CM ued SL eC CC a= ANSYS Mechanical APDL Introductory Tutorials AANSYS, Inc. Release 15.0 Southpointe November 2013 275 Technology Drive Canonsburg,PA 15317 ARSE EE [email protected] eerfed e150 http//wwwansys.com 20012008 (1) 724-746-3304 (F)724-514-s494Copyright and Trademark Information {© 2013 SAS IP Inc. All rights reserved. Unauthorizec use, distibution or duplication is prohibitec. ANSYS, ANSYS Workbench, Ansoft, AUTODYN, EKM, Engineering Knowledge Manager, CFX, FLUENT, HFSS and any and all ANSYS, Inc. brane, product, service and feature names, logos and slogans are registered trademarks o° trademarks of ANSYS, Inc. or its subsidiaries in the United States or other countries. ICEM CFD is a trademark used by ANSYS, Inc. under license. CFX is a trademark of Sony Corporation in Japan. All other brand, product, service land feature names or trademarks are the property of their respective owners. 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Government users, except as specifically granted by the ANSYS, Inc. software license agreement, the use, duplication, or disclosure by the United States Government is subject to restrictions stated in the ANSYS, Inc software license agreemant and FAR 12.212 (for nen-DOD licenses). Third-Party Software See the legal information in the product help files for the complete Legal Notice for ANSYS prosrietary software and third-party software. if you are unable to access the Legal Notice, please contact ANSYS, Inc. Published in the USATable of Contents Welcome tc the Mechanical APDL introductory Tutorials, 1.Start Here .... 1.1. Abeut These Tutorials. 1.1.1. Preparing Your Screen “12. Formats and Conventions Jsed 1.1.2.1. Task Steps 1.1.2.2. Action Substeps .. 1.1.2.3.Picking Graphics. 1.1.2.4 Interim Result Graph cs. 1.13,Jobrames and Preferences 1.1.4, Choosing a Tutori 1.2. Glossary . 2. Structural Tutorial 2.1. Static Analysis of a Comer Bracket 2.1.1. Problem Specification .. 2.1.2. Problem Description 2.1.2.1.Given 2.1.2.2. Approach and Assumptions 21.2.3, Summary Of StePS wasn 2.1.3.Build Geometty .. 2.1.3.1.Step 1: Define rectangles. ... 2.1'3.2 Step 2: Change plot controls anu replat 2.1.3.3.Step 3: Change working plane to polar and create first cicle.. 2.1.3.4,Step 4: Move working plane and create seconc circle. 2.1.3.5. Step 5:Add areas. . - 2.1.3.6.Step 6:Create line fillet 2.1.3.7.Step 7:Create fillet a6... 2.1.38 Step 8: Add areas together. 2.1.3.8, Step 9: Create first pin hole. 2.1.3.10,Step 10: Move working plane and create second pin hole, ..rssnennnnnmnnsenaennee 2b 2.1.3.11,Step 11:Subtract pin holes from bracket. soe 2D 2.1.3.12. Step 12:Save the database as MOdEL.Cb, neni wvernnnsnnnnninennnnnneennnenns «BB 2.14. Define Materials 23 2.1.4.1. Step 13:Set preferences. 2B 2.1.4.2.Step 14:Define mate‘al propert es. 23 24 24 225 25 26, 2.1.43. Step 15:Detine element typesand options. 2.1.4.4,Step 16:Define real constants, 1.5. Generate Mesh 2415.1.Step 17:Mesh the area... 2.1.5.2. Step 18:Save the database as mesh. ‘Apply Loads . 26 2.1.6.1. Step 19:Apply displacement constraints. 26 2.1.6.2. Step 20: Apply pressure load. 2 2.1.7, Obtain SOLUTION s.r susmnnnnennnmannaniannennninnmnnneinnmnnmannie 2B 2.1.7.1. Step 21:Solve. 2B 2.1.8. Review Results 29 29 29 30 30 2.1.8.1, Step 22:Enter the general postprocessor and read in the resuls. 2.1.8.2. Step 23:Plot the deformed shape. 2.1.83. Step 24: Plot the von Mises equivalent stress. 2.1.8.4,Step 25:List reaction solution, TSB ASTE TREAT AG Te COST OTA I COTBCTT TTT ROR ‘fants nc ana ubudansand atte. ¥Introductory Tutorials 2.1.85. Step 26: Exit the ANSYS program... - 31 3.Thermal Tutorial. 3.1.Solidification oF a Casting .. 3.1.1. Problem Specification .. 3.1.2. Problem Description 3.1.2.1.Given so 3.1.2.2. Approach and Assumptions 3.1.2.3, Summary of Steps 35 3.1.3. Prepare for a Thermal Analysis... 36 3.13.1.Step 1:Set preferences. . 36 3.14, Input GEOMetTY .n.rssessnmmnneeimnenneuneinnennnnmnaninesnnennecanennemmenies 36 3.1.4.1. Step 2:Read in the geometry of the casting, 36 3.15. Define Material... 37 3.15.1. Step 3:Define material properties. 