TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES

363 P. CASAL ST., QUIAPO MANILA

MIDTERM PROJECT
UNIT OPERATIONS LABORATORY 1
CHE 409 / CH42FB1

MAURICIO, KRIZZIA ANNE C.

ENGR. EFREN CHAVEZ

AUGUST 25, 2017

Gas absorption is a process in which the soluble parts of a gas mixture are transferred to or dissolved in a
liquid. The reverse process, called desorption or stripping, is used to transfer volatile parts from a liquid
mixture to a gas. A common instrument used in gas absorption or stripping is a packed tower or gas
absorption column. A packed tower or gas absorption column consists of the following: a cylindrical tube with
inert packing material; a gas inlet at the bottom with an exit out the top; and a liquid inlet at the top with its
exit out the bottom. In an ideal operation the liquid will descend through the packed column and distribute
uniformly over the packing surface in films. The gas will enter the column from below the packed section and
rise upward countercurrent to the liquid flow through the small spaces between the packing material. The
large amount of intimate contact between the liquid and gas streams allows for an efficient transfer of mass.
OPERATING PROCEDURE:
1. Switch ON the main and individual breaker to supply power to the unit.
2. Plug in the monitor, cpu and control box and turn on the breaker located at the back of the control
box.
3. Turn ON the computer and switch ON the control box.
4. Open the CAGC SCADA program to control the operations of the unit.
5. If CO2 is needed open the valve located at the back of the unit.
6. You can control the air and water flow rate directly from the computer or manually by rotating the
knob on the located at the panel board.
7. Measurements can also be read directly from the computer and some also appear on the panel
board in specific units.
8. Proceed with the experiment as instructed by your laboratory instructor. If additional items are
needed such as chemicals and glass wares, kindly approach the laboratory assistant on the
chemistry stockroom and request for the needed items.
9. Return barrowed items to the laboratory assistant on duty once experiment is finished.
10. Turn OFF the computer and switch off the control box.
11. Unplug the unit and ask the assistance of the laboratory assistant in charge to switch OFF the main
and individual breaker.
 FLOW THROUGH PARTICLE LAYERS

Flow through particle layers is widely encountered in process engineering. In reactors, fixed and fluidized
beds are subjected to through-flow by liquids and gases. The separation of solids from suspensions by cake
and depth filtration is another area of application.
With CE 117 the fluid mechanic principles involved in flow through fixed beds and fluidized beds can be
investigated. For the purpose, a fillable test tank made of glass is provided, through which water can be made
to flow from both ends. A sintered-metal plate serves as the base for bulk solids.
Water from the laboratory water connection flows into the test tank. To investigate flow through fixed beds,
the water enters the test tank from the top. It flows through the fixed bed and the sintered-metal plate and
passes by way of a distributor to the outlet.
The experimental setup can be modified by means of quick-release couplings. This also enables the flow
through the test tank to be reversed and fluidized beds to be investigated. The water flows upwards through
the porous sintered-metal plate and the fixed bed. If the velocity of the water is less than the so-called
fluidization velocity, the flow merely passes through the fixed bed. At higher velocities a fluidized bed is
formed. The water flows from the head of the test tank into an expansion tank. From there it flows into the
outlet.
Regardless of the specific setup, the flow rate is adjusted by a valve and indicated by a flow meter. To
determine the pressure loss via the fixed bed or fluidized bed, two manometers with differing measuring
ranges are provided. The desired manometer is selected by way of valves.

OPERATING PROCEDURE:
1. Turn ON the main water supply. Make sure that the drain hose are connected to the drains.
2. Unscrew the fastening nut and carefully remove the filtration unit form its holder. Make sure that all
the connecting hose is removed from the filtration unit before its removal from its holder.
3. Carefully remove the filter crown and fill the filtration unit with the particle provided with by the
laboratory instructor.
4. Place the filter crown to the filtration unit and place it back to its holder and fasten the fastening nut.
5. Connect all the hose to its proper position. The connection of the hose depends on the experiment
provided by the laboratory instructor.
6. To start, open the corresponding inflow distributor based on the experiment provided by your
laboratory instructor. Fill the filtration unit with water while the de-aeration valve is open to release
the air inside. Once filtration unit is filled with water, closed the de-aeration valve to prevent the water
from spilling.
7. Open the corresponding valve of the manometer you are instructed to use.
7.1 When using the 2-tube manometer allow first the manometer to be filled up with water. When
there is enough water, close the inlet manometer valve then open the de-aeration valve and
slowly drain both tubes until they both meet at the middle and in the same level. Close the
de aeration valve and open the inlet valve. To test for correct measurement close the flow
meter, open the inlet flow meter of the manometer and check for the level of the water if it is
still on the same level in reference with each other. If not repeat the procedure.
8. After the experiment, drain all the water, clean the filtration unit and close all the valves including the
main valve.
 THERMAL RADIATION SET-UP

