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ln the summer of 1905, a young man was sitting at home after a day's work.
While rocking his one-year-old baby, he thought something over. Suddenly, it
came to him! The equation 'e = mc'' was born, an equation which would
change our understanding of the universe but would help to create the nuclear bomb.
Before you starl Albert Einstein was aware of recent developments, such as Marie Curie's research into
radioactivity, but he had been working on his own. His mould-breaking equation
L fry to match the discoveries showed how a small piece of mass could produce an unbelievable amount of energy.
(1-5) with how they were Einstein then demonstrated in his 'theory of relativity' that not even time, mass or
discovered (a-e). length are constant - they vary according to our perspective of them. For example, if
1 the equation e: mc' we could see people moving at t*re speed of light, they would appear much heavier
2 Hubbte's law and larger and would seem to move in slow motion.
3 penicitlin
4 the first computer By the time Einstein had become world-famous,
5 the model of DNA / a young ex-lawyer returning from the First World
I lir started work at the Morrnt
War ctnrtcd Wilson
Mount Wilson
a scientists worked together as a
obs"ruatory in California. Using the most high-
lil
team powered telescope of its tlme, he began a
b there was a lucky accident
{l
i painstakingly slow observation of nebulae, small
c a scientist observed something i patches of light that appeared outside our galaxy.
" very carefutty r Edwin Hubble was on the brink of making the
d a scientist had a moment of greatest astronomical breakthrough of the century.
inspiration He discovered that these nebulae were in fact
e scientists were competing to galaxies like our own, millions of light years away
make a discovery from us, which proved that the universe was vastly
larger than had previously been thought. Then,
Hubble proved that the universe is actually expanding
Reuding
and that the further away galaxies are the faster they move.
2 Read the text and check your
guesses from Exercise 1. Just before Hubble's Law was published in 1929, another
far-reaching finding was made by the son of a Scottish
3 Read the Strategies. shepherd. Before going on holiday, he left a petri dish
with bacteria near the window of his laboratory. When he
Reading Strategies: came back, he was just about to throw the dish away
when he noticed something out of the ordinary. He
An:;,nrerinq TrLre/False questions
double-checked and saw a blue mould in the dish around
r First, read the text to get the which the bacteria had been destroyed. This blue mould
generaI idea. was in fact the natural form of penicillin which Fleming
o Then read the questions/ realised was an effective way of killing bacteria. A few years
statements and identify later, penicillin was being mass-produced and helping to
important words. save the lives of millions. Despite the outcome of his discovery, Fleming remained
I
o Find the retevant part of the modestand unassuming.'Nature makes penicillin,'he said,'l justfound it.'He was not
I
text and identify the even involved in manufacturing it.
important words.
h
o Decide if the important words During the Second World War when penicillin was first being used, the US Navy were rll
L5
in the question/statement and looking for ways of improving the accuracy of their artillery shells, but this involved
text express the same ideas. incredibly complex calculations. The navy turned to Eckert, an engineer, and Mauchly, a
physicist, to produce a machine to do the job. Although they and their team did not

:5t+1
.,t- ..t

':ish the machine until after the war,
" February 1946,it did not matter.
*rey Vocubulary:
had produced the world's first
:omputer. Eniac (Electronic Numerical Compound Words
rtegrator and Computer) was huge,
'neasuring'100 feet long by over'10
feet high and weighing over 30 ffi, Lexicsn, prge J5 -#-';.
w ry s