37 Plot material properties vs. temperature. 38 3.1.53. Step 5:Define cement type. 39 3.1.6, Generate Mesh .. 3.1.6.1. Step 6:Mesh the model 39 3.1.7 Apply LOAM none etnitetternneensicl 3.1.7.1.Step 7:Apply convection loads on the exposed boundary lines... a 3.1.8, Obtain Solution 3.1.8.1. Step 8:Define analysis type. 3.1.8.2.Step 9:Examine solution control. 3.1.8.3. Step 10: Specify initial conditions for the transient 3.1.8.4.Step 11:Set time, time step se, and related parameters... ccncnensnnnnnnnnnnsnne MB 3.1.85. Step 12:Set output CONEIOIS. ..rnsinsennnsnnnniinesnnannnnnnimnaniesnnnnisenne AS 3.1.86. Step 13:Solve. - 7 45 3.1.9, Review Results 3.1.9.1.Step 14: Enter the time-histo-y postprocessor and define variables, 3.1.9.2.Step 15:Plot temperature vs.time. 3.1.9.3. Step 16:Set up to animate the results 3.1.9.4.Step 17: Animate the results. 3.1.9.5. Step 18:Exit the ANSYS program. 4, Electromagnetics Tutorial 4,1. Magnetic Analysis of a Solenoid Actuator 4.1.1. Problem Specification 4.1.2. Problem Description ... 4.1.2.1.6iven 4.1.2.2. Approach and Assumptions 4.1.23.Summaty of Steps ... 4.13. Input Geometry 4.1..1.Step 1:Read in geometry input file. 4.14, Define Materials 4.1.4.1. Step 2:Set preferences. 4.1.42.Step 3:Specify material properties. 4.1.5.Generate Mesh 4.1.5.1.Step 4:Define element types and options. 4.1.5.2.Step 5:Assign material properties. 4.153.Step 6:Specify meshing-size controls on ait gap... 4.1.5.4.Step 7:Mesh the model using the MeshTool.. 4.1.5.5.Step 8:Scale model to meters for solution. 4.1.6. Apply Loads SE TEO- SISTER GR TTC RO a I SBCA ASTRO " OFANSYS Inc ands subsslares an lites,Introductory Tutorials 4.1.6.1.Step 9: Define the armature asa compenent. 7 58 4.1.6.2.Step 10:Apply force boundary conditions to armature, =) 4,1.63,Step 11:Apply the current density. 59 4.1.6.4, Step 12:0bte 7. Obtain Solution 4.17.1. Step 13:S0WVe. 4.1.8, Review Results 4.1.8.1.Step 14:Plot the fluxlines in the mode. 4,1.8.2.Step 15:Summarize magnetic forces. on 1 4.1.83 Step 16:Plot the flux density as vectors. -61 4,1.8.4,Step 17:Plot the macnitude of the flux AeNsity, wn. nuannmeuannennnemmennesenniense OF 4,1.8.5,Step 18:Exit the ANSYS program. 62 5. Micro-Electromechanical System (MEMS) Tutorial 63 5.1. Multiphysics Analysis of a Thermal Actuator 63 5.1.1. Problem Specification .. 63 2, Problem Description . 6+ 60 60 - 60 - 60 60 a flux parallel field solution. 4 5.1.2.1. Given. . 64 5.1.2.2. Approach and Assumptions... 65 5.1.2.3, Summary Of StepS woasnssnnnsnsnsinnninstnnsnnninnnnnnnnni seennnsestnsnnees 65 5.13. Import Geometry - : 66 5.1.3.1. Step 1:Import IGES file. 4, Define Materials 5.1.4.1, Step 2: Define element type. . 1.4.2, Step 3: Define material properties... 5.15, Generate MeSH enn ea 68 5.1.5.1.Step 4: Mesh the model ssennnnnins siatnneeimnnnnsinnnnnsnnas ans OB 5.1.8. Apply Loads 7 - 68 5.1.6.1. Step 5:Plot areas. 68 - 66 67 67 67 5. 5.1.6.2.Step 6: Apply boundary conditions to electrical connection ped 1... os 9 5.1.6.3.Step 7: Apply boundary conditions to electrical connection pad 2... oe 70 5.1.7.Obtein Solution 72 5.1.7.1. Step 8: Solve, 8, Review Results 5.1.8.1, Step 9: Plot temperature results 5.1.8.2.Step 10:Plot voltage results. 5.1.83 Step 11:Plot displacement results and animate. 72 73 73 isd wo TA 74 5.1.8.4.Step 12:List total heet flow and cUrTENt, «on. 5.1.8.5. Step 13:Exit the ANSYS program, - B 6. Explicit Dynamics Tutorial 77 6.1.Droo Test of a Container (Explicit Dynamics)... . se TT 6.1.1. Problem Specification 77 6.1.2. Problem Description ....cwsneneeeme eninnnsnn nnniennensneennennsnennesnnnces 7B 6.1.2.1.Given 78 6.1.22. Approach and Assumptions 6.1.2.3, Summary of Steps ... 6.1.3, Define Analysis Type. 6.1.3.1, Step 1:Set Preferences. 6.1.4. Input Geometry .. 6.1.4.1.Step 2:Read in geometry of the container... Define Element Type, Real Constants, Material Mode Properties . 6.1.5.1, Step 3: Define element type. 6.1.5.2. Step 4: Define real constants. 78 78 279 79 . 80 - 80 80 - 80 81 6. TSB ASTE TREAT AG Te COST OTA I COTBCTT TTT ROR ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte. .Introductory Tutorials 6.1.53.Step 5:Specify material modals. - 6.1.6.Generate Mesh 6.1.6.1. Step 6:Mesh the container Generate table top elements. 