Chapter Vectors CHALLENGE 6 6.1 Geometric vectors 6.2 Operations on geometric vectors 6.3 Vector basis 6.4 Algebraic vectors 6.5 Scalar product 6.6 Orthogonal p: 6.7 Vectors and geometric proofs EVALUATION 6CHALLENGE 6 @ 1. Consider the fine segment AB with endpoints Al F 4) and BS, 6} ¢ DAP mAs don line segment AB i 4, 2) => PIS, 5h. nd the coor tes of the point P loc re 2 3): AB = (6. 3): AB = 2 fd, a ! 2. Two perpendicular forces applied to an object give a resultant force of 30 N. If the | restrltant has an orientation of 60°, determine, rounded to the nearest unit, the norms of the two forces, JF] = ll cos 60° ~ 30 cos 60° = 15.N | [E.] =H sin 60° = 30 sin 60°» 26 (BB. Amelia and Ben are pulling on an object. They apply respectively forces of 100 N and. 80.N, with respective orientation of 40° and 120°. Claudio claims he is able, by himself, to cause the same effect on the object Determine the force (magnitude and orientation) that Claudio must apply to the object lef’ = 80° + 1002 - 2 $0» 100 cos 100° = 19178.4 Nel = 138.5; Mes. 8100 sin = 0.5689 a0 "1985 a=34.7° Claudio applies a force of 138.7 N with orientation 0, «74.7 . Calculate the acute angle formed hy the lines (yy = 2x +1 and L:y Ve hy: AAO, J ty: BAZ, -206 1 AB, AYO. D1: By. cos ti plies Challenge 6 267Sener 6 = 1 Geometric vectors NexrvaTY “2 Concept of vector Four archaeologists Alex, Bridget, Celia and Dennis are conducting an archaeological excavation. They leave the research centre located at point 0. Alex moves 20 m eastwards and Bridget moves 15 m southwards. Each motion is represented by a directed arrow with length proportional to the distance traveled. a) Represent, using an arrow, the following motions 1. Celia moves 30 m westwards. 2, Dennis moves 20 m northwards. b) Alex and Dennis travel the same distance, Explain why, foe however, the arrows representing Alex’s and Dennis’ motions are not the same. ‘They don't move in the same direction. Some observations can be described by a single number, like the number of passengers on a train, while describing the motion of the train requires 2 characteristics, namely the direction of the motion and its magnitude (speed of the train) VECTOR AND SCALAR * A number that can, by itsell} describe a quantity is called a scalar, Ex: The age, height, weight of a person are scalars. * The two characteristics, direction and magnitude, required to describe an observation are called ‘a vector. Ex.: The observation of a moving tain, the blowing wind or the flow of a river is described by a vector indicating the direction and magnitude of the motion, 1. For cach of the following observations, indicate if it can be described by a scalar or a vector. a) Temperature b) Speed of a plane d) Earth's gravity f) Motion of a boat ©) Volume of a solid ¢) Mass of an atom __ 268 Chapter G Vectors © Guerin, éditeur leeAcer. JVITY 2 Description of a geometric vector a) The arrow on the right is the geometric representation of vector AB. This vector is written AB ~ Ais called the origin and B is called the endpoint of the vector ~ The arrow gives the direction of the vector. ~ The norm of the vector corresponds to the length of the line segment AB, 1, Draw vector BA 2. Whatis the origin of vector BA? 3. Whatis the endpoint of vector BA?___A 4. Is it true that AB and BA have opposite directions Yes 5, Do vectors AB and BA have the b} Consider vector AA represented on the right, having its origin equal to its endpoint. What is the norm of vector AA ? o A This vector, written 0, is called zero vector ©) To describe vector AB on the right, we proceed in two steps. B Ist step: ‘We measure the norm or length of vector AB. The norm of vector AB is written [AB), Here, we have [AB] = 3 em, 2nd step: booed Hoxzntlhaltne We draw the horizontal half-line oriented eastwards and passing through the origin A of the vector, then we measure the directed angle (counterclockwise direction) having initial side the horizontal half-line and terminal side the vector AB This directed angle, written Op, gives the orientation of vector AB and thus defines the ‘iy direction of AB, Here, we have O33 = 45°. Vector AB is described by giving its norm, [AB], and its orientation, 9x4 1. Describe vector CB represented on the right, 2. 2. Represent vector EF having norm 2.5 cm and orientation 60°. Horizontal © Gudsin, éditeur lee 6.1 Geometric vectors 269¢) 270 South ‘Vector AB on the right has a norm of 2 cm and an orientation OG 60°, ‘This vector is located 30° East of Nosth, It is written AB: 2 cm [N 30° E] Wee Vector AC on the right has norm 1.5 cm and orientation Oe = 210°. Vector AC is written AC: 1.5 cm [W 30° S| or AG: 1.5 em [s60° W] 1. Interpret the notation AC: 1.5 cm [W 30° S] Vee AC, with ni of West. 2. Interpret the notation AC : 1.5 em [$ 60° W]. Vector AC, with norm 1. of South. DESCRIPTION OF A GEOMETRIC VECTOR ‘A geometric vector is described by. ~ its direction, — its norm (or length). Ex.: On the figure on the right, vectors AE and CD do not have the same direction vectors AB and EF have same the direction. vectors AB and GH_ have opposite directions. Vector AB with origin A and endpoint B can be written using a letter u,v, ... with an arrow above it, i and AB are two different notations representing the same geometric vector. Vector AB on the right, with norm 2 cm, has an orientation of 60° ~ The notm of vector AB is written [ABh ~ The orientation of vector AB is written 65, This angle, directed in the counterclockwise direction, has for > Fast + Horna initial side the horizontal half-line directed eastwards and ter- he vector AB The orientation 8, of avector AB gives the direction of this vector. minal side We have:| 0° <0;5 < 360° Chapter 6 Vectors © Guerin, itour ltée* The vector AA, with origin and endpoint A, is called zero vector. It is written 6 . ‘We have: [Gl] = 0. The zero vector has every direction. © A vector i is called unit vector if fal] = 1 Ex.: Vectors AB, AC, AD and AE on the right all have the same norm, 2 cm, but different orien- tations. We have: 055 = 30°, 055 = 150°, 0-75 = 210" and 6. © We usually describe a vector by giving its norm and a rotation angle spanning two consecutive cardinal points. Ex.: ~ Vector AB oa the right, with norm 2 cm, is oriented 60° East of Notth. We write: 2 cm |N 60° E]. — Vector AC, with norm 2 em, is oriented 60° West of North: AC :2 om [N 60° W). with norm 2 cm, is oriented 30° South of West. AD : 2 cm [W 30° S) Vector AE, with norm 2 cm, is oriented 30° East of South. AE+2 em [$ 30" E) 2. Lines l,l), [, and 1, on the right are parallel, Compare each vector on the right with vector AB according to direction and norm, ‘ 4 © Gutrin, editeur ice 1 Geometric vectors 271B. Represent the following vectors a) AB of norm 2 cm and orientation 45°. b) AC of norm 3 cm and orientation 120° ©) AD of norm 2 cm and orientation 180°. d) AE of norm 1.5 cm and orientation 225°. e) AF of norm 2.5 cm and orientation 330°, Represent the following vectors a) AB: 1,5 cm [N 30° W). by AC: 2 cm (S 30° W] ©) AB: 3 cm [Wj d) AE: 2 cm [E 30°} e) AF: 1.5 cm [N 30°]. Represent the following situations. a) A boat crosses a river perpendicularly, The speed of the boat is 10 knots and the speed of the current is 15 knots. red of boat a b) A plane is moving at 400 km/h 30° West of North and the wind blows at 100 km/h 45° in the East of North, Bi sp ACTIVITY 3 Comparison of vectors NEE PTR RTE cm ies a) Lines l,, J, and J, on the right are parallel ‘Two vectors are called collinear or parallel when they have the same direction or opposite directions, 1. Which vectors are collinear with vector AB? CB and 2. Which vector collinear with AB has the same direction as AB? __ eee ——___§— 3. Which vector collinear with AB hes the direction oppo- ae at site to AB? EF 272 Chapter G Vectors © Guerin, éiteur heeb) Consider lines f,, 4, J; and l, such that l/l, byl, and l, 1b, ‘Two vectors are called perpendicular or orthogonal when they have perpendicular directions. 