Computer Controlled Thermal Radiation and Light Radiation Unit with SCADA (TRTC) is a unit designed to
demonstrate the laws of radiant heat transfer and radiant heat exchange. It basically consists in two
independent parts. One of the parts is for the light radiation experiments and another part is for the thermal
radiation experiments. The elements provided with the unit allow making the measuring of the temperature,
radiation, intensity of light and the power in the heating element or bulb. This Computer Controlled Unit is
supplied with the EDIBON Computer Control System (SCADA), and includes: The unit itself + a Control
Interface Box + a Data Acquisition Board + Computer Control, Data Acquisition and Data Management
Software Packages, for controlling the process and all parameters involved in the process.
OPERATING PROCEDURE:
1. Ask the laboratory assistant to turn on the main and individual breaker of the thermal radiation set-
up to supply power.
2. Plug in the unit, cpu and the monitor and turn on the breaker at the back of the control box of the
thermal radiation set up.
3. Turn ON the computer and switch ON the switch located at the control box to supply power to the
unit.
4. Initiate the TRTC SCADA program located at the desktop to start operating the unit.
4.1 Ask the laboratory assistant on duty for the borrowing of the accessories of the unit.
4.2 Connecting of accessories and sensors prior or during the experiment should be down with the
supervision of the laboratory assistant or laboratory instructor in charge.
5. Further instructions should be provided by the laboratory instructor as you proceed with the
experiment.
6. When turning OFF the unit. Shut down first the computer and turn off the switch on the control box.
7. Switch off the breaker at the back of the control box and unplug all units from the outlet.
8. Return all the accessories and sensors to the chemistry stockroom once the experiment is finished.
9. Ask the laboratory assistant on duty to switch off the breakers.
 PACKED BED DISTILLATION COLUMN

Packed columns are used for distillation, gas absorption and liquid-liquid extraction. The gas-liquid contact
in a packed column is continuous, not stage-wise, as in a plate column. The liquid flows down in the column
over a packing surface and the vapor (or the gas) moves counter-currently, up the column. The performance
of a packed column is very dependent on the maintenance of good liquid and gas distribution through the
packed bed, and this is an important consideration in packed column design.
There are some advantages and disadvantages for the plate and the packed columns.
1. Plate columns can be designed to handle a wider range of liquid and gas flow rates than packed
columns.
2. Packed columns are not suitable for very low liquid flow rates.
 3. The efficiency of a plate can be predicted more accurately than the equivalent terms of packings
(HETP or HTU).
4. For corrosive liquids a packed column will usually be cheaper than the equivalent plate column.
5. The liquid hold-up is lower in a packed column than in a plate column. This can be important when
the hold-up of toxic or flammable liquids must be kept as small as possible for safety reasons.
6. Packed columns are more suitable for handling foaming systems.
7. The pressure drop can be lower in a packed column than the equivalent plate column.

OPERATING PROCEDURE:
1. Check the set-up (main switch, control panel, joints and temperature probe) if it is in good condition
and works properly.
2. Fill up the vessel with the solution (either alcohol-water mixture or organic solution mixtures supplied
by the laboratory assistant) to be distilled. The height of the solution should be 1-2 inches above the
heating mantle to utilize its heating capacity.
3. Switch ON the main circuit breaker and the individual circuit breaker to power up the distillation
column set up (to be done by the laboratory assistant on duty). Then switch ON the control panel
and the heating mantle (labelled SPB1) and adjust the power control to the desired power of the
heating mantle.
4. Turn ON vacuum pump (periodically) and the gate valve of the water source of the condenser once
the solution starts to boil. Be sure that the stopcock of the glass receiver is closed.
5. When the vapour starts to rise in the condenser, immediately turn OFF the vacuum pump to prevent
it from sucking the vapour out of the set up into the vacuum pump.
6. Collect the sample by opening the stopcock of the glass receiver.
7. Proceed as what you are instructed to do by your laboratory instructor in conducting the experiment.
8. Temperature reading of the boiling solution, vapour and condensed liquid is indicated in the control
panel labelled temp 1, temp 2 and temp 3 accordingly.
9. Once your experiment is complete, turn OFF the power control, switch OFF the heating mantle and
the control panel and closed the stopcock.
10. Ask the laboratory assistant on duty to turn off the main and the individual circuit breaker to power
off completely the distillation set up.
 AGITATOR ASSEMBLY