6.1.6.3. Step 8:Create container comaonent. 6.1.6.4.Step 9:Create table top component. 6.1.6.5.Step 10: Specify contact parameters. 6.1.7. Apply Loads... 6.17.1.Step 11:Apply intial velocity to the container. 6.17.2.Step 12: Apply acceleration to the container. 6.1.8, Obtain SOlUiON ...sunnnesnnaneinesnnintnininninnnnannennens 6.1.8.1. Step 13: Specify output controls. 6.182.Step 14:Solve. . 6.19. Review Results 6.1.9.1 Step 15:Animate stress contours. ‘Animat: deformed shape, Exit the ANSYS program. 6.1.9.3.Step 1 7.Contact Tutorial... . 7.1.Interference Fit and Pin Pull-Out Contact Analysis... 7.1.1. Problem Specification 7.1.2, Problem Description 7.1.22. Approach and Assumptions 7.1.2.3. Summary of Steps... 7.13. Input Geometry . 7.1.3:.Step 1:Read in the model of the pin anc block. 7.14. Define Material Property and Element Type... 7.1.4.1. Step 2:Define material. 7.1.4.2.Step 3:Define element types. . 7.15.Generate Mesh 7.15.1.Step 4:Mesh solid volume... 7.1.5.2.Step 5:Smooth element edges for graphics display. 7.1.5.3.Step 6:Create contact pair using Contact Wizard. 7.16, Specity Solution Criteria. 7.1.6.1.Step 7:Apply symmetry constraints on (quartered) volum 7.1.6.2.Step 8:Define boundary constraints 01 block. 7.1.63. Step 9:Specify z large displacement static analysis. 7.17. Load Step 1 7.1.7:1.Step 10: Define interference fit analysis options, 7.1.7.2.Step 11:Solve load step 1... 7.18. Load Step 2 7.18.1.Step 12:Set DOF displacement for pin... 7.1.82.Step 13:Define pull-out analysis options, 7.183.Step 14: Write results to file, 7.1.8.4.Step 15:Solve load step 2. 7.19. Postprocessing 7.19.1.Step 16: Expand model from quarter symmetry to full volume. 7.1.9.2.Step 17:Observe interference fit stress state. 7.1.93.Step 18: Observe intermediate contact pressure on pin 7.1.9.4.Step 19:Observe pulled-out stress stat 7.1.9.5.Step 20: Animate pin pull-out, 7.1.96.Step 2:Plot reaction forces for pin pull-out. SE TEO- SISTER GR TTC RO a I SBCA ASTRO “ OFANSYS Inc ands subsslares an lites,Introductory Tutorials 7.1.9.7.Step 22:Exit the ANSYS program. 105 8, Modal Tutorial 8.1. Modal Analysis of a Model Airplane Wing... 8.1.1. Problem Specification 8.1.2. Problem Description .. BD.DAI. GIVEN serene 7 8.1.2.2. Approach and Assumptions 8.1.23. Summary of Steps .. 8.133, Input Geometry 8.1.3.1.Step T:Read in geometry input file. 8.14, Define Materials ...sncunnnnnseses 8.1.4.1, Step 2:Set preferences. 11.4.2 Step 3:Define constant materal properties... 1.5. Generate Mesh 8.1.5.1, Step 4: Define element types. 8.1.5.2, Step 5:Mesh the arca. 8.1.5.3.Step 6: Extrude the meshed area: 8.1.6. Apply Loads : 8.1.6.1. Step 7: Unselect 2-D elements... 8.1.6.2 Step 8: Apply constraints to the model. 8.1.7, Obtain Solution .. 8.1.7.1, Step 9: Specify analysis type and options. 8.1.7.2.Step 10:Solve. 1.8, Review Results 8.1.8.1.Step 11:List the natural frequencies... 8.1.8.2.Step 12:Animate the five mode shapes 8.1.8.3 Step 13:Exit the ANSYS program, 9. Probabilistic Design System (PDS) Tutorial 9.1. Probabilistic Design of a Simple Plate with a Single Force Load .. 9.1.1. Problem Specification 1.2. Problem Description .. 9.1.2.1. Given .. 9.1.2.2. Approach and Assumptions 9.1.2.3. Summaty of Steps 9.1.3, Specify Analysis File. 9.1.3.1. Step 1:Enter PDS and specify analysis file. 9.1.4. Define Input and Output 9.1.4.1.5tep 2: Define input variables... 9.1.4.2. Step 3: Define output parameters. 9.1.5, Obtain SOlUtION sevens 9.1.5.1. Step 4: Execute Monte Carlo simulations 9.1.6. Perform Postprocessing se 9.1.6.1.Step 5: Perform statistical postprocessing 9.1.6.2. Step 6:Perform trend postprocessing, 9.1.7, Generate Report. 