1. Find the vectors orthogonal to vector AB.___&B and GH 2. Find the vectors orthogonal to vector CB. 3. What can be said of vectors AB and EF? They ar q 4, What can be said of vectors CB and GH? __They are cot ) Lines |, band J, on the right are parallel spposite directions. 1. Two vectors are called equal or equipollent if they have same direction and same norm, Which vector, among the vectors on the right, is equal to vector AB 2 2, Two vectors are opposite if they have opposite directions and same norm, Which yector, among the vectors on the right, is opposite to vector AB ?__ COMPARISON OF VECTORS ‘¢ Two vectors and B are called collinear or parallel if they have the same direction or opposite directions. We write: 2/9. Be Ex.: Vectors AB, CE and EF on the right are collinear, et We have: AR/CB/EF. 5 » Two vectors @ and # are called orthogonal if they have perpendi- cular directions. We write: u 10. Bc Ex.: Vectors AB and CD on the right are orthogonal. oye N\ K ‘We have: AB CD. + ‘wa vectors and # are called equal or equipollent if they have the same direction and the same norm, We write @= 0. x 6 A yo +) Two vectors: i and # are called opposite if they have opposite dicections and same norm We write: #=-# ee i Ex.: Vectors AB and CD on. the right, are equal and vectors A 3 AB and EF are opposite, We have: AB= CD and AB=-EF © Given two points A and B, vectors AB and BA are opposite, We Zo. AB: BA. A have: AB=—BA. © Goeein, éditeur ltée 1 Geometric vectors 2736. Two vectors AB and CD are opposite. Compare {AB} and [CB]. _ [B= |a5|_ F. Consider parallelogram ABCD on the right. a) Complete: 1. AB= 2. AD b) What can be said of vectors . AB and CD? True a) ABL @ AD=BC _Pve dy ABS-CD e) AC=BD_ _ f) lad 9. a) If AB is a vector of length 2 cm and orientation 60°, describe BA. BA is a vector of length 2 cm and orientation 240°. b) Let CB :3 cm (N 30° E], define BC. _DE 90. Consider a line segment AB and its midpoint M. What can be said of vectors gee a) AM and MB? They are equa, _ A M b) MA and MB? They opposite b) Two vectors BF and GH are opposite. Compare np go 1. norms [BF and [GH - e Ogg = Ope + 180" 2, orientations Ogg and Og, . "a. Acrr ny 4 Ret resentative oF geomet vector eee ; ; a) Consider the set © of rational numbers 1. What i the definition of a rational number? 2. The fraction bisa representative of the rational number 0.5. How many representatives does the rational number 0.5 have? _Am infinite number 3. Complete: 0 4, How many fractions are there with denominator equsl to 100 representing the rational number 0.5? unos 274 “Chapter 6 Vectors © Guerin, éditeur tseb) By analogy with the set @ of rational numbers, consider the set 'V of geometric vectors. Let i be the geometric vector on the right. a 1, How many arrows can represent 1? __An infinite number. 2, Draw 3 arrows representing the geometric vector @ 3. Given a point A, how many arrows with origin A represent | =-—" vector 2? Oni 4. Draw the representative of vector @ having its origin at point A A REPRESENTATIVE OF A GEOMETRIC. VECTOR © A geometric vector has an infinite number of representatives, E: AE, ow, dD, EF are 3 representatives of vector on the right, B on F 37D. © Given a geometric vector ance point A, there exists only LOL one arrow with origin A representing vector i. + Every arrow represents only one vector but a vector can be represented by an infinite number af arrows, 8 Speaking loosely, we identify a vector with the arrow De a representing it, in the same way we identify a rational A number with the feaction representing it ~- FB. Consider vectors Zand F on the right a) Starting from point A, draw 4 x 1. the vector AB representing @, c o 2. the vector AG representing B 3. the vector BD representing @. Zo a. b)_ What is the representative of vector i having origin C? Vector GB. Geometric vectors 275 vin, editeur geSSE MNRSSSHO Re RINSED 6.2 Operations on geometric vectors ANCRIYINEY 1) Vector adition Starting from point A, David travels 3 m east until he reaches point B then travels 4 m north until he reaches point C. . ‘The first motion is represented by vector AB and the second motion is repre~ sented by vector BC. The result of these two motions is equivalent to a single motion represented} -/ a by vector AG ie Vector AC is called vector sum or resultant of vectors AB and BC. We write: AB+ BC =AC. a) Find the norm of vector AC, AaC|=5m RSereanee b) Find the orientation 0; of vector AC. VECTOR ADDITION ~~ There aretwo methods for adding two vectors Handy. Sf Triangle method Starting from any point A in the plane, c 1, we draw vector AB representing vector 7. ue 5 representing vector 3. 2. we draw vector 3. we draw vector AC representing vector #40. ~ Parallelogram method Starting from any point A in the plane, 1. we draw vector AB representing vector W, 2. we draw-vector AC representing vector F. 3. we locate the point D such that ABDC is a parallelogram. +A, we draw vector AD representing vector #47 + Toadd two vectors, we use ~ the triangle method if the origin of one vector corresponds to the endpoint of the other, —. the parallelogram method if both vectors have the same origin, 276 ©«Chupter 6 Vectors © Guerin, éditeur teeIn each of the following cases, represent starting from point A the sum +7 using the given method a) Triangle method bb). Parallelogram method. cae = > ee ) Triangle method d) Parallelogram method, ase A - a _ = oS a a 2. An object is acted upon by two perpendicular forces of 30 N (E] and 40 N [N] Determine the resultant force F, acting on this object. al IE’ - 302 + a0 = 2500; IF 1 50.N IN 36.9" E] =50N ™ B. Two perpendicular forces F, and F, are applied to an object. The resultant R of these two forces has norm 200 N and orientation 60°. Find the norm faa of each of the forces applied to the object. lift Kw oF a) Consider the sum of vectors PQ and QR where the endpoint Q of the first vector is the origin of the second vector. Complete: PQ+OR = _PR desiaeuaateaeagcaat ‘ /, b) Consider the sum of vectors PG, QR and RS where the endpoint of s the first vector is the origin of the second one and the endpoint of the second one is the origin of the third one. i Complete: PO +QR + RS = _PS © Guerin, éditeur Ite 6.2 Operations on geometric vectors 277©) Consider any two vectors AB and BC where the endpoint B of the first vector is the origin B of the second vector. Complete: AB BC = AG. = CHASLES’ RELATION For any points A, B and C, we have: ‘The sum of 2 vectors with the endpoint of the first one equal to the origin of the second one is a vector whose origin is the origin of the first vector and whose endpoint is the endpoint of the secone vector, 4. Consider triangle ABC on the right. a a) Locate eee 1. Point D knowing that AD = AB + AC, 2. Point E knowing that BE =BA +BC. 3. Point F knowing that CF = CA +B. o b) What can be said of triangles ABC, BCD, ACE and ABF? b) Simplify the sum AE + CD. B SAS BC a TTC G. Consider triangle ABC and line segment MN joining the midpoints of sides AB and AC. ee pi way _same length (N is the midpoint of %€ b) Simplify the sum BM + NC. BM +NC=MA+ AN «MN 278 ~=Chapter G Vectors © Guérin, éditeur heeAXcTOYIY, 3 Properties of vector adation a) 1. Given two vectors @ and @, verify that @+v=0+H | 4 2. Refer to the paralk b) 1. Given three vectors %, 3 and i, verify that (1+9)+ i = 1+(9 +). cae AB (5C+ TH) 1. ABLG d) 1. What can be said of vectors AB and BA? 2. What can be said of the sum AB + BA? Justify your answer. © Guerin, editewr hse 6.2 Operations on geometric vectors 279PROPERTIES OF VECTOR ADDITION ~ The addition of vectors is commutative, ‘The addition of vectors is associative, 7 . SZ Dis the neutral element for the addition of vectors, @+0=dendb+a=a For any vector i, there exists an opposite vector ~@ such that:| @+(-i@) = 6 and (-a)+7=6 F~ Quadrilateral ABCD on the right is a parallelogram. Simplify c a) AB+BC____AC. b) AD+ DB. AB A 0 ) AD+DC+CB d) AC+CD +A __ e) AB+CD __ f) AD+@B+DE__ 9) AC+BD+CB h) CR+AB+BD4DC AB AciTIWITY 4! Vector subtracti Subtracting a vector # from a vector @ consists in adding vector @ to the opposite of 8 a) Given vectors i and @ on the right, represent vector 7 1b) Justify the steps of the following subtraction, ). >) WECTOR SUBTRACTION For any vectors # and 3, we have: [ a@—-T=7+( Thus, AB-~CB= AB+(-GB) Subtraction rule. AB+BC. BC is the opposite of CB. = AC Chasles' relation. B~ Consider vectors i and # on the right, Construct the vectors a) Haute b) m=a-7 a) w=-a- 9 280 Chapter G vectors © Guerin, éditeur ee. Consider vectors i, 7 and i and point A. Draw vector AB knowing that AB 10. Consider parallelogram ABCD and vectors # and ¥ represented by AB and BC respectively. Express, as a function of @ and 7, the vector b) BDs-@ ° BB 44. Simplify the following expressions, a) AB-GB+CD AD by BCBS 9 BC-BA-DC _ d) BA-CB+AB _ e) CD+BC-BD 6 ss) AD -BH-AB _ “me Wi 1 5 Caelatng the ength and orientation of the sun vector Aer a) An object located at 0 is subjected to a force F of 3 N oriented northwards and a force F, of 4 N oriented eastwards, saree ae z 1. Draw the force F resultant of the sum of forces & and F, @ 2. Calculate the norm of F, 1 let - [ef i : at 53, aaa b) Consider triangle ABC on he right sin A sinB_ sin€ 1. State the sine law. 2. State the cosine law. _al = B? 4 ~ Phe cos A. © Guarin, editeur eee 6.2 Operations on geometric vectors 284¢) Consider vector AB of length 4 cm and orientation 15°, vector AC of length 3 cm and orientation 60° and vector ‘AD representing the sum of vectors AB and AC 1, Explain why ZBAC measures 45°. = 60" ~ 15° = 45°. 2. Explain why ZABD measures 135°. is a parallelogram and ¢ TABI = 4 cm, parallelogram are supplementary. Pet a PACH =3 am, 052 3. Consider triangle ABD and use the cosine law to calculate [ADI fapt - lal" + [BBE - 21ABIIBDI cos 8 4? + 3? 2 (4)(3) cos 135° « 41.97 ~ 1A 5. Deduce the orientation of vector AD. 6. Describe vector AD, sum of vectors AB and AC. AB has norm 6.48 cm and orientation 341° NORM AND ORIENTATION OF THE SUM VECTOR: We use the sine law and the cosine law to determine the sum vector. © Sine law A 8 © P+ ch — 2be cos A =a? +2 — Jac cos B = at +B — 2ab cos C Ex.: Let us determine the norm and orientation of vector AD if AD= AB + AC IX =2; 05, = 45°, lc 120° and. O55 Lem ZBAC = 056-055 = 120° 445° =. 75° 2. m ZABD ~ 105° because angles BAC and ABD are two consecutive angles of the parallelogram ABDC. 45°. 282 Chapter G vectors © Guerin, editeur Ie4. We apply the sine law to wiangle ABD to find a i Tr + sin a= 0.7226 = 0 = 46.3° ABI 5. We deduce O55, Og =Ogg + a = 45° + 46.3" = 91,3" ‘Thus, vector AD has norm 4.01 and orientation 91.3°. F2. A boat is traveling north at a speed of 25 knots. A current of 10 knots and orientation 150” acts on the boat. a) Represent the situation, b) Determine the actual speed of the boat and its orientation. [al = l6I + lel? - 2 1b «fel cos 120° = 975 = ll 31.2 knots. ee 2TT6 0 = 16.1" = Oy = 90" + 16.1 = 106.1 z “The actual speed of the boat is 31.2 knots. The boat is traveling at 16.1° West of North. sina 1B. An object is subjected to two forces F and B F, has an intensity of 3 newtons and an orientation of 30°. F; has an intensity of 2 newtons and an orientation of 60° Find the force F that must be applied to the object in order to cancel the effect of forces F and E, Hehere R= Fi+Fe. UP = 92 « 28 2162) 008 in « = 0.2083 > « 23.4 lil -40N. 12.0", F has norm 4.8 N and orientation 42°, Zi F has norm 4.8 N and orientation 222°. (I + 180° = 0;) 14, Rofacl travels 2 km on foot 30° East of North then 1 km 30° West of North, Determine the length and the orientation of the resulting motion Bi, (1st motion), Mi, (2nd motion) MH, + Fh, (resulting motion) __ Rafael travels 2.646 km with orientation 79.1°. © Guerin, éditeur ese G.2 Operations on geometric vectors 28315. Nomi and Karen are pulling an object. The forces iy and Fy applied to the object are, respectively, of 150 N and 200 N with orientations 60° and 135°. a) What is the intensity of the resultant force R, sum of the two forces By and Fy? URE = 1502 + 2008 - 21150200) cos 105° 78029 = |i] = 9G. Vectors 7 and 3 on the right form an angle of 120° and have norm lia! = 3.6 and lal = 4 respectively. Calculate the norm, rounded to the nearest tenth of a unit, of a) w4+e I b) a-p =lal’ + [eff - 2a fb fos 60" = 14.56 = fai + aff = a+ fol - 2 B|cos 120° = 43.36 47. Determine the measure, rounded to the nearest tenth of a unit, of the angle @ between @ and Dif a) lal=3.6;lal=4.1;la+al=45 by lal = 4.2; lil =3.2; la — Wi oP als et- zal beast 52 co “cos = 0.9225 (= 71.2 a _c08 = ~0.4393 = 8 = 116.1" FB. A force of 20 N and another force of 30 N applied to the same object yield a resultant of 40 N, What is, rounded to the nearest tenth of a unit, the angle between the two forces? 40? = 302 + 20? - 2(30(20) cos w > cos « = ~0.25 + « = 104.5" FQ. Valerie travels 3 km North on a sailboat. She then changes her route by turning 60° westwards and traveling 2 km. Determine at what distance Valerie is from her starting point and how she is oriented at the end of her trip. lal = 3* + 22 - 232) cos 120° = 19 + Jal = 4.36 km. 284 Chapter 6 Vectors © Guerin, éditeur Keeerr)yu'sY _ Multiplication ofa vector by areal number Consider a vector z and a point 0. a) 1. Draw the vector OA if OA = 32. (Note: 34 2. Compare vectors i and 3i according to 1) direction; _They have the same direction 2) norm. b) 1, Draw the vector OB if OB = 2. Compare vectors i and ~2i according ta 1) direction; _ They have opposite directions. 2) norm. ©) Let k bea real number. (k # 0). 1. Complete by indicating the sign of k, vectors # and kit have 1) the same direction. 2) opposite directions, _ 2. Compare [Aazl and [ya] d) Determine the value of the real number kif ki=0.k=0 MULTIPLICATION OF A VECTOR BY. A REAL NUMBER ‘© The product of a non-zero vector @ by a real number kis a vector written Jat. Thus kxti=kt ~ kivand a have same direction if k > 0, kaand a have opposite directions if k < 0 ~ Peal = |e] «al * Note that: 0 i XG Gx + Vectors Wand ki are called collinear or parallel, Two vectors i and & are collinear if and only if there exists a nonzero real number k such that taka Wi o> 3k e R:0 = ka © Guerin editeur lege 6.2 Operations on geometric vectors 2852. Consider vector 7 and point A on the right. Draw the following vectors. a) AB if AB=3z 9 AD if AD 21. Consider vectors OA and OB in the plane on the right. a) Draw the vector 1. OA’ if OA’ =3048 2. OB if OB — 208. 3. OCif OC ~30A + 208. b) Draw the vector OD if 0D =-30A +208. ¢) Draw the vector OF if OE = -20A — OB. d) Draw the vector OF if OF = 30A — 208 22. Consider 2 vectors # and 3 and a point 0. Locate the 7 following points a) Aif OA =34. b) Bif B= 20 5 ae $ A ) Cif0C=3%+4 2% Hla 2B_ Consider 2 vectors Zand and a point 0, Locate the a i following points. a) AifOA=a+20 b) Bif OB= + 2B, =-H- 25 24, Consider vectors a,b, é and d on the right. a) 1. Does there exist a real number fe such that ee a kit? __Yes, b= 20 _ sciaa tt ee | 2. What can be said of vectors @ and 6? They are collinear a 286 Chapter G vectors © Guerin, éditeur leeb) Does there exist real number k such that ¢ = ka? If so, what can we conclude? collinear. ? If so, what can we conclude? Does there exist a real number k such that No. because Gand are not parallel. — 25. Consider a vector @ and a real number k, Complete: a) k# Oand k#=6 = G=6 b) ZO and ka 26. Let i be a vector such that [yl = 6. Find the norm of a) 37 18 ib) 57 Acriviry 7 Properties Of muttiplication of a vector by a real number a) Consider vector % on the right. a 1. Verify that 2(3 a) =(2x 3). i. 28s) 2. Ia and b are two real numbers, is it true that a(bil) = (ab)iz? Yes 6a b) Which real number is the neutral element when we multiply a vector by a real number? Justify your answer. Isince 1xH=i ©) Consider vectors if and # on the right. 1, Compare 27+ 8) and 2+ 2p, 20+ 5) = 2+ 25, 2. Ifa is any real number, is it true that a{W@-+D)=ail-+ ab? Yes ) Consider vector @ on the right. 1. Verify that (3+ 2)a=3H4 2m, 2. Iaand b are two real numbers, is it true that (a+b)@=at+ba? |o% Yes Ht PROPERTIES OF MULTIPLICATION. OF A VECTOR BY A REAL NUMBER Consider two vectors @ and # and two real numbers@ and b. Multiplication of a vector by areal number has the following properties: ~ Associativity abi = (aby ~ Lis the neutral element Ixa=a = Distributivity over the sum of vectors: aati) ~ Distvibutivity over the sum of real numbers (at © Gusécin, éitour fe 6.2 Operations on geometric vectors 28727. Reduce the following expressions a) 2a7+67___8% b) -2(57) _ e) 3(21)-23) d) 32+ 39) 28. Reduce the following expressions. a) -2a+3945a—49 ©) 32a-9)-2a-30) | — b) (a+20)+ — d) ~22%~30)- a+ 20) _-70 29. Justify the steps to reduce: 2AB— 2DC + 2BC — 2BD. 48 ‘Steps 2AB —2DC + 2BC — 28D AB + 2CD + 286 + 208 AB + 2BC + 20D +208 (AB + 28¢) + 2(G5 + 2D8) AC +268 (AC + CB) =2AB sustifications -PO- Addition is commutative. Double factorization. Chasles' relation. Factorization. Chasis’ relation. BO. Reduce the following expression, SAG + BC —2AC — 4BG + BE — 2CE + BE SAG - 386 + 9BE - SCE ~ 356 + CH + 9BE + 366 -9(a6+ CB) - 288 Chapter 6 vectors © Guerin, editear lige6 a 3 — basis ANCTIVUTY 4 Linear combination of vectors Consider 2 vectors # and %. Any expression of the form o,f + ci where , and c, are real numbers is called linear combination of vectors #, and i) a) Explain why a linear combination of vectors always yields a vector, The product of a real number with a vector is 4 vector b) Represent the vector 7 knowing that # = 314, — 210 ©) Express vector & on the right as a linear combination of the vectors ii, and if Si, LINEAR COMBINATION OF VECT ‘ORS * Given a sequence of vectors #4, %, .... Hy any expression of the form oH, + 0 +, + 6, im, where ¢;€ Bisa linear combination of the vectors Hy. © Note that a Jinear combination of vectors is'a vector, x: Given the vectors i and i}, 3id, + 2i% is a linear combination of the vectors # and i We have: a= 3H, + 2a, A vector i isa linear combination of the vectors i, 75, .., if there ch that B= c+ oh +o + oi, exist real numbers 6), 65) ang 1. Consider vectors %, if and iZ on the right. Represent the follo- wing linear combinations, a) 2+ b q-m a) 9 B+G oe *) B+B4+H ° a ©) 2, +35 3G si 2892. Consider vectors %, 3% and i; on the right. a) Express vector @ as a linear combination of the vectors ii, and iz, 30; + 2ilg 1 hand wy 9m) + 2p 2. tand i _2ug - 2a. b) Can we express vector ¥ as a linear combination of Hand %? ___No B. Consider the vectors on the right. Express each of the ae following vectors as a linear combination of vectors # and # 2 . Consider the points of the right. Express each of the following vectors as a linear combination of vectors i and # 8 Ae “ JNerayiry 2 vector basis Zi ea SSN socswsoeetso3 Consider in a plane the vectors i, @ and #, and the vector # a) Verify that 2. B= 5% - 1 +305 b) Is the expression of 9 as a linear combination of vectors 4H, and wunique? __ ©) Express vector 3 as a linear combination of vectors 7 and i % =~ +20; ® d) Is the expression of # as @ linear combination of vectors WG and W% unique? _Yes. )_ Can we say that for any vector # in that plane, there exist two unique real numbers a and b such that T= aii, + bizj? _Yes If s0, we say that vectors 7, and i form a vector basis of the plane. 290 Chapter G vectors © Guerin, iteur keeVECTOR BASIS Ina plane, two vectors % and 5 that are not parallel (not collinear) form & vector basis ‘The two vectors ij and of this basis can generate any vector Fin the plane, meaning that given any vector # in the plane, there exist two unique real numbers c; and ¢, such that: i + ey ‘The real numbers c, and c are called components of vector 3 relative to the basis {i%,%}- Ex.: Vector 3 above can be written in a unique way as a linear combination of the basis vectors a and i We have: iT + 3H, 5S. True or false? a) Three vectors in the plane can form a vector basis, False 'b) Two vectors in the plane always form a vector basis. —__ €) Two vectors that are not parallel always form a vector basis, True 4) If i and @ form a vector basis of the plane then any vector @ in the plane can be written in a unique way as a linear combination of the vectors % and i. True G. Consider the vectors on the right. a) Explain why i, % and %; do not form a vector basis, _Three vectors cannot form a vector basis of a plane. b) Explain why # and w% do not form a vector basis. ©) Explain why i and % form a vector basis 2 vectors that are not parallel, ii and @ ar + Consider the vectors on the right. a) Express vector # as a linear combination of the vectors in the vector basis, 1. {i,t} 8 2a = - th aeetctes laer EPESEECPPCEEE SO) ea oo - Ne b) Do the components of vector ¥ relative to a basis depend on the basis? Yes - Sy © Guerin, editeur tee 6.3 Vector basis 291ACTIVITY 3 _ Orthogonal basis ~ orthonormal basis a) b) 292 Explain why two orthogonal vectors in a plane form a vector basis of the plane. “Two orthogonal vectors are not parallel, A basis is orthogonal when the two vectors of the basis are orthogonal. If, in addition, the vectors are unit vectors then the orthogonal basis is called orthonormal. 1. Find, in the plane on the right, the two orthogonal bases. __{## baa} 2. Which one of the two bases is orthonormal? _{%®#} Express vector i as a linear combination of the vectors of the basis. faa) = 2. fam} A vector basis with orthogonal vectors is called orthogonal. If in addition, the vectors are unit ‘vectors, then the basis is called orthonormal, ORTHOGONAL BASIS — ORTHONORMAL BASIS The Cartesian plane usually uses an orthonormal basis, We denote by 7 and j the vectors of an orthonormal basis. Wehave: 717; lil=1 and [jJ=1 Ex.: Vector i, in the orthonormal basis {7,7} on the right, is written: #= 3 + 2. Consider the Cartesian plane on the right. a) Express, as a linear combination of vectors i and j, the vector 1 gai 3. gai zi b) Determine 1. lal 5. - 2. [ol — 3. tel Consider the Cartesian plane on the right. Represent, starting from the origin 0, the vector a) G=3942) b) 3-2 9 -3-35 d) d=-2i+3} Chapter 6 Vectors © Guerin, éditour he6 ‘ 4 (Ee ae NG FNVITY “] Vectors in the Cartestan plane Consider the geometric vector # located in the Cartesian plane on the right. a) Write vector # as a linear combination of vectors ? and j. b= 3142) b) 1. Is it true that to any geometric vector 7 located in the Cartesian plane corresponds a unique couple (a, b) such that G=ai + bj whereaeRand beR? True 2. The couple (a, b) defines algebraically the vector @. What is the couple defining vector 9? __ 3.2 ©) 1. Draw vector OM, representative with origin 0 of vector #. 2. Verify that the coordinates of point M are equal to the components of vector 3 ALGEBRAIC VECTORS: « Consider the Cartesian plane and the orthonormal basis {7, An algebraic vector @ in the Cartesian plane is defined by a couple (a,b) where a € I and b© B. We write: #= (a,b) We have the equivalence: (a,b) i a6 called horizontal component and b vertical component, f OM is the representative with origin 0. of the vector @, then the coordinat M correspoind.to the components (a,b) of vector @. Ex: Consider the vector a= (-3,2) + We have: i= -3i +27 {is the representative with’ origin’ 0 of vector @ We have: Mi-3, 2) The zero vector (is defined by 0 =(0, 0). Vectors i= (a,b) and # =(c,d) are equal if and only if the correspouding Components of the two vectors are equal H=3 + a=candb=d © Guatrin, edizewr tse 6.4 Algebraic vectors 2931. Consider, in the Cartesian plane on the right, point A(3, 2). Draw the representative with origin A of each of the following vectors ae ie 2,1) ©) %=(2,-3) val d) uy =(2,-4) f) W=(,-4) j 7 2. Represent vector (-1, 2) by an arrow with origin a) AGL) b) Bi2,-1) ©) 0(0, 0) 3. Determine the orientation of the following vectors, a) @=(3,0)_ 0 Acrivrry, Consider vector AB on the right with origin A(2, 1) and endpoint B(5,3), » a) 1. Write vector AB asa linear combination of vectors 7 and j. —__AB=si+aj 2. What are the components of vector AB? (32) b) Verify that 1. the horizontal component of vector AB is equal to the difference of the x-coordinates gig) tema Oem CEEOL. 2, the vertical component of vector AB is equal to the difference of the y-coordinates: O's ~ Yq): —Yar¥asSmda2 CALCULATING THE COMPONENTS OF A VECTOR * Given two points Ax, v,) and B/x),¥p), the Vector AB has components: AB= (x5 = 4.95 ~ 4) * Note that the horizontal component of a vector is equal to the difference between the c-coordinate of the endpoint and the x-coordinate of the origin and that the verti component of a vector is equal to the difference between the y-coordinate of the endpoint and the y-coordinate of the origin 294 Chapter 6 vectors © Guérin, éditeur eeEx.: Consider the points A(2, 1), BG, 4), C(4,-1}, D(-2, -L) TI and E(-1,3) Bu. We have B23) AB=@-2,4-H=@, i Av.) AG =(4=2,-1-1) tie i AD =¢2-2,-1-1) KE = (-1 = 2,3 - 1) = (3,2) . Consider points A(1, -2), B(-2, 5) and C(-3,-1). Find the components of a) AB 3.7) by) AC Ag BE Od) BH) BS. Consider A(-1, 2} and Bix, y). Find the coordinates of B if AB = (2,~3). 2B) AB = (c+ 1, y-2)> x= Landy =~ G. Consider points A(0, 3), B(4, 6), C(-2, -3) and D(?, 2) a) Find P(x, y) if CP = AB. b) Find Q(x, y) if QC 7%. Consider points A(-1, 2}, B(3, 4} and C(2, -3}. a) Find the point D(x, y) if AB= CD. __AB 1b) What can be said of the quadrilateral ABDC? Justify your answer. ABDC is « parallelogram sin _3 Norm of an algebraic vector a) 1, Consider the vector # = (2, 1). Calculate faj.__fiile 5 2. Consider the vector = (a,b). Establish a formula to calculate {era ‘tor AB such that A(-1, 3) and B(2, ~1) ~Bi2-1) 1. Calculate the components of AB. _ 2. Calculate [AB]. _!ABl=5 ©) Let AB be a vector such that A(x,,y,) and B(xy, ¥q). Establish a formula to calculate the norm of AB. —__lAB)~ =. *On=vF _ NORM OF AN ALGEBRAIC VECTOR © if t= (a,b), then {hal = fa + © BAG, yy) and B(x, yy), then |IABI = Jy ——F + Oy © Guérin, éditeur hée 6.4 Algebraic vectors 295Ex.: Consider A(1, 3) and B(3,—1}. We have: 2,-4) (4) = 4 +16 = 20 B. Consider A(-1, 2) and B(3, 4). Calculate ay {ABI by [BAI 420 __ ¢ TAAl_o : . Given any three points A, B and C, answer true or false. a) lABl=lBAl Tue by [AB + BC g [AB [ABI+IBC] Fatse _ dy) [AB+BC+CAJ=0 true Aer 4 erations betaeen algebraic vectors Consider points aa 2), BG3, 5) and C(6, 3). a) 1. Calculate the components of 1) AB @3) 2) BR 2, What is the sum A 3. Verify that 1) the horizontal component of the sum vector is equal to the sum of the horizontal componen Sa2es 2). the vertical component of the sum v pe34-2 tor is equal to the sum of the vertical components. b) If #=(a,6) and 9 = (c,d), what are the components of the sum #+? __@+3: ©) 1. Whatis the difference vector AG - BC? Verify that 1} the horizontal component of the difference vector is equal to the difference of the horizontal components, 2 =5~3 fat+eb+d) 2) the vertical component of the difference vector components, d) If @=(a,b) and F=(c, d), what are the components of the difference e) Let = (2,1) be the vector represented on the right. of 1. Draw the vector 8 = 27. 2. What are the components of 3? (4, 2) _ hg £) 1. If @=(a,b) find the components of the vector 33 = hi(keR). by oy ,,d), under what conditions are vectors # and @ parallel? er k such that c= ko and d 286 Chapter 6 Vectors © Guerin, editour leeOPERATIONS BETWEEN ALGEBRAIC VECTORS Given vectors = (a, b) and 8 =(c, d), we havc (a+cb+d) Consider the vectors = (-3,4), 8 =(2,-3) and B= (1,2). Calculate (6-8) sb) +B-w (2.3) ) ____ e) 243 f) 37-240 ——h) fa-s+sa)_3 i), of ___ 911. Consider the points A(-1, 2), B(1,3), C(2, -3) and D(3, 4}. Calculate AB+KE 9 AD-BE Go) f) [AB+BC-Dd] d) 3AB—2AC. FZ. In cach of the following cases, indicate if vectors and # are parallel. Ifso, justify your answer. 1. Determine the unit vectors among the following vectors, | 44.) Consider 7=(3, 4), verify that iv is a unit vector, (esha Tai, 45. Consider 7 = (a,b). Show that [atl = littl = |e¢a, b)] = Ie, pint FED = f(a +B) = fe TH =k © Gusin, éditeur hee 6.4 Algebraic vectors 29716. Consider # =(3, 4). a) 1, Find the unit vector ij having the same direction as -(g ctor 7], with norm equal to 2, having the same direction as # 2 4 b) 1. Find the unit vector i; having the direction opposite to 3. 2, Find the vector ¥, with norm equal to 7, having direction opposite to 7 45° West of Nort South of East: f2l= ‘1B. Find the components of the vectors opposite to the following vectors, a) a(-1,2) 72) by B(2,-3). 