:ons. lt contained 18,000 tubes and

rad more than 5,000 switches. lt 5 match the catesories (a-e) with " W g i t
consumed so much energy that when it was turned on, the lights the examples from the text (1-5). W*
in the local town went dim. However, it worked and it was the Then add examples of your own.
first programmable computer.
a compound noun (noun + noun)
b compound noun (verb + preposition)
The computer arrived too late to help c compound noun (adjective + noun)
in the next ground-breaking find. From d compound verb
the mid 1940s, biologists knew about e compound adjective
a molecule that had an important role 1 one-year-o[d; ground-breaking; time-
in passing on genetic information for consuming; far-reaching; high-powered
all living things. However, they did 2 telephone directory; human being; data
not know how it worked and the processing; jigsaw puzzte; CD player
r,@egun. 3 slow motion; nuclear bomb
Then, two youn! scintl 4 breakthrough; setback; outcome; outtook
Cambridge University saw the 5 mass-produce; doubte-check
results of some studies by Rosalind
Franklin. The last piece of the jigsaw puzzle had fallen into place. 6 uake the ptural of the compound nouns
ln 1953, Watson and Crick published their model of the DNA molecule. in Exercise 5 (e.9. human beings). Which'
As a result, in 2000, after years of time-consuming and expensive two nouns can you not make plural? Why
research using computerised data processing and despite many not?
setbacks, the so-called 'genome' for human beings was discovered. 75
The four chemicals in our DNA combine to produce a code that would
fill over 500,000 pages of a telephone directory and that contains Speoking
information about our 100,000 genes. Already, this has helped doctors
to cure some hereditary illnesses and the outlook for the future seems 7 Work in pairs. Discuss these questions
promising. with your partner.
1 Which of the discoveries mentioned in the
text has been the most important so far?
4 Are these statements (7-72) true (T) or fatse (F) whv?
I
according to the text? Use the Strategies to help you. 2 Which discovery wit[ have the most
important consequences in the future?
1 fl Einstein was at work when he thought of the formu[a whv?
'e = mc", 3 Which of the scientists in the text do you
2 n Einstein was the first man to think of the nuclear bomb. admire most? Why?
3 tr Einstein observed changes in time, size and mass. 4 Which of the discoveries is the most
4 n Hubbl.e studiedthe nebulae durinq World War I. difficutt to understand?
5 I Hubble discovered that our gataxy is getting bigger.
6 I Fteming had been studying bacteria in his laboratory 8 AS.iun." Quiz. Work in pairs. Student A
turns to page 134 and Student B to page
when the discovery happened.
136. Ask and answer the questions.
7 E There was a blue mould around the bacteria in the dish.
SI Fleming devetoped the process for manufacturing
peniciltin.
I n The Eniac project failedto meet its originaL objective. PUoTr,.... UNpUOTE
'Creativity in science could be described as the act
10 n The Eniac was too big to programme.
of puttind tryo and two todether to ynalre five.'
11 I The code for the DNA motecute has over half a mitlion
*hr'r Koestler (rao-rat), briUsh arrthor
letters in it.
12 Ll The process of decoding the human genome was long
and costty.

,55
tr
 Belore you slart

I L toot at the headtines below. What do V

think they mean?
o From Astrotogy to Futurotogy Hannah Iones gazes into the
o The Future Business. future of futurology.
. Tomorrow's Wortd
o A Perfect Future? confess I am obsessed with the future * and I am not
only one. Over the centuries, people have used the stars,
Read the article and choose the best title for cards, crystal balls and even tea-leaves to look into the
it. future. I still read my horoscope every day: '\Mhen you get home
on Friday, you will receive some very good news.' or At the
l-r 2 Wtrictr of the predictions woutd you tike or
i: not like to come true? Why?
weekend, after you've done the shopping, you will have a
pleasant surprise.' I never do have a pleasant surprise in the
supermarket car park, but who knows? One day I might!
Revision: The Future This weekend, however, we will get a surprise because hundreds
of futurologists are meeting at Newcastle University. The
3 ttatch the sentences from the text conference starts on Thursday and the experts will be discussing
(1-8) with the uses (a-g). the impact of technology on the future. The future is now big
business. I logged on to the websites of some professional
7 T might gef a pleasant surprise one day.
futurologists and found these predictions:
2 This weekend hundreds of futurotogists are
meeting at Newcastte University. . The technology already exists, so very soon all of us are going to
3 The conference starts on Thursday.
use our voices to give instructions to computers.
4 Att of us are going to use our voices to give . In the next fewyears, we will be communicating with our
instructions to computers.
friends around the world using life-sized video images on large
5 Tiny robots may be sent around our bodies.
screens in our living rooms.
6 I'm sure you'll ogree. . By the year 2020, computers will already have become more
7 I'm going to give up astrotogy.
efficient and powerful than the human brain, both in terms of
8 I'll be there in Newcastte this weekend.
intelligence and the amount of information they can store.
. By the year 2030, genetic engineering and nanotechnology will
a an arrangement for the future
enable us to live for at least 150 years. Using nanotechnology,
b a future fact
tiny, insect-like robots may be sent around our bodies to carry
c a firm prediction based on speaker's/writer/s
out repairs and keep us healthy.
opinion . By the middle of the century, computers, millions of times
d a weak prediction (x2)
smarter than us, will have been developed. By this time, we will
e an intention
be linking our brains with'ultra-smart' computers. A new species
f a spontaneous decision
might have developed -'Homo Cyberneticus'.
N