9.1.7.1. Step 7:Generate HTML report and exit. 10, ANIMATE Program .. (0ameshed volune. TSB ASTE TREAT AG Te COST OTA I COTBCTT TTT ROR ‘fants nc ana ubudansand atte. wae T5U-B USTETRE AT ree Co ane aaa TAT i FANS Inc ands ubssores and ales,Welcome to the Mechanical APDL Introductory Tutorials The Mechanicel APDL Introductory Tutorials provide an introduction to the extensive capabilities of the Mechanical APDL family of products. Each tutoral is a complete step-by-step aralysis procedure. You can choose from several analysis disciplines. The tutorials are designed to be run interactively, on the same screen as the program. Included are full color graphics and animations that are exact replicas of what appear a" several points within the steps of the tutorials. A glossary of terms is also included that you can view 2s 2 stand-alone document with an alphabetical isting of the tetms, or you can view the definition cf terms on demand by simply clicking on linked terms within the context of the tutorials. Before you begin a tutorial, read the Start Here section for recommendations on preparing your screen for displaying the tutorial window on the same screen as the program, as well as descriptions of the formats and conventions used in the tutorials. ‘ ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte. xSTOO STA GTC pO EET OTT er ‘Of ANSYS, inc and its subsidiaries and es,Chapter 1:Start Here + About These Tutorials + Preparing Your Screen + Formats and Conventions Used + Jobnames and Preferences + Choosing a Tutorial 1.1, About These Tutorials The purpose of these tutorials is to introduce you to the extensive capabilities of the ANSYS family of products — recognized worldwide as the most powerful engineering design and analysis scftware. This introduction is done through tutorials that are designed to be run interactively, online at your computer terminal. 1.1.1. Preparing Your Screen Running the tutorials online while runring ANSYS requires that you make the best use of your screen's real estate. By making minor adjustments to the cimens ons of the browser and the ANSYS GUI, you will be able to read a tutorials instructions on cne side of your screen, and perform the instructions in ANSYS on the other side. Presented be ow is a sample screen layout captured on a 21 inch monitor. It is ¢ typical representation of how a screen looks while running a tuto‘ial using the PC version of ANSYS. TS“ SASTETRC AT AG TV COST OT BI TIBET ROR ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte. 1Start Here Be ae eee (oS tow Oeigigisoiye ON le ‘sor co|resnze] eur] veer coe] il : || For this layout, the tutorial window containing the tabs was removed by clicking the Undock button (large button located furthest to the right), then minimzing the tabbed window. The tutorial window was then moved to the right side of the screen and the ANSYS window was reduced horizontally to accommodate the tutorial window. You should use this layout as a model to adjust your screen accord- ingly, based on the siz2 of your monitor. It is assumed that you are proficient in moving ANSYS dialog boxes because there are times when they “pop up" on top of either the tutorial or the ANSYS wincow. IF this occurs, you can simply move them anywhere on the screen by dragging the window header. 1.1.2. Formats and Conventions Used Each tutorial begins with a problem description that includes approackes and assumptions. A summary of steps in the form of tasks is then presented with each step being a hyperlink to a detailed series of procedural action substeps for each major task step. The analysis action substeps are shown explicitly in terms of menu choices, graphical picks, and text input. 1.1.2.1. Task Steps Task steps are numbered sequentially and contain a series of related menu paths and action substeps. Step titles are formatted according to the task you will be performing in the step. Example step titles are "Add areas,” "Define material properties," "Mesh the area," and "Plot the deformed shape.” Ther= are approximately 20 steps in a tutorial with the number varying depending on the complexity of the tutorial TE TOTS TF I SET COMETS POI a TTC PTT 2 OFANSYS Inc ands subsslares an lites,About These Tutorials 1.1.2.2, Action Substeps For each overall task step, there are any number cf subs:eps that guice you through the actions that you need to perform in order to accomplish the task step. A menu path is typically one of the first substeps within