9 %2,3)_t 19. In each of the following cases, find the components of vector . a) @=(-1,2,0 3) and a+ b) @ i = (3, 1) and a inte ) T= (4,-2)and D=-28 eee d) T= (2,1,0=(2,Nandw ©) @=(1,2), = (-1,-2)and w= 2w 20. Write each of the following vectors as a linear combination of vectors 7 andj. a) AB if AC1,2) and BG,-1) 48-44-31 b) CD ifCQ,-3) and DE3,1) 9. EF if (0,2) end F(-1,0) a) GHifG2,-4) and HQ,1) 24. Consider vectors % =(1,2) and % = (2, 4}. a) Do vectors if and % form a vector basis? Justify your answer. No, because if and i; are collinear. b) Is it possible to write any vector & of the plane as linear combination of vectors # and Wj? No 298 «© €hapter G vectors © Guerin, éditewr hee22. Consider vectors %] =(1,2)and (1,0), a) Do vectors if and i form a basis? Justify your answer, _ Yes, because they are not parallel. b) Is it possible to write any vector # of the plane as linear combination of vectors W% and W ? Yes ©) Express vector @ =(I,8) asa linear combination of vectors @ and 7%, 23. Consider vectors ii; =(-1,2) and % =(3, 2) in the plane. a) Explain why vectors @ and i form a vector basis of the plane Vectors i,and 8, are not paral b) Find the components of vector 9 if 3+ 2G B=(3,10) ©) Write vector @= ,6) as a linear combination of vectors W and 24. Consider, in the Cartesian plane, the basis formed by the vectors i 2,1) and % =(-1,2). Express each of the following vectors as a linear combination of vectors and i aE point ofa line segment Acrwunry 5. inti segucnt AD Gad ia aucsoEH Mae ered a Tat a) 1. What can be said of vectors MA and MB? _They are opposite. eee 2, Complete: MA +348 = ) Complete using the appropriate rel number. Se MIDPOINT OF A LINE SEGMENT ‘The following propositions are equivalent. 1. Mis the midpoint of AB. MA+MB—6. AM = MB. ani = 108 AB= 2AM. @ Algebraic vectors 298 © Gustin, éditeur ltée2B. Let A(x,,v,)} and Bay, yp) be the endpoints of a line segment AB, Let M be the midpoint of Iine segment AB. Show that the coordinates of M are; |", Yat ts M midpoint of AB < Ald = MB © (un = Kar Yat ~ Yad = On ~ Xan Ys ~ Vand © Rp Na * XX aN Voy Yq = Yo ~ Vy ey ey tp and 294, ¥4 + Hp Satta a Mase xy = 28SAB ond yy = 85 i 2G. Let AG, 4), B(-1, 0) and C(5, 2) be the vertices of a triangle ABC Let M and N denote the midpoints of sides AB and AC. Verify the, : following theorem: The line segment joining the midpoints of 2 sides of a triangle measures half the length of the 3rd side and is parallel to the 3rd side. 8 c MCL, 2), N(A, 3), BIN = (3, 1); BE =(6, 2). We have: BC = 28 = BE // MIN and |BEl = 2\ Nini) ona eniyiry 4 Diving point ot ane seamen Consider the line segment AB on the right having endpoints A(1, 2) and BO, 5). a) Locate the point P such that AP. b) Determine the coordinates of P P(x, y): AP = (x- 1, y- 2); AB = (6, 3) = b= 1y-2)=266, 3) (= y-2)=(4,2) ee xoSand pod Thus, P(S, 4). DIVIDING POINT OF A LINE SEGMENT Point P on the right divides the line cgment AB, ~ in.@ 3:2 ratio or 3 from A, ~~ in a 2:3 ratio or 2 fro n atio or = from B. We can also say that Pis located at 2 of the line segment AB from point A or at 2 of ine segment AB from B. is situation is tra ated by the vector equality: 300 Chapter G Vectors © Guerin, éditeur heeBx.: Consider A(1, 4) and BI7, 1). Let us find point P if AB PO y) AB =~ Ly - AP = AB = (@- 1, (&-ly-4 We deduce that x — 1 v=5 Thus, we obtain P(5, 2). 27. Consider A(-2, 1) and B(2, 9). Find the coordinates of points P and Q if a) AB=2aB PL by 3BA_Oe 2B. Consider A{-1, 5) and B(5, 2). Find the following points. a) Pif AB LAB Pag b) QifAG #23 co) RifAR 1B d) Sif BS 29. Consider triangle ABC on the right whose vertices are A(-5, 6}, B(-2, 2 A and C(4, 4) a) Determine the coordinates of point M, if AM is the median relative to side BC. _M(, 3) b) Determine the coordinates of the centre of gravity G of the triangle knowing that G divides each median in a 2:1 ratio from ™ the corresponding vertex. AG = 2AM (x + 5, v- 6) = 2¢6, -3): 6-1, 4), "3 ©) Verify the following property: If G is the centre of gravity of a triangle ABC then GA+GE+GE (4, -2) GB - (1. BO. Consider the line ! passing through points A(-1, 2) and B(5,-1), a) Find the coordinates of points P,, P,, P5, P, and P, knowing that 1 swN b) Locate points P,, P,, Ps, P, and P, on line L © Guéein, éditeur hee 6.4 Algebraic vectors 3016. 5 ae ae ANCirlWO TY‘) Definition of the seatar product The scalar product of two vectors Hand # written i-7 is defined by: - B= [hal xlé] x cos 0 where 0 (0, x] is the angle formed by vectors Hand 3 a) Calculate the scalar product of vectors i and # on the right if || = 4 and [@| =3. @ H-8 24 3 x cos 60" ‘ b) Explain why the scalar product of any two vectors i and @ is a real number and not a vector. lille R.JDLER, cos © R, The product of 3 real numbers is a real number. } What can be said about the angle @ between two vectors if 1. eT > 0? £080> 0» 8 is acute, f) A force F of 10 newtons is applied to an object 0, which then moves 5 m in direction d In physics, the work W performed by this force is defined by the scalar product @ where force F is in newtons, the displacement d is in metres and work W is in joules. Calculate the work W, W=10 x5 = cos 30° SCALAR PRODUCT The scalar product of two vectors wand &, written 7.i, is the real number defined by @.7= hl x(a] xcos6 where #'¢ { 0, 5] isthe angle formed by vectors and 3. +. Given two nonzero vectors iand # we have the equivalence: BP=0 81d Ex.: Vectors Wand 7 form a 30” angle and have norms [a] = We have: #5 = 4x3 x cos.30° = 6B 302 Chapter G Vectors © Guerin, éditeur hee1. Calculate the following scalar products. O) fi) fee eee Bg ef ene Ee 2. Let be a vector such that [ial =5. Calculate @-a. 25 B. Calculate, in each case, #0 if 5. Show that the scalar product is commutative. Let us show that d-5=i-% |< fal x cos 0 ll x lal x cos 0 (Multiplication in is commutative.) a) Consider vectors i= (a), b,);0 =(a,,b,) and %~ represented by the arrows OA, 0B and BA respectively. Justify the steps showing that I= aay + byby ‘Steps +t? — 2hlla cos 0 2, tall cos = 3 lft? + fo?” — faz] 1 lta + to? fof | 4, Reduce the right hand side of the last equality to show that @- ~ bf Cosine law applied to S0AB. We isolate {iil|ai cos ¢. ion of the scalar product. HB Allg +b) og +2)~f0,- 04) - © Gucrin, editeur Ieee 6.5 Scalar product 303b) Consider vectors #=(1, ¥3) and 3 =(~1, 3). 1, Calculate #-5,_2 2. Determine, using the definition of the scalar product, the cosine of the angle 8 formed by vectors @ and B 3. What is the angle 6 formed by vectors @ and SCALAR PRODUCT IN THE CARTESIAN PLANE Let i= (a, 4) and B= (a,,b,), we have: eae T-B= aa, + bby Let @ be the angle formed by vectors and #, we have: ee cos Ex. Let = (4,1) and 9 =(2,3). We have: 4x24+1% 321 a LD Wee G. Calculate the scalar product @-# in each of the following cases. a) w@=(2,3)ando= 2j and B F. Determine, in each case, whether vectors ii and ¥ are perpendicular. 2, ~3) and = (3, 2) _Yes_ — b) #=27+5jandd &. Find, in each of the following cases, the value of a if vectors id and are perpendicular. a) @=(a+1,2)and 9=(-3,a~2) b) @=(a+2,-1) and B=(a—2,5) Bo 9. Consider points A(1, 3), B(2, 5), C(2, 2) and D(4, 1). Show that the lines AB and CD are perpendicular ient to show that AB. CD =0. AB =(1,2),CD~(2,-1). 304 «Chapter G Vectors © Guerin, éditeur heeProperties of the scalar product eruyrry a) Consider vector 1. Verify that @- that (7+) (GB) ~ (1, 2). (5, 3) = 1; D4 Hat 7= 1 Definition of the scalar product. (sl F-85 ~ (raytby) (say-sby) Factorization. Definition of th 3. Show that #4 (B+) = (aby) (ay + ay, by + by) Definition of the sum of 2 vectors. 