. of more than three numbers may be obtained.

3. Least Common Multiple (L.C.M.):

The least number which is exactly divisible by each one of the given numbers is
called their L.C.M.

There are two methods of finding the L.C.M. of a given set of numbers:

I. Factorization Method: Resolve each one of the given numbers into a product
of prime factors. Then, L.C.M. is the product of highest powers of all the
factors.
 II. Division Method (short-cut): Arrange the given numbers in a rwo in any order.
Divide by a number which divided exactly at least two of the given numbers
and carry forward the numbers which are not divisible. Repeat the above
process till no two of the numbers are divisible by the same number except 1.
The product of the divisors and the undivided numbers is the required L.C.M.
of the given numbers.
4. Product of two numbers = Product of their H.C.F. and L.C.M.
5. Co-primes: Two numbers are said to be co-primes if their H.C.F. is 1.
6. H.C.F. and L.C.M. of Fractions:

H.C.F. of Numerators
    1. H.C.F. =
L.C.M. of Denominators
    2. L.C.M. L.C.M. of Numerators
= H.C.F. of Denominators

8. H.C.F. and L.C.M. of Decimal Fractions:

In a given numbers, make the same number of decimal places by annexing zeros in
some numbers, if necessary. Considering these numbers without decimal point, find
H.C.F. or L.C.M. as the case may be. Now, in the result, mark off as many decimal
places as are there in each of the given numbers.

9. Comparison of Fractions:

Find the L.C.M. of the denominators of the given fractions. Convert each of the
fractions into an equivalent fraction with L.C.M as the denominator, by multiplying
both the numerator and denominator by the same number. The resultant fraction with
the greatest numerator is the greatest.

SQUREROOTS AND CUBE ROOTS

 Square Root:

If x2 = y, we say that the square root of y is x and we write y = x.

Thus, 4 = 2, 9 = 3, 196 = 14.

 Cube Root:

The cube root of a given number x is the number whose cube is x.

We, denote the cube root of x by x.

Thus, 8 = 2 x 2 x 2 = 2, 343 = 7 x 7 x 7 = 7 etc.

Note:

1. xy = x x y
 x
x x x y
2. = = x = y .
y
y y y y

Chain rule

1. Direct Proportion:

Two quantities are said to be directly proportional, if on the increase (or decrease) of
the one, the other increases (or decreases) to the same extent.

Eg. Cost is directly proportional to the number of articles.

      (More Articles, More Cost)

2. Indirect Proportion:

Two quantities are said to be indirectly proportional, if on the increase of the one, the
orther decreases to the same extent and vice-versa.

Eg. The time taken by a car is covering a certain distance is inversely proportional to
the speed of the car. (More speed, Less is the time taken to cover a distance.)

Note: In solving problems by chain rule, we compare every item with the term to be
found out.

Alligation or mixture

 Alligation:

It is the rule that enables us to find the ratio in which two or more ingredients at the given
price must be mixed to produce a mixture of desired price.

 Mean Price:

The cost of a unit quantity of the mixture is called the mean price.

 Rule of Alligation:

If two ingredients are mixed, then

Quantity of
   = C.P. of dearer - Mean Price
cheaper
 Quantity of dearer Mean price - C.P. of cheaper

We present as under:

C.P. of a unit quantity

of cheaper C.P. of a unit quantity
of dearer
(c) Mean Price (d)
(d - m) (m) (m - c)

(Cheaper quantity) : (Dearer quantity) = (d - m) : (m - c).

 Suppose a container contains x of liquid from which y units are taken out and replaced by
water.

After n operations, the quantity of pure liquid y

x 1- n units.
=

Stock and stocks

@ : Home > Aptitude > Stocks and Shares > Important Formulas
1. Stock Capital:

The total amount of money needed to run the company is called the stock capital.

2. Shares or Stock:

The whole capital is divided into small units, called shares or stock.

For each investment, the company issues a 'share-certificate', showing the value of
each share and the number of shares held by a person.