a task step. An example of a menu path substeo is: 1. Mai Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Booleans> Add> Areas ‘A menu path represents the complete location of a particular function in the Graphical User Interface (GUI) .The first pert of the path (Main Menu) determines where the function is found. It is usually either the Main Menu or the Utilty Menu. Go to that region to perform the ‘unction. The remaining part of the path lists the menu topics that you click with the left mouse button. The action substeps that are presented after a menu path either guid2 you through completing a dialog box, or inst‘uct you graphically on picking locations. The graphical picking convention is described in the next section. For completing a dialog box, the substaps are either spelled out in detail or use a condensed procedure format. Detailed substeps are followed by a red arrow ("*) indicating that a small picture of the dialog box is available if you scroll to the right. The picture includes large red numbers that cross-reference the numbe's of the action. The numbers are positioned in the dialag box at the locations where you are to perform the actions (button, box, drop-down list, etc.) Substeps in several of the tutcrials use a condensed procedure format that uses the following conventions: + Items thet you need to fill in reproduce the wo'ding in the dialog boxes and are in quotes, followed by an equal sign, then the value you should enver. Example: 3.*Load VOLT Value’ + Button labels are in brackets. Example: 4. [Pick All] + Actions, locations, or any other items that may not be obvious are enclosed in parentheses before or after GUI wording in quotes. Examples: ~ 2. (double-click) “Structural” ~ 5. (drop down) “Action” ~ 7."Scaler Tet 98" (right column) 1.1.2.3. Picking Graphics Some substeps instruct you to pick specific entities on a graphic. An example of the convention is shown below: 6.Pick lines 17 and 8 TS“ SASTETRC AT AG TV COST OT BI TIBET ROR ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte. 2Start Here Here, red numbers are displayed cn the picture at the locations where you are to pick. The red number is a cross reference to the procedural substep. 1.1.2.4. Interim Result Graphics Following the substeps, a task step typically concludes ‘with a small interim result graphic that shows how the ANSYS graph c should appear in the Graphics window at a particular point in a tutorial. An example is shown below: 1.1.3. Jobnames and Preferences Though not required, it is good practice for you to specify a particular jobname for each tutorial analysis. This will help you identify files generated by ANSYS that are related to a particular analysis. When starting ANSYS, you can specify the jobname in the launcher. While in ANSYS, you can change the jobname by choosing: Utility Menu > File > Change Jobname then typing the jobname, and chcosing OK. It is also good practice to specify oreferences for each tutorial analysis. When you specify a preference for a particular engineering discipline, ANSYS filters ment. choices such that tre only choices that appear apply to the discipline you specified. If you do not specify preferences, menu choices far all disciplines are shown, but nor-applicable choices are dimmed based on the set of element types in the model. It is a good idea to specify preferences at or near the beginning of an analysis. Most of the tutorials have this step built in before the model is meshed. You can specify a preference by choosing: Main Menu > Preferences then checking the box associated with the particular discipline, and choosing OK. 1.1.4. Choosing a Tutorial We recommend that you run Structural Tutorial (p. 11) first, even if you typically run analyses in other engineering disciptines. The Structural tutorial is documented extensively, includes graphics of all dialog boxes used, and introduces you te ANSYS terns that you'll see in other tutorials. Once you have suc- cessfully performed this tutorial, you can run any of the others in any order. You may want to choose a problem that demonstrates the ANSYS features in your