4a; (az + a5) + b,(bz + by) Definition of the scalar product. @,0, + 4,45 +b,b, +b,b, Multiplication is PROPERTIES OF THE SCALAR PRODUCT Let i 0 and w be any three vectors, we have: ao=oa (reR,seR) 6.5 Scalar product 305 © Guerin, editeur tee9G. Knowing that @-7 a) (2a).7 __6 d) u-(+H) ©) (-2).(3a) 7 — f) 27-39-20) 10 4. Knowing that @ a) a-(%+2) 42. Consider three points A, B and C on a triangle, Determine if triangle ABC is right. If, so indicate the right angle. ), B(2, 3) and C(-2, 5) 13. Consider two vectors i and @ such that lial =2 and fl = 3. Calculate @ a) wand have the same direction. _ b) Wand v have opposite directions, _ 94. Consider the vector @ = (3, -4). a) Find the two unit vectors #, and % wi 9S. Calculate, in each case, the angle @ formed by vectors Zand 3. a) @=(-3,2)and F=(1,4) __ cos = 0.3363; 5 «70, b) @=(2,-5) and B=(3, 2) 0 =-0: 4G. Calculate, in each case, the angle 6 formed by vectors AB and CD, a) A(-1, 2), B(2, 3), C(2, -3) and D(O, -4), _AB = (3,1); (= ¢2, -1), cos b) A(2, 3), B(O, 5), C{-1, 2) and D2, 6). AB 3= (3, 4), cos 306 © Chapter 6 Vectors © Guerin, éditeur kee47. Consider a wiangle ABC whose vertices are A(2, 6), B(-1, 2) and C(4, 3). Calculate the measure of each angle of triangle ABC. 18. Calculate, rounded to the nearest unit, the acute angle (formed by lines Ij: y = 2x + | and hiy=-2v $3 49. Consider lines J, and J, with respective equations ly: y = a,x (a, # 0) and bry = a,x (a, ¥ 0). Show the equivalence: , LL < aa; = =I 20, Deh Ob: A(t, a) PALL. a2) ly 2@. A triangle ABC has vertices A{1, 3), B(-1, 1) and C(3, -1). Calculate the measure of angle ABC to the nearest tenth of a unit AB ~ (-2, -2); BE = (2, ~4): AB-AG = 4. 6 TO An 71.6 208 A = 57g og A; m A= 71.6". © Guerin, editenr hee 6.5 Scalar product 307som 6.6 Orthogonal projections cman coca \crrlirry 1 Orthogonal projection of a vector a) Consider vectors a and # on the right. Using a square, we projected vector 7 onto vector 3 The vector we obtained, represented in blue, is the orthogonal projection of vector @ onto vector #. It is written 7, b) 1. In each of the following cases, represent the vector i,, orthogonal projection of 7 onto 7. (Use a square) 2) 2. Let @ denote the angle between vectors Hand B. Answer true or false. 1) When @ is acute, vectors # and 7 have the same direction, __True 2) When 0 is obtuse, vectors i, and B have opposite directions, 3) When 0 is right, vector i, is the zero vector. _ True ORTHOGONAL PROJECTION OF A VECTOR Given vectors and @ onthe right, the vector represented in blue is the orthogonal projection of vector i onto vector 7. Teas written: Properties ~ Vectors i, and # are parallel: i, /'¥ ~ Vector (x ~ 1) is perpendicular to #: (@ a) 17 ‘We distinguish the following 3 cases according to the angle @ between # and 3. O acute @obtuse right H,and # have same direction.| | %, and 7 have opposite directions 308 Chapter 6 vectors © Guerin, éditewr IeFormula forthe orthogonal projection of i onto Acvuviry 2 a) Consider vectors i, and vector i, orthogonal projection of Zonto# Justify the steps showing that @ Property of tis, Definition of collinear vectors #3. Property of i, Substituting in 3 (1; = ke). Property of the scalar product since (i~ ki) 1.3. Distributivity of the scalar product. We isolate k. 8. B= [elf cos oF = |5f’. Substituting In 2 (iy = ki). b) Consider vectors @ 1, Show that #, = 20 10; |" 2. Determine the components of = 2(2,1)= (4, 2) 3. Determine the components of vector (2,6)~ (4,2) =€2,4) 4, Verify the property: m, | (w@—%). It is sufficient to verify that ii, -(ii-ii)=O- 30; [a =20 © Guesin, eatear lee 6.6 Orthogonal projections 3081. Consider vectors and # on the right. a) Using a square, represent 1, vector #f,, orthogonal projection of vector Zontod 2, vector By, orthogonal projection of vector Fonto i. b) Show that % = ta? We need only to exchange the letters wand v in the formula ts An object, located in 0, is moving in the direction of vector i= (4, -2) under a force F ‘We want to express F as a sum E+F, of two forces, one in the direction of the motion, the other perpendicular to this direction, a) Determine the components of & Since +8; then F, =» F-F,=(4,2)~ ©) Verify that forces Fi and & perpendicular. oFik @ Consider triangle ABC with vertices A(6, 3), B(1, 2) and C(4, 8). Let AH be the height from vertex A relative to the base BC. A a) What is the orthogonal projection of vector BA onto the direction of vector BC? Bag, - Bi b) Determine the components of vector BH. a : Bai - (BABE) ge (5.0 13.0 tact ¢) Deduce the coordinates of point H. H(sx, 9); BH = (x = 1, y~ 2) and BH ok ee |9 = 08-0) 310 Chapter 6 Vectors © Guerin, éditeur Ise6 E 7 Vectors and geometric proofs TYUVY 1] Median theorem The vector supported by the median from a vertex of a triangle is equal to A half the sum of the vectors supported by the sides from that same vertex Hypothesis: AM is the median from vertex A of triangle AABC. Conclusion: AM =1{AB+ AC} Justify the steps of the proof leading to this conclusion, M Justifcations AM=AB+BM © Chasles" relation. Oi Chastes" relation. Adding corresponding sides of equalities @ and ®. Commutativity of addition. BM + CM ~6 since Mis the mic Dividing both sides by 2. 1 joining the midpoints of the sides of a triangle is parallel to a the 3rd side and measures half the length of the 3rd side, Hypothesis: M is the midpoint of AB and N is the midpoint of AC 4 Conclusion: MN = 4BC Justify the steps of the proof leading to this conclusion Justifications M midpoint of AB (hypothesis). N midpoint of AG (hypothesis). Adding corresponding sides of equalities © and © Chasles’ relation and factorization. Chasles' relation. Dividing both sides by 2. © Guerin, éditeur hee 6.7 Vectors and geometric proofs 311oriurry 3 3 Paralllogra theorem 1a quadrilateral has two parallel congruent sides then this quadrilateral a 2 is a parallelogram Hypothesis: AB=DC Conclusion: ABCD is a parallelogram, °. c a) Justify the steps of the proof leading to this conclusion steps Jstifcations ] 1 AB=AD+DB © Chastes’ relation. 2. DE=DB+BC © Chasles’ relation, 3.,AD+DB=DB + BC ‘AB = DC (hypothesis) and transitioty of equalities © and @. AB=3C We subtract BB from both sides. AD//BC AD = BC = AD and BC have the same direction. . JABCD is a paraliclogram, Opposite sides are pairwise parallel {ABDC and AD/‘BC) b) Complete: AB=DCe AD A my yore 4 Theorem on the midpoint of of the sites of a adler uaa _ if we join the midpoints of adjacent sides of any quadllateral, we obtain a parallelogram Hypotheses: M midpoint of AB, N midpoint of BC O midpoint of CD, P midpoint of AD Conclusion: ABCD is a parallelogram Justify the steps of the proof leading to this conclusion. Theorem on the midpoints applied to ABC. Theorem on the midpoints applied to AADC. Transitivity of equalities © and D. MNOP is a parallelogram. Parallelogram theorem, 342 Chapter 6 vectors © Guerin, éiteur heeANcrIVINTY 5 Paralfelogram diagonats theorem The diagonals of a parallelogram intersect at their midpoint. 4 Hypotheses: - ABCD is a parallelogram - Ois the midpoint of AC Conclusion: ~ 0 is the midpoint of BD 8 c Justify the steps of the proof leading to this conclusion, Justifications Chastes* relation. Chasles' relation. BE = AD (ABCD parattetogram), transitivity of equalities © and ®. OC = AG since 0 is the midpoint of AC. We subtract AD from both sides of equali .| 0 is the midpoint of BD Definition of the midpoint of a line segment. ANGIYITY (| Quadelateral diagonals theorem If the diagonals of a quadrilateral intersect at their midpoint, then this quadrilateral is a parallelogram. Hypotheses: — 0 is the midpoint of AC. = Ois the midpoint of BD. Condusion: — ABCD is a parallelogram. Justify the steps of the proof leading to this conclusion, Justifications |Chasles’ relation. AO = OC (0 midpoint of AC) and OD = B6 (0 midpoint of BD) Commutativity of addition. Chastes' relation. ABCD is parallelogram. | Parattefogram theorem (AB = BC «+ ADCB parallelogram). © Guerin, editeur lee 6.7 Vectors and geometric proofs 343ANCUIVITY 7 Theorem on the angle inscribed in a hal-circle Any inscribed angle intercepting a half-circle is right. A % Hypotheses: ~ is a circle of radius r centred at 0 c ~ ZBAC is an inscribed angle. ~ BC isa diameter, : Condusion: ZBAC is right a) Justify the steps of the proof leading to this conclusion steps _ustificatons | Chasles’ relation. 0-0 + AO-0C + GB. AG + OB -0C} Disteibutivity of scalar product over addition, Calculating the scalar products; factorization. If Gis the centre of gravity of a Said ABC, then GA+GB+GE=6. ~ AA’ is a median of triangle ABC. ~ Gis the centre of gravity. Conclusion: GK +GB+GC=6 Justify the steps of the proof leading to this conchusion, Hypotheses: Hint: Use the following property of the centre of gravity: of gravity G divides each median in 2:1 ratio from each vertex, in other words Steps Justifications 1.| GA+GB + GC=GA +(GB + GC) | associativity of addition 2. = GA 426A" Median theorem. GA’ is @ median in SGBC. 3. =GA+AG Property of centre of gravity. 4, =6 Sum of 2 opposite vectors. 314 Chapter 6 vectors © Guerin, editeur feeEvaluation 6 ——----- > | Fe Complete { a} AB=CD@ AC BD b) PG = RS > PQSR is @ parallelogram og) AB+AG @ parallelogram 4) ABS BA EEE eee sseeee EEE Bete - e) f=hiandk=O= a HB 2. True or false? i a) Wand P forma vector basis of the plane if and only if Zand # are not parallel. True. | b) Two perpendicular vectors in a plar ys form a vector basis of this plane, True | ©) {8,5} is on orthonormal basis if and only if #1 3 and (lal =llel) True { d) Mis the midpoint of the line segment AB if and only i AM + BM~=0. Fatse uct of two vectors is negative if and only if the angle 4 between the True i is . on of the following vectors 504 = 120° 3. Determine the norm and or a) i=(-2,2V3) b) a=(V2, 2) | €) The scalar pro | vectors is obty | 4. simplify 38¢ — 2AC + CB+3AD = SBE + 204 = GB + 3AB + 206 + DA = 2(B6 + CA + AB + BO) = 28C S. Consider vectors Zand # on the right, Starting from point A, draw the vector AB repre- sentative of 21 ~ 377 © Guerin, editeur hee Evaluation 6 315: Irae eset eee ao 2) and CQ, -1), Calculate ) a.7) ay (AB + AC).(AB- AC ) Alige = | Consider A(-1, 2} and B(2, 6) i a) Find the two wnit vectors @ and a parallel AB | 3, 4); LABI= 5; a; ~ (3, 4) and a; ~/-3, =f! AB (3, 4) 1ABI~ 5:3; (4, Sond a; -|-2, 4 HE | b) Find the two unit vectors i and 5 orthogonal 10 AB | 5 =|£. Bland 95 -|4.2 ! ileal raes B. Consider the rectangle on the right. Complete — a) AB-AD= 9 by 2A0= se eee | ) BA+BC=_BD d) AD BA=__AaC e e) AB- be = f) AD+CB=_ 6 c g) OA+DE= 08 hy 04408 +0E405-_6 9. Consider the orthonormal bases {7,7} and (i, 7} as well as the vector @ ie a) Express the following vectors as a linear combination of Ni ! vectors i and j i La i 2 p_iti 3. p 41+ 2) 7 b) Express vectors i as a linear combination of vectors Zand 7 =~ 3a-8 )_ Verify the linear combination found in bj using the linear combinations found in a} | = -3ii~ 8 = -34- isi 9G. Consider points A(-!, 2), B(2, 1) and C(1,~-3), : a) 1. Find point D knowing that AB= CD. { AB = (3, -1); CD = (x ~ 1, y +3); D(4, -4) i 2. Find point E knowing that AE = 3AB ~ 2A BAB ~ 2AC » 33, -1) - 2(2,- 5) =(5,7): AE = (4 1, y ~2): E(4,9) 346 «Chapter 6 Vectors © Guerin, etiteur hee{ b) What type of quadrilateral is quadrilateral ABDC? Justify your answer | ABDC is « parallelogram. AB » CB > ABDC has two opposite sides shat are parallel 11. Calculate the acute angle 0 formed by the lines fy:y = 3x 4 t and | AYO We: BAZ, 4) 6 1 AO, AY by 1 92. Let Zand 9 be two nonzero vectors. Indicate, for each statement, if itis tre or false. L a) (kai) (ki) = h(a 7) Fatse 1D) = kit RO True } nee True ii a) his Jira True —— | 13. Consider the rectangularbased right prism on the right, \ Simplify, | a) AB+ED ¢ ABLE b) AH- FE d) AG-EP-BG ma 9A. Consider th a) Find the éoordinates of point P dividing the line segment AB in a 2:1 ratio from A. (6=2,949) = 266, 9)= 64, 6) Pld 3) ine I passing through points A(2, -3) and B(-4, 6) b) Find the coordinates of point Q if AQ= FAB | (<2, y +9) = 266, 9) = (4, 6)» U6, -9) 95. Two unit vectors Gand o form « 60° angle, What is the norm, rounded to the nearest tenth of a unit, of vector 3 + 40? |oa+ aaff = igal? + fast - 213al146| cos 120° = 9.5 16 ~24 cos 120° = 37, 437 { |3a+ 46) ars 9G. Consider vectors #= (1, 2) and # =(-2,1) a} 1. Show that Zand# form a basis Band & are not paroitel since -}.~ 2. Therefore they form a basis Show that the basis {7,3} is orthogonal, @ 3-054 b) Express vector =(-1,8) as a linear Combination of vectors iZ and 8 fee Su4 20 © Guétin, éiteur lee Evaluation6 31747. Show the following property: t perpendicular | BD ~ (AB + BC) (BC - CB) Hit ~- a? +0? =0 Since AC. BD - 0 then AC 1 BD 98. Alan and Ben are pulling on an object located at point 0, They apply respectively forces nf 80 N and 40 N, with orientations 46° apd 120°. Find the resultant 7 (magnitude and orientation) of these two forces al" + ball - 2i@ bl cos 100° = 9111.55 ~ fel 95.45 sins = 0.4327 <0 140 ~ 649 The resultant F has an intensity of 95.45. and an orientation of 64.4° | 99. When a 106 N force with orientation 30° is epplied to an object located at 0, the object moves horizontally over a distance of 20 m. What js the work, rounded to the nearest. 0 anit, peeformed by this force? The work, expressed in joules, is defined as the scalar product of the force vector with the displacement vector | Fd ~ 100 « 20 « cos 30° = 1000J3 = 1732 joules. coe 2. A boat leaves port A and must go to port B. In the Cartesian, plane on the right, measured in kilometres, paints A(]S0, 100) and B(350, 250) represent the ports, During the crossing, 9 current represented by vector @ = (15, 10} acts on the boat The captain orients the boat so as to Cancel the effect of the current. What is, to the nearest degree, the measure of the angle, with respect to the eastward direction, at which the captain must orient the boat to reach the port located in B? AB = (200, 150): » (15, -10): b B+ E+ AB x +15 = 200 and y- 10 = 150 x.) _ = (185, 160) 166 stan) = 184 oar, t 2 ar ‘The captain must orient the boat 41” North of East. 21. In 2 Cartesian plane, measured in km, town A is located at point (25, 50) and town B at point (150, 200}, When there is no wind, the flight from town A to town B lasts one hour. If there is wind and the pilot does not take it into account, the plane will end up, after one hour of flight, at point C(160, 190}, Find the speed of the wind as well as its orientation = 10, -10); \él= 14.24. tan ()= 10 ~1-2 = 315°. The wind has a speed of 14.14 km/h and an orientation of 315°. 318 © Chapter G vectors © Guerin, éditour ltée