The person who subscribes in shares or stock is called a share holder or stock holder.

3. Dividend:

The annual profit distributed among share holders is called dividend.

Dividend is paid annually as per share or as a percentage.

4. Face Value:

The value of a share or stock printed on the share-certificate is called its Face Value
or Nominal Value or Par Value.

5. Market Value:

The stock of different companies are sold and bought in the open market through
brokers at stock-exchanges. A share or stock is said to be:

i. At premium or Above par, if its market value is more than its face value.
ii. At par, if its market value is the same as its face value.
iii. At discount or Below par, if its market value is less than its face value.

Thus, if a Rs. 100 stock is quoted at premium of 16, then market value of the stock =
Rs.(100 + 16) = Rs. 116.

Likewise, if a Rs. 100 stock is quoted at a discount of 7, then market value of the
stock = Rs. (100 -7) = 93.

6. Brokerage:

The broker's charge is called brokerage.

(i)  When stock is purchased, brokerage is added to the cost price.

(ii) When stock is sold, brokerage is subtracted from the selling price.

Remember:

i. The face value of a share always remains the same.

ii. The market value of a share changes from time to time.
iii. Dividend is always paid on the face value of a share.
iv. Number of shares held by a person

Total Investment Total Income Total Face Value

= = Income from 1 = .
Investment in 1 share Face of 1 share
share
7. Thus, by a Rs. 100, 9% stock at 120, we mean that:
i. Face Value of stock = Rs. 100.
ii. Market Value (M.V) of stock = Rs. 120.
iii. Annual dividend on 1 share = 9% of face value = 9% of Rs. 100 = Rs. 9.
iv. An investment of Rs. 120 gives an annual income of Rs. 9.
v. Rate of interest p.a   =   Annual income from an investment of Rs. 100

9 1
=
= 12 x 100 % %.
7 2
0
 Bankers discount

IMPORTANT CONCEPTS

Banker's Discount:

Suppose a merchant A buys goods worth, say Rs. 10,000 from another merchant B at a credit
of say 5 months. Then, B prepares a bill, called the bill of exchange. A signs this bill and
allows B to withdraw the amount from his bank account after exactly 5 months.

The date exactly after 5 months is called nominally due date. Three days (known as grace
days) are added to it get a date, known as legally due date.

Suppose B wants to have the money before the legally due date. Then he can have the money
from the banker or a broker, who deducts S.I. on the face vale (i.e., Rs. 10,000 in this case)
for the period from the date on which the bill was discounted (i.e., paid by the banker) and
the legally due date. This amount is know as Banker's Discount (B.D.).

Thus, B.D. is the S.I. on the face value for the period from the date on which the bill was
discounted and the legally due date.

Banker's Gain (B.G.) = (B.D.) - (T.D.) for the unexpired time.

Note: When the date of the bill is not given, grace days are not to be added.

IMPORTANT FORMULAE

1.   B.D. = S.I. on bill for unexpired time.

2.   B.G. = (B.D.) - (T.D.) = S.I. on T.D. (T.D.)2

= P.W.

3.   T.D. P.W. x B.G.

4.   B.D. Amount x Rate x Time

= 100
5.   T.D. Amount x Rate x Time
= 100 + (Rate x Time)
 B.D. x T.D.
6.   Amount =
B.D. - T.D.
7.   T.D. B.G. x 100
= Rate x Time

Time and Distance

1. Speed, Time and Distance:

Speed Distance Distance

,Time = ,Distance = (Speed x Time).
= Time Speed

2. km/hr to m/sec conversion:

x km/hr x 5
m/sec.
= x 18

3. m/sec to km/hr conversion:

x m/sec x 18
km/hr.
= x 5

4. If the ratio of the speeds of A and B is a : b, then the ratio of the

11
the times taken by then to cover the same distance is : or b : a.
ab

5. Suppose a man covers a certain distance at x km/hr and an equal distance at y km/hr.
Then,

2xy
the average speed during the whole journey is x + km/hr.
y
 Simple interest

1. Principal:

The money borrowed or lent out for a certain period is called the principal or the sum.