discipline. However, all of the tutorials in some way demonstrate ANSYS techniques that are universal for ANSYS users. You can learn something from every problem, even if it is not in your particular field of interest or experience! You can access a tutorial through the main Table Of Contents or by clicking on the name of the tutorial in the following list: + Structural Tutorial (p. 11) + Thermal Tutorial (p. 33) Electromagnetics Tutorial (p. 51) TE IST ATR TR” COT PPR aR TTA TOTO ‘ OFANSYS Inc ands subsslares an lites,Glossary + Micro-Electromechanical System (MEMS) Tutorial (p. 63) + Explicit Bynamics Tutorial (p. 77) + Contact Tutorial (p. 91) + Modal Tutorial (p. 107) + Probabilistic Design System (PDS) Tutorial (p. 117) + ANIMATE Program (p. 129) 1.2. Glossary ANSYS Features Demon- _Lists the notewortky features demonstrated in the problem. strated Analysis Options Typical analysis options are the method of solution, stress stiffening on or off, and Newten-Raphson options for nonlinearities. Analysis Type Any of seven analysis types offered in ANSYS: static, modal, harmonic, transien:, spectrum, eigenvalue buckling, and substructuring. Whether the problem is linear or nonlinear will be identified here Applicable ANSYS Products Indicates which ANSYS programs can be used to run the example prob- lem. Applicable products are determined by the discipline and complexizy of the problem. Possibilities include: ANSYS Multishysics, ANSYS Mechan- ical, ANSYS Professional, ANSYS Structural, ANSYS LS-DYNA, ANSYS Emag, ANSYS PrepPost. Applicable Help Available Information in the ANSYS help system that is relevant to the overall topics covered in a particular tutorial. Boolean Operations Boolean Operaticns (based on Booleen algebra) provide a mzans of combining sets of data using such logical operators as add, subtract, in- tersect, etc. There are Boolean operations available for volume, area, and line solid model entities. Direct Element Generation Defining an element by defining nodes directly. Discipline Any of five physical (engineering) disciplines may be solved by the ANSYS prograrr: structural, thermal, electric, magnetic, and fluid. Note that you can use the ANSYS Multi-field soiver, which considers the effects of the physical phenomena coupled together, such as temperature and displace- ment ina thermal-stress analysis. Element Options Many element types also have additional element options to specify such things as element behavior and assumptions, element results prin- tout options, etc. Element Types Used Indicates the element types used in the problem; over 100 element types are available in ANSYS. You choose an element type which characterizes, among other things, the degree-of-freedom set (displacements and/or rotations, temperatures, etc) the characteristic shape of the element (line, ‘quadrilateral, brick, etc.), whether the element lies in 2-D space or 3-0 TSB ASTE TREAT AG Te COST OTA I COTBCTT TTT ROR ‘fants nc ana ubudansand atte. 5Start Here Gaussian Distribution Higher-Order Elements Interactive Time Required Jobname Latin Hypercube Sempling Level of Difficulty. Lognormal Distribution space, the response of you" system, and the accuracy level you're inter- ested in, The Gaussian or normal distribution is a very fundamental and commonly used distribution for statistical matters. It is tycically used to describe the scatter of the measurement cata of many physical phenomena. Strictly speaking, every random variable follows a normal distribution if itis generated by a linear combination of a very large number of other ran- dom effects, regardless wh ch dis:ribution these random effects originally follow. The Gaussian distiitution is also valid if the randam variable is a linear combination of two or more other effects if those effects also follow a Gaussian distribution. You provide values for the mean value and the standard deviation of the random variable x Higher-order, or midside-node elements, have a quadratic shape function (instead of linear) to map degree-of-freedom values within the element. This is an approximate renge, in minutes, for you to complