16. A bag contains seven white and five black discs. Three dises are chosen from the bag. Find the probability that all three discs are black, if the discs are chosen: (a) without replacement, (b} with replacement, (c) so that after each draw the disc is replaced with one of the opposite colour. 17. Six people are to be divided into two groups, each with at least one person. Find the probability that: (a) there will be three in each group, (b) there will be two in one group and four in the other, (c) there will be one group of five and an individual. 18. A three-digit number is formed from the digits 8 4, 5, 6 and 7 (no repetitions allowed). Find the probability that: (a) the number is 4 (1) the number contains the digit 3, (b) the mmber is odd, (g) the number contains the digits 3 and 5, (c) the number is divisible by 5, {h) the number contains the digits 3 or 5, 3, (i) all digits in the number are odd, (a) the number is divisible by (e) the number starts with 4 and ends with 7, (j) the number is greater than 500. 19. The digits 1, 2, 3 and 4 are used to form numbers that may have 1, 2,3 or 4 digits in them. If one of the numbers is selected at random, find the probability that: (a) it has three digits, (b) itis even, (6) it is greater than 200, (d) itis odd and greater than 3000, (6) it is divisible by 20. (a) A senate commitice of five members is to be selected from six Labor and five Liberal senators. What is the probability that Labor will have a majority on the committee? (b) The senate committee is to be selected from N Labor and five Liberal senators. Use trial and error to find the minimum value of NV, given that the probability of Labor having @ majority on the committee is greater than 3, 21. Four basketball teams A, B, C and D each consist of ten players, and in each team, the players are numbered t,2,... 9, 10. Five players are to be selected at random from the four teams. Find the probability that of the five players selected: (a) three are numbered 4 and two are numbered 9, (b) at Jeast four are from the same team, 22. A poker hand of five cards is dealt from a standard pack of 52 Find the probability of obiaining: (a) one pair, (b) two pairs, (c) three of akind, (4) four of a kind, (c) a full house (one pair and three of a kind), (f) a straight (five cards in sequence regardless of suit), (g) a fiush, (five cards of the same suit), (2) a royal flush (ten, jack, queen, king and ace in a single suit). to leave 23. Four adults are standing in a room that has five exits. Bach adult is equally likel the room through any one of the five exits. (a) What is the probability that all four adults leave the room via the same exit? (>) What is the probability that three particular adults use the same exit and the fourth(c) What is the probability that any three of the four adults come out the same exit, and the remaining adult comes out a different exit? (a) What is the probability that no more than two adults come out the same exit? 24. (a) Five diners in ar Find the probal diners. taurant choose randomly from a menu featuring five main courses ity that exactly one of the main courses is not chosen by any of the (d) Repeat the question if there are n diners and a choice of main courses. 25. [The birthday problem] {a) Assuming a 365-day year, find the probability that in a group of three people there will be at least one birthday in common, Answer correct to two significant figures. (b) If there are n people in the group, find an expression for the probability of at least one common birthday. (0) By choosing a number of values of n, plot a graph of the probability of at least one common birthday against n for n < 50. (a) How many people need to be in the group before the probability exceeds 0-5? (e) How many people need to be in the group before the probability oxceeds 90%?Exercise 10) — 1 9. 10. . Four boys and four girls ar (a) Find how many ways five people can be arranged in: (i) a line, (li) a circle, (b) Find how many ways ten people can be arranged in: (i) a line, (ii) a cirele. . Hight people are arranged in: (a) a straight line, (b) a cirele. In how many ways can they be arranged so that two pasticular people sit together? . Bob, Betty, Ben, Brad and Belinda are to be seated at a round table, Find how many ways this can be done: (a) if there are no restrictions, (4) if Brad is to sit between Bob and Ben, (0) if Bob is to sit in his favourite chair, _(e) if Belinda and Betty are not to sit next (c) if Betty sits on Bob’s right-hand side, to one another, ircle. Find how many ways this ean be done: (a) if there are no restriction (b) if the boys and the girls alternate, {c) if the boys and girls are in distinet groups, (d) if particular boy and girl wish to sit next to one another, () if two particular boys do not wish (o sit next to one another, (4) if one particular boy wants to sit between two particular girls ranged in DEVELOPMENT The letters A, E,1, P,Q and R are arranged in a circle. Find the probability that: (a) the vowels are together, {c) the vowels and consonants alternate, (b) A is opposite R, (d) at least two vowels are next to one another. Find how many ways the integers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 can be placed in a circle (a) there are no restrictions, (@) at least three odd numbers are together, (b) all the even numbers are together, (e) the twonumbers 1 and 7 are next to one (c) the odd and even numbers alternate, another, - A committee of three women and seven men is to be seated randomly at a round table, (a) What is the probability that the three females will sit together? (b) ‘The committee elects a president and a vice-president, What is the probability that they are sitting opposite one another? . Find how many arrangements of n people around a circle are possible iff (a) there are no restrictions, (c) two particular people sit apart, (0) two particular people must sit together, (4) three particular people sit together. ‘Twelve marbles are to be placed in a circle. Find how many ways can this be done if: (a) all the marbles are of different colours, (b) there are eight red, three blue and one green marble. ‘There are two distinct round tables, each with five seats. In how many ways may a group of ten people be seated?21a) sts (by 2k Boo 138 38 _— a 2a) S33) ies =) tics) ies) ies ® 192 ( 33 hy) 1 54145 (9) 16 660 (h) 649 740 23a) i55 % Om on nm Rn n— : 24(a) & ( a 25(a) 0-0082 365 to) 1 S55 (a) 23) (@ 45Exercise 101 (Page 441) ifa)() 120 (i) 24 (by) 3628800 Wi) 362880 2a) 10080 @) 1440 3fa) 24 (b) 24 (c) 6 (do) 4 e) 12 4a) 5040 (b) 144) 576 (aw 1440 ) 3600 @ 240 5a) je Os Oa Oa 6a) 5040 (b) 576) 144 ( 2304 @ 1440 7a) fyb) 5 8a) (n—1)! (b) 2x (n—2)! (©) (n—3) x (n—2)! @d) 6x (n—-3)! 3a) 39916800 (by) 165 to 145152