Agitator assembly is a device or mechanism to put something into motion by shaking or stirring. There are
several types of agitation machines, including washing machine agitators (which rotate back and forth) and
magnetic agitators (which contain a magnetic bar rotating in a magnetic field). Agitators can come in many
sizes and varieties, depending on the application.
In general, agitators usually consist of an impeller and a shaft. An impeller is a rotor located within a tube or
conduit attached to the shaft. It helps enhance the pressure in order for the flow of a fluid be done. Modern
industrial agitators incorporate process control to maintain better control over the mixing process.
OPERATING PROCEDURE:
1. Remove all the baffles and ensure that the tank is clean.
2. Place the impeller of choice in the agitator shaft and insert the other end into the chuck assembly
of the motor. Set the elevation of the impeller above tank bottom to its minimum.
3. Fill the tank with water to the height specified by your laboratory instructor.
4. Switch ON the main and individual breaker to power up the motor. Plug in the unit to the socket
available at the right side of the agitator assembly and turn ON the switch at the control box located
above the socket.
5. Set the speed of the rotating shaft using the control knob located at the control box.
6. Proceed with the experiment according to the instructions provided by your laboratory instructor.
7. After the experiment turn OFF the motor and drain off the water in the tank.
8. Remove the impeller in the agitator shaft and ask the laboratory assistant on duty to switch OFF
the main and individual breaker to fully cut the power supply of the agitator assembly.
 TRAY DRIER ASSEMBLY

The tray dryer is the device used the drying of the wet products of the crude drugs, chemicals, powders or
the granules etc. The simplest form of the dryer in this category is a cabinet with a heater at the bottom that
is laboratory oven. These ovens are of very little value because there is no control of the heat transfer or
humidity. If a fan is fitted to the oven the forced hot air is circulated which helps in increasing the heat transfer
and also in reducing he local vlour concentrations. Despite this there is no adequate control. The best type
of a tray dryer is that of the directed circulation form, in which the air is heated and is directed across the
material in a controlled flow.The material to be dried is spread on the tiers of the trays. The trays used have
solid perforated or wire mesh bottoms. The screen tras are lined with paper so that the air circulates across
rather than through the drying materials.The paper is used as a disposable tray liner to reduce cleaning time
and also to prevent contamination of the product. In a modern tray dryers a uniform temperature and air is
maintained by the use of a well-insulated cabinet with strategically placed fans and heating coils. There is an
alternate arrangement of the sheleves so that air can flow uniformly without any obstructions. Heater is fixed
in such a way that the air is reheated before passing over each shelf. When the air passes over each shelf a
certain amount of heat is given up to provide latent heat of vaporisation. In such type of dryers there can be
a good control of heat and humidity provided it is designed correctly.
OPERATING PROCEDURE:
1. Check the set-up of the air drier. Make sure the pans inside are cleaned and the switches are OFF.
2. Switch ON the main and individual breakers to power up the equipment.
3. Push the ON switch to turn on the blower. Make sure that the windows located at each side of the
dries are open to allow the air circulation.
4. Turn the knob to the right to switch on the heating coils. To control the temperature, turn the knob
clockwise to increase the temperature and counter clockwise to lower the temperature.
5. Wait for further instructions by your laboratory instructor on how you will proceed with your
experiment.
6. After using the drier. Clean the try before putting it back in the drier. Make sure to turn OFF the
heating coils and blower and ask the supervision of the laboratory assistant in charge to turn off the
main and individual breakers to turn off the equipment.
 BOILER

A boiler is a closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated. The fluid does not necessarily boil. The
heated or vaporized fluid exits the boiler for use in various processes or heating applications, including water
heating, central heating, boiler-based power generation, cooking, and sanitation. The pressure vessel of a
boiler is usually made of steel (or alloy steel), or historically of wrought iron. Stainless steel, especially of the
austenitic types, is not used in wetted parts of boilers due to corrosion and stress corrosion cracking.[3]
However, ferritic stainless steel is often used in super heater sections that will not be exposed to boiling
water, and electrically heated stainless steel shell boilers are allowed under the European "Pressure
Equipment Directive" for production of steam for sterilizers and disinfectors. In live steam models, copper or
brass is often used because it is more easily fabricated in smaller size boilers. Historically, copper was often
used for fireboxes (particularly for steam locomotives), because of its better formability and higher thermal
conductivity; however, in more recent times, the high price of copper often makes this an uneconomic choice
and cheaper substitutes (such as steel) are used instead.
OPERATING PROCEDURE:
1. Power up the boiler room by switching on the main and individual breakers. Ask the assistance of
the Laboratory Assistant on duty for this step.
2. Check the water level in the water reservoir through the glass level indicator. If the water level is not
sufficient for the process (less than 50% of the capacity of the reservoir) turn on the valve at the
bottom of the tank and watch as the level rise. Turn it OFF immediately when the water reservoir is
almost full to avoid water overflow.
3. Check also if the fuel tank has sufficient amount (above 25% of the tank capacity). If not ask the
assistance of the laboratory assistant on duty to fill up tank with fuel.
4. Turn ON the supply valve for water (blue line) and fuel (red line) located at the bottom left of the
boiler.
5. Turn the knob located at the control panel to manual mode and push the ON button to start filling the
boiler with water. Water level in the boiler is monitored through the glass level indicator located at
the upper left side of the boiler. Make sure that the water level is only at 75% of the tank capacity
(just below the second line in the glass level indicator). Make sure that the drain valves located at
each side of the boiler is closed before filling it up with water.
6. When the above condition is met turn OFF the switch and push the OFF button in the control panel
to stop the operation.
7. Turn ON the switch to automatic mode and push the ON button to start the boiler. Switch ON the oil
burner and peep through the sight glass located at the lower right side of the boiler or look at the oil
burner sight glass if it is already firing.
8. The boiler will automatically shut off when it generates a pressure of 5 bar and it will resume on firing
when the pressure build up is at 3 bar. Periodically check the water level of the water reservoir to
avoid depletion of water in the boiler.
9. When turning off the boiler switch OFF all switches and power button in the control panel and close
all the supply valves. Wait for a few hours to cool down the water in the boiler before draining water.
10. Ask for the help of laboratory assistant in switching OFF the main and individual breakers to cut off
the power supply in the boiler room.
 PULVERIZER

The Pulverizer is a machine added by Thermal Expansion. It smashes blocks and items and pulverizes Ores
into twice as much dust. Pulverized ores can be cooked in the Induction Smelter, Electric Furnace, or any
other furnace, to produce ingots. The secondary byproduct of pulverizing only happens a percentage of the
time. It requires an Engine to run, or a filled red stone energy cell.
There is a small chance to receive a secondary byproduct when using the Pulverizer, this giving it a slight
advantage over the Macerator. However, this machine is limited to those items listed in the table below and
therefore cannot be used with all of the Ores in certain Mod packs associated with FTB.
The Pulverizer has a maximum power of 4 MJ/t and can store up to 4800 MJ. The pulverizer can be powered
by any type of engine. However, it is recommended to use at least one or multiple red stone energy cells
(powered by a series of engines) for it to work consistently.
OPERATING PROCEDURE::
1. Switch ON the main and individual breaker.
2. Before plugging the unit, inspect first the inside of the unit if it is dirty by loosening the screw found
at the left side of the pulveriser unit. If it is dirty, remove the screen and clean it along with the inside
of the unit.
3. Place back the screen, close the unit and tighten the screw.
4. Put the sample to be powdered in the mouth located in the middle part of the unit.
5. Switch ON the power button to start crushing.
6. There is a small metal plate that can be pulled up and push down to allow or block the material from
entering the pulverizer. Pull the plate to let a small amount of material to enter and push it to give
time for the pulvurizer to powderized the material before opening it again.
7. Powdered sample will be withdrawn directly at the bottom of the unit.
8. When finished, switch of the power button and unplug the unit.
9. Make sure that the unit and area are clean before leaving the room.
10. Ask the laboratory assistant in charge to switch OFF the main and individual breaker.
 JAW CRUSHER

A jaw crusher uses compressive force for breaking of particle. This mechanical pressure is achieved by the
two jaws of the crusher of which one is fixed while the other reciprocates. A jaw or toggle crusher consists of
a set of vertical jaws, one jaw is kept stationary and is called a fixed jaw while the other jaw called a swing
jaw, moves back and forth relative to it, by a cam or pitman mechanism, acting like a class II lever or a
nutcracker. The volume or cavity between the two jaws is called the crushing chamber. The movement of the
swing jaw can be quite small, since complete crushing is not performed in one stroke. The inertia required to
crush the material is provided by a weighted flywheel that moves a shaft creating an eccentric motion that
causes the closing of the gap.
Jaw crushers are heavy duty machines and hence need to be robustly constructed. The outer frame is
generally made of cast iron or steel. The jaws themselves are usually constructed from cast steel. They are
fitted with replaceable liners which are made of manganese steel, or Ni-hard (a Ni-Cr alloyed cast iron). Jaw
crushers are usually constructed in sections to ease the process transportation if they are to be taken
underground for carrying out the operations.
OPERATING PROCEDURE:
1. Switch ON the main and individual breaker and plug in the unit.
2. Adjust the bolt located near the product outlet to control the size of the product.
3. Put the sample to be crushed in the mouth located at the top of the unit.
4. Switch ON the power button to start grinding.
5. Crushed sample will be withdrawn directly at the bottom of the unit.
6. When finished, switch of the power button and unplug the unit.
7. Make sure that the unit and area are clean before leaving the room.
8. Ask the laboratory assistant in charge to switch OFF the main and individual breaker.