s a prediction based on observabte evidence . By the end of the century we will have colonised our solar
i
system and will be looking for ways to colonise deep space.
4 Wtrich of the predictions expressed in the
text: Much more interesting than horoscopes, I am sure you will agreel
I've decided I'm going to give up astrology and take up futurology
a are definitely going to happen (we can see
- I'll be there in Newcastle this weekend. At nine o'clock on
evidence now)?
Saturday morning, I'll be sitting in the front row and listening to
b witl probabty happen (this is your opinion)? the great Duke Willard talking about the future of my brain.
c may happen in your lifetime (there is a If you cant beat the future, join it!
chance they witt happen)?
d might happen in your lifetime (there is a
sma[[ chance that they will happen)?

t
 .h"tr
-?g
v ':

.i" lS "Y:*
8 Comptete these predictions about the wortd in 2020 by putting
entqiion:' the verbs in brackets either in the Future Perfect or the Future
FuTure Perfect, Fulure Continuous Continuous.

5 tn which of these sentences do we

1 people (use) solar energy extensivety
emphasise that the underlined activity
2 peopte (use) up a[[ natural resources of oiI
must be finished before the other one
3 people (traveL) into space on a regutar basis
happens?
4 peopte (eat) onty genetically engineered food
5 traditionaI farms (disappear)
1 When you get home on Friday, you'[[ 6 many new galaxies (discover)
receive good news. 7 Mars and Venus (investigate) and (describe) in detaiL
2 After you've_dpnelhc_s_happxtg, you'[[ 8 scientists (study) chances of peopte settting down in other
have a pleasant surprise. gataxies

9 loot at the programme of the futurologists' conference and the

6 wni.n of the tenses betow refers to: cues (1-7)be1ow. Write full sentences using the Future Perfect or
the Future Continuous.
a something that witt finish before a
certain time in the future? Example 7 p.m. on Friday - the participants attend a panet discussion
b something that witl" be in progress At 7 p.m. on Fiday the participants will be ottending a ponel discussion.
at a certain time in the future?
Friday
Future Perfect p.m.
By the end of the century, we wi[[ have
4- 5.30 Prof Howard Green: Alternative Sources of Energy -
New Perspectives
colonised our solar system.
6 - 7.30 p.m. Panel discussion: Love and Friendship in the 21st
Future Continuous century
At nine o'ctock on Saturday morning, 8 p.m. Reception
I'tt be sitting in the front row and
Saturday
listening to the great Duke Wittard.
9 - 11.30 a.m. Prof Duke Willard: The Future of the Human Brain
Find more examples of the tenses in 12 - 1.30 p.m. Dr B. A. Lorry: Vehicles of the Future
the text. 2 - 3.00 p.m. Lunch

Grammar Summary 5, poge 147.

4 - 5.30 p.m. Prof Stella Spacek: Exploration of Mars and Venus
6 - 7.30 p.m. Dr D.N.A. Gene: Genetics - Hope or Threat?
8 p.m. Reception t:

Prsclice a:

Sunday j

7 9 -'l 1.30 a.m. Panel discussion: Earth in 2050

Comptete the sentences using the
12.00 a.m. Closing ceremony
Present Perfect.
7 I'tt
hel.p you as soon as I
2 She can't buy a computer untiI she
1 5 p.m. on Friday - Prof Howard Green gives a lecture on atternative
sources of energy