2. Interest:

Extra money paid for using other's money is called interest.

3. Simple Interest (S.I.):

If the interest on a sum borrowed for certain period is reckoned uniformly, then it is
called simple interest.

Let Principal = P, Rate = R% per annum (p.a.) and Time = T years. Then

PxRxT
(i). Simple Intereest =
100
100 x 100 x
100 x S.I.
(ii). P = S.I. ;R= S.I. and T = .
RxT PxT PxT

Partnerships

1. Partnership:

When two or more than two persons run a business jointly, they are called partners
and the deal is known as partnership.

2. Ratio of Divisions of Gains:

 I. When investments of all the partners are for the same time, the gain or loss is
distributed among the partners in the ratio of their investments.

Suppose A and B invest Rs. x and Rs. y respectively for a year in a business,
then at the end of the year:

(A's share of profit) : (B's share of profit) = x : y.

II. When investments are for different time periods, then equivalent capitals are
calculated for a unit of time by taking (capital x number of units of time). Now
gain or loss is divided in the ratio of these capitals.

Suppose A invests Rs. x for p months and B invests Rs. y for q months then,

(A's share of profit) : (B's share of profit)= xp : yq.

3. Working and Sleeping Partners:

A partner who manages the the business is known as a working partner and the one
who simply invests the money is a sleeping partner.

Calender

1. Odd Days:

We are supposed to find the day of the week on a given date.

For this, we use the concept of 'odd days'.

In a given period, the number of days more than the complete weeks are called odd
days.

2. Leap Year:

(i). Every year divisible by 4 is a leap year, if it is not a century.

(ii). Every 4th century is a leap year and no other century is a leap year.

Note: A leap year has 366 days.

Examples:

i. Each of the years 1948, 2004, 1676 etc. is a leap year.

ii. Each of the years 400, 800, 1200, 1600, 2000 etc. is a leap year.
iii. None of the years 2001, 2002, 2003, 2005, 1800, 2100 is a leap year.
3. Ordinary Year:

The year which is not a leap year is called an ordinary years. An ordinary year has
365 days.

4. Counting of Odd Days:

i. 1 ordinary year = 365 days = (52 weeks + 1 day.)

1 ordinary year has 1 odd day.

ii. 1 leap year = 366 days = (52 weeks + 2 days)

1 leap year has 2 odd days.

iii. 100 years = 76 ordinary years + 24 leap years

  = (76 x 1 + 24 x 2) odd days = 124 odd days.

  = (17 weeks + days) 5 odd days.

Number of odd days in 100 years = 5.

Number of odd days in 200 years = (5 x 2) 3 odd days.

Number of odd days in 300 years = (5 x 3) 1 odd day.

Number of odd days in 400 years = (5 x 4 + 1) 0 odd day.

Similarly, each one of 800 years, 1200 years, 1600 years, 2000 years etc. has 0
odd days.

2. Day of the Week Related to Odd Days:

No. of days: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Sun Thurs
Day: Mon. Tues. Wed. Fri. Sat.
. .

Area
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS

1. Results on Triangles:
i. Sum of the angles of a triangle is 180°.
ii. The sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side.
iii. Pythagoras Theorem:

In a right-angled triangle, (Hypotenuse)2 = (Base)2 + (Height)2.

iv. The line joining the mid-point of a side of a triangle to the positive vertex is
called the median.
v. The point where the three medians of a triangle meet, is called centroid. The
centroid divided each of the medians in the ratio 2 : 1.
vi. In an isosceles triangle, the altitude from the vertex bisects the base.
vii. The median of a triangle divides it into two triangles of the same area.
viii. The area of the triangle formed by joining the mid-points of the sides of a
given triangle is one-fourth of the area of the given triangle.
2. Results on Quadrilaterals:
i. The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.
ii. Each diagonal of a parallelogram divides it into triangles of the same area.
iii. The diagonals of a rectangle are equal and bisect each other.
iv. The diagonals of a square are equal and bisect each other at right angles.
v. The diagonals of a rhombus are unequal and bisect each other at right angles.
vi. A parallelogram and a rectangle on the same base and between the same
parallels are equal in area.
vii. Of all the parallelogram of given sides, the parallelogram which is a rectangle
has the greatest area.

IMPORTANT FORMULAE

I. 1.   Area of a rectangle = (Length x Breadth).

Area and Breadth Area

    Length = .
Breadth = Length

II. 2.   Perimeter of a rectangle = 2(Length + Breadth).

III. Area of a square = (side)2 = (diagonal)2.
IV. Area of 4 walls of a room = 2 (Length + Breadth) x Height.
V. 1.   Area of a triangle = x Base x Height.

2.   Area of a triangle = s(s-a)(s-b)(s-c)

      where a, b, c are the sides of the triangle and s = (a + b + c).

3.   Area of an equilateral triangle 3

x (side)2.
= 4
4.   Radius of incircle of an equilateral triangle of side a a
.
= 23
5.   Radius of circumcircle of an equilateral triangle of side a a.
 = 3
6.   Radius of incircle of a triangle of area and semi-perimeter s =
s

VI. 1.   Area of parallelogram = (Base x Height).

2.   Area of a rhombus = x (Product of diagonals).

3.   Area of a trapezium = x (sum of parallel sides) x distance between them.

VII. 1.   Area of a circle = R2, where R is the radius.

2.   Circumference of a circle = 2 R.

3.   Length of an arc 2 R
, where is the central angle.
= 360
4.   Area of a sector 1 R2
(arc x R)= .
= 2 360

VIII. 1.   Circumference of a semi-circle = R.

2.   Area of semi-circle R2
.
= 2

Numbers

1. Some Basic Formulae:

i. (a + b)(a - b) = (a2 - b2)

ii. (a + b)2 = (a2 + b2 + 2ab)

iii. (a - b)2 = (a2 + b2 - 2ab)

iv. (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)

v. (a3 + b3) = (a + b)(a2 - ab + b2)

vi. (a3 - b3) = (a - b)(a2 + ab + b2)

vii. (a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc) = (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - ac)

viii. When a + b + c = 0, then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc.

 Decimal fractions

1. Decimal Fractions:

Fractions in which denominators are powers of 10 are known as decimal fractions.

1 1
Thus
= 1 tenth = .1;         10 = 1 hundredth = .01;
, 10
0
99 7
10 = 99 hundredths = .99;   = 7 thousandths = .007, etc.;
1000
0

2. Conversion of a Decimal into Vulgar Fraction:

Put 1 in the denominator under the decimal point and annex with it as many zeros as
is the number of digits after the decimal point. Now, remove the decimal point and
reduce the fraction to its lowest terms.

25
25 1 2008
1
Thus, 0.25 = = ;       2.008 = = .
10 12
4 1000
0 5

3. Annexing Zeros and Removing Decimal Signs:

Annexing zeros to the extreme right of a decimal fraction does not change its value.
Thus, 0.8 = 0.80 = 0.800, etc.

If numerator and denominator of a fraction contain the same number of decimal

places, then we remove the decimal sign.

1.84 184 8
Thus, = = .
2.99 299 13

4. Operations on Decimal Fractions:

i. Addition and Subtraction of Decimal Fractions: The given numbers are so
placed under each other that the decimal points lie in one column. The
numbers so arranged can now be added or subtracted in the usual way.
ii. Multiplication of a Decimal Fraction By a Power of 10: Shift the decimal
point to the right by as many places as is the power of 10.

Thus, 5.9632 x 100 = 596.32;   0.073 x 10000 = 730.

 iii. Multiplication of Decimal Fractions: Multiply the given numbers considering
them without decimal point. Now, in the product, the decimal point is marked
off to obtain as many places of decimal as is the sum of the number of decimal
places in the given numbers.

Suppose we have to find the product (.2 x 0.02 x .002).

Now, 2 x 2 x 2 = 8. Sum of decimal places = (1 + 2 + 3) = 6.

.2 x .02 x .002 = .000008

iv. Dividing a Decimal Fraction By a Counting Number: Divide the given

number without considering the decimal point, by the given counting number.
Now, in the quotient, put the decimal point to give as many places of decimal
as there are in the dividend.

Suppose we have to find the quotient (0.0204 ÷ 17). Now, 204 ÷ 17 = 12.

Dividend contains 4 places of decimal. So, 0.0204 ÷ 17 = 0.0012

v. Dividing a Decimal Fraction By a Decimal Fraction: Multiply both the

dividend and the divisor by a suitable power of 10 to make divisor a whole
number.

Now, proceed as above.

0.00066 0.00066 x 100 0.066

Thus, = = = .006
0.11 0.11 x 100 11

5. Comparison of Fractions:

Suppose some fractions are to be arranged in ascending or descending order of

magnitude, then convert each one of the given fractions in the decimal form, and
arrange them accordingly.

36 7
Let us to arrange the fractions , and in descending order.
57 9
3 6 7
Now, = 0.6,   = 0.857,   = 0.777...
5 7 9
Since, 0.857 > 0.777... > 0.6. 6 7 3
> > .
So, 7 9 5

6. Recurring Decimal:

If in a decimal fraction, a figure or a set of figures is repeated continuously, then such

a number is called a recurring decimal.

n a recurring decimal, if a single figure is repeated, then it is expressed by putting a

dot on it. If a set of figures is repeated, it is expressed by putting a bar on the set.
 1 = 0.333... = 22
Thus, = 3.142857142857.... = 3.142857.
3 0.3; 7

Pure Recurring Decimal: A decimal fraction, in which all the figures after the
decimal point are repeated, is called a pure recurring decimal.

Converting a Pure Recurring Decimal into Vulgar Fraction: Write the repeated
figures only once in the numerator and take as many nines in the denominator as is the
number of repeating figures.

Thus, 0.5 5 53 ; 0.067 67

; 0.53 = , etc.
= 9 99 = 999

Mixed Recurring Decimal: A decimal fraction in which some figures do not repeat
and some of them are repeated, is called a mixed recurring decimal.

Eg. 0.1733333.. = 0.173.

Converting a Mixed Recurring Decimal Into Vulgar Fraction: In the numerator, take
the difference between the number formed by all the digits after decimal point (taking
repeated digits only once) and that formed by the digits which are not repeated. In the
denominator, take the number formed by as many nines as there are repeating digits
followed by as many zeros as is the number of non-repeating digits.

1
16 - 1 1 2273 - 22 2251
Thus, 0.16 5
= = ;   0.2273 = = .
= 9
90 6 9900 9900
0

7. Some Basic Formulae:

i. (a + b)(a - b) = (a2 + b2)
ii. (a + b)2 = (a2 + b2 + 2ab)
iii. (a - b)2 = (a2 + b2 - 2ab)
iv. (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)
v. (a3 + b3) = (a + b)(a2 - ab + b2)
vi. (a3 - b3) = (a - b)(a2 + ab + b2)
vii. (a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc) = (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - bc - ac)
viii. When a + b + c = 0, then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc.

Surds and indices

1. Laws of Indices:
i. am x an = am + n
ii.
 a
m
= am - n
n
a

iii. (am)n = amn

iv. (ab)n = anbn
v.

a
a n
n=
b
b n

vi. a0 = 1
2. Surds:

Let a be rational number and n be a positive integer such that a(1/n) = a

Then, a is called a surd of order n.

3. Laws of Surds:
i. a = a(1/n)
ii. ab = a x b
iii.

a
=
b

iv. (a)n = a
v.
vi. (a)m = am