3 You can leave the exam room onty

2 Saturday [unchtime - the participants listen to three [ectures
after you
3 2.30 p.m. on Saturday - everyone has [unch
4 I't[ phone you when I
4 Saturday night - the participants have a reception
5 We'l.L Let you know as soon as
5 Sunday morning - the participants attend two receptions
6 Sunday noon - they identify a few probtems of the future
Your tetephone [ine wit[ be activated
7 the end of the conference - the futurotogists discuss many important
issues
on[y after
10 Wort in pairs. Make predictions about each other in ten years'
time. Say what you think about your partne/s predictions.
Example
A I think thot in ten years'time you'll be working os a vet.
B I hope so!
1 Wil.L he/she be living here or abroad? Where?
2 How many jobs wiLL he/she have had by that time?
3 What wit[ he/she have achieved?
4 Wil.l. he/she be married? For how [ong?
Wil.l. helshe have any chitdren?
 It Ai'Ti fi eierl fi
"T,!,p
;{1.1 i-"*a-.
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*4;
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I
i3-,
b* ..r" A
rfl
lH"
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j
I
,'i,i
t-i T t=-
Look at the pictures. Work in pairs and t''j
discuss these questions. ,9 1
$-t
1 What science fiction fitms have you seen that ' :'"'r'-'*''3
&pr,
have intelligent robots or androids? ",',..,'fu
2 How did the robots behave towards humans? *q
f,-@. N#'
nrL
3 Which of these things can robots and computers t'r.;
Ita,
""
t {''\
do now?

work in factories, ptay footbatl, control cars and

r
v":
I
*l'*+},
ii,.,ri,l
ptanes, beat us at chess, compose music, give us
the news, speak to us, have a reaI conversation W r* 1
I
r;
-.,',m.
"1".{;i ".
3':
with us, have feetings

Check your answers to number 3 on page 135.

And tonight she's in the studio for an interview
with us, wet[, 1 , she's here on
screen, of course, because she's not reat, she's a
virtual character - just an image. 2 _
Listen to the interview with Ananova and answer It's not a real interview. 3 is that we
the questions. sent the questions to her programmers beforehand.
1 Where can you see and hear her? What does she do?
4 creators decided what you
2 Does Ananova reatly exist? Can she reatly talk? shoutd took [ike?
3 Why are there no photos of her as a chiLd? 5
, they onty receive what they want
4 How does she find news stories? to know.
5 What are her ptans for the future? 6 -your I have no chil"dhood.
7 is how you are so quick.
Do you think Ananova is intelligent? Why/Why not? I- is how do you gather the news so
quickLy?
Listen to the interview again. Complete the Function I also have a 'Web Spider'- 9
Fite with these expressions. searches the Internet.
10 they tett you whethe, to smile or
In other words, Is that clear?,
What I don't quite understand, To put it another way, read in a serious voice?
what I mean is, What that means, So does that mean, So what next? 11 what are the p[ans
Coutd you exptain how, What I'm trying to say. for Ananova?
What I'm getting at, that's a programme which, I mean tz - is I wiLt detiver the latest stories
that you're interested in wherever you are.
rX "tr

- h*
1

w
 tt lvw I l'Urtl LVI'V

. l.
) PeoKlng Vocubulury: Multi-port Verbs

+ in pairs. Student A turns to page 134 and

Work 7 tttatctr these verbs with the botd words in the
!:udent to page 136. Read the notes about the robots.
B text.
-!,cd your own information.
take'ove watked out, get across, give away,
get on wet[, is to do with, makes up for, came out,
5 Exptain your robot to your partner using expressions make out, got a lot out of
rom the Function Fite. Ask questions about your
:artne/s robot. The woman (1) enjoyed the fitm, even though it
(2) was released a long time ago. She explains that
: (ampte
I

t, It's quite What that means is that it goes at about

when it was first shown, some people couldn't
fast. (3) understand what it was about and (4) [eft. In
a0 kph.
her opinion, the director (5) compensates for the
3 What I don't quite understond is how it moves.
lack of pLot by using visual effects and emptoys
\ Well, it's got wheels.
music to (6) communicate the mood of the fitm.
B So could you explain how it goes up stsirs?
The woman talks about the ptot of the fi[m but she
does not (7) reveal the ending. Among other
Listening things, the film (8) is about inteltigent machines.
in the story, some astronauts and a computer
6 Read the Strategies. (9) have a good relationship but then the
computer tries to (10) take control.
Li slen!4 g Strategi es:
l'luttipte Matching (statements and opinions) [istening
. Before you listen, read the statements. Undertine the
O g Listen to the story of HAL and answer the
Key Words. questions.
Use the clues (tit[e, pictures, head[ines, etc) to decide
what the text wi[[ be about. 1 How many astronauts are there on the ship? How
Listen for important words. Don't worry if you don't many are in 'hibernation'?
understand everything. 2 Why do Frank and Dave tatk about disconnecting
Listen carefutty for the opinions in the text. They HAL?
usuatty contain adjectives that show what a person 3 Why does HAL start kitLing the astronauts?
thinks about something (e.9. popuLar, fascinating). 4 Why does HAL refus to let Dave back into the
Check that the extra statements do not match the spaceship?
text. 5 What emotions does HAL feel when he is being
discon nected?
Listen to two people talking about their favourite film, 6 Why does HAL sing a song before he 'dies'?
Q
'- 2001: A Space 0dyssey. Who makes the statements below,
the woman (W) or the man (M)? There is one extra
statement.

1[ The film was made quite a long time ago, but you
tonparing tnfure
can sti[[ learn a [ot from it. Work in pairs. Discuss these questions.
2n People's opinion of the fiLm hasn't changed since 1 Do you think technotogy and the media have
it was first shown. made cultures around the wortd more simitar?
3I The fiLm is not similar to others of this kind How?
" because little happens in it. 2 Wil.t different cuttures and languages disappear
4J The fitm uses a lot of music especiatLy classical in the future? How can cuttures and [anguages
pieces. be protected?
5 fl of how a similar object is
The fiLm teLls the story
found at two different points in time.
6I White trave[ing to another planet, on[y one
'membe/ of the crew knows the truth. PUom,.... uNPUOm,
7 fl The film provokes deeper reflection on the fi.t hrv. t.corn. the tools of their tools.'
meaning and origins of human [ife. II.D. Thor.au, *rerican writer (tE:.,-tBGt)
8I The fi[m makes you consider possible future
probtems with robots.
Writing
Before you start

1 Read the text and match the

headings (1-5) betow with the
paragraphs (A-E).
t how the event developed
2 basic information about the event
3 opinion and recommendation
4 how the event started
5 the most important part of the event

2 Find words in the text that mean

the same as the expressions in botd
below. Paragraph letters are in
brackets.

1 It is atl about exploring space (A) Yesterday, I wentto the opening of a new exhibition on space
2 The thing kicked off with a tatk (B) 1
exploration. ln order to make the event interesting and memorable, it
3 There were so many things to do was organised in a very exciting way.
that we took breaks (C)
4 The model was Life-Like so we could It started with a speech by one of the organisers, Paul Bowles, who
see what it was Like (D)
explained the aims of the show. 2 As he said, although we have done a
5 This event is a good model for
lot of research and left our mark on many planets, space exploration is
future shows to fottow (E)
still in its infancy. He then told us how the exhibition was arranged
3 Match the expressions (1-a) in 3 so that we could walk through it on our own and enjoy it at our own
bold from the text with these phrases. pace. As the exhibition was so huge, there were maps and signs
everywhere 4 in case anyone got lost or confused.
just beginning, a model,
the possibilities are endtess,
shown we've been there The exhibition began in a huge, dark room 5 to reflect the main theme
of the exhibition -
the solar system. We looked up at the planets on
1 We have left our mark
the ceiling while gentle music played in the background 6 to get us in
2 is stilt in its infancy.
3 The sky's the limit. the right mood. Then, our guides, dressed up as robots, took us to the
4 The best thing was a reptica of the next room in which we could see the first spaceships and probes used
InternationaI Space Station. 7 for taking people into space. S Because of the number of exhibits and
the amount of information, we were encouraged to take a break every
now and again 9 so we didn't get too tired. Refreshments were served
by aliens in long robes, presumably to add to the atmosphere.

The best thing about the exhibition was a replica of the lnternational
Space Station. The model was very realistic and, 10 as a result, we were
able to get a real feel for what life was like on the space station. The
guides allowed us to turn keys and push buttons on the control panels
11 so as to be able to experience it all fully.

To conclude, I would say that the opening of this exhibition was a

fantastic event. The idea of launching an exhibition with an interactive
event like this, 12 so that the public can really'experience'it, is an
example for other museums to follow. There are many ideas here that
could be developed in future events of this kind. The sky's the limit!
 ,lia lnri'tr

A Desupon ol an Event
Write a description of an interesting event you
have been to. Foltow the stages.

Writing Help 5, page 140.

Stage I
Choose an event.

Here are some suggestions:

. a new exhibition in a museum/gaLtery
. a pubtic talk or ratly
o the opening of a new shopping centre/pubtic
buiLding

Stage 2
Ptan your description using the headings from
Exercise 1. Write notes on the different stages of
your event.

Stage 3
Use your ptan to write the description.

Stage 4
Check your description.

falkbock
4 Ctassify the tinking words underlined in the text Work in pairs. Read each other's descriptions. Then
asaorb. te[[ your partner:
a reason (explains the cause of an action) o what (for you) is the most interesting information
b purpose (shows the aim of an action)
in his/her description
Example
o what information is not so interesting for you
7 In order to = b o if any part of the text is not very clear or difficutt
to understand
Which of the linkers are fotlowed by modal verbs?

5 Comptete the second sentence so that it has a lislening: A Song

similar meaning to the first sentence. ln the year 25e5 (by Zager and Evans)
1 Take an umbrelta because it might rain.
Take an umbretla in case
O I Listen to the song about the future. Which
years are mentioned?
2 Bring your costume to swim in the river.
Bring your costume so that 2929, 3535, 4545, 5555, 6565,7575,8595, 9595
It's foggy so you can't drive fast.
You can't drive fast due to_ . O Z Listen again. Which of these things are
if you leave your telephone number, we't[ contact you. predicted?
Leave your telephone number so that
intelligent machines, pitLs that control you, test-tube
5 My aunt's coming so don't come round.
babies, machines for doing everything, an invasion
Dont come round because of
by atiens, changes in our bodies, a nuctear war,
Check if he's in by giving him a ring.
space trave[ to other stars, the end of humankind
Ring him up first in order to _ .
Wear warm clothes as the nights can be very cotd.
Wear warm ctothes in case
You might spitl, it if you fiLL the jug too much.
Don't fitl the jug too much so as to
 (ommunicution Workshops
$pmkmg

Sefarrc y*w sfmrf

$. tisten to a class presentation about

Mars and comptete the notes.

The qvarvily \ Mr\Ys is (l) .

Carrryorrs atr varlleys show thatt irr the pasl here wats @)

The arslyorrorrev Schiarpawelli obsewe O _ .

- har (+)
lrr H.G. Wells'boob |,tat'iarrrs .

l,\ali\ev 4 *lew parsl lhe platrrel i\ (9 .

Parlh*inev wr'rs ar st^ccess lrecarhse * G) .

NASA clarime lharl ar u,releovite ?yve^ - O) -- .

A slr^y oP lhe r^releovile \\7001 *oqt\ - (8)

fl matrlrre rrission lo Matrs woqla trrke - (i)
"trroq

A Presentution
Give a five-minute presentation to

#: r:t &&.sfppssot the rest of the class (about the

event you described in the Writing
i"ige,.1i.i i:q Workshop). Follow the stages.

ptatctr the expressions from the presentation (1-9) with why we

use them (a-g). Srrge I
1 Today I'm going to tatk about... a to refer to a drawing or photo Look at your notes from Stage 2 of
2 As you can see in this photo... b to start off the presentation the Writing Workshop. Add notes for
3 c to finish the presentation
WetL, first I'd Like to taLk about... your objectives (beginning) and for a
4 What about the history of ...? d to start the conclusion summary (at the end). Undertine the
5 Right, now [et's look at ... e to introduce the first topic important information to help you
6 Another period of great interest ... f to introduce a new topic with remember it.
7 So what is the future of ...? a question (x2)
8 To sum up, ... g to introduce a new topic (x2) 5r*g* *
9 Thats a[l.. Thank you. Look at the expressions in the
Function Fite in Lesson 19 and in the
Chatroom in this lesson. Practise
; Read the Strategies. Which of them do you think are the most useful? giving your talk to yoursetf.

Speaking Strategies:
Sroge 3
r First, make sure you understand the subject and have collected Give your presentation to the rest of
enough information. the ctass. When listening to other
. To prepare, choose the most interesting information. Then write notes people. take notes about their talk.
about what you want to say. Do not write out your presentation.
r Find visuat aids to help you: slides, photos, diagrams, etc. f'sf&&srr{
o Practise giving your presentation to yoursetf. Go through it again just Work in pairs. Discuss these things:
before you give it.
. If you get very nervous beforehand, breathe in and out deeply a few 1 Which was the most interesting
times. presentation? Why?
o At the start, state ctearly what you are going to tatk about. 2 Which subject would you like to
o If you make a mistake or forget something, don't worry - continue find more about?
tatking. 3 Which of the Speaking Strategies
. Finish your presentation with a summary of the main points and then were the most useful?
ask for any questions. 4 What were the biggest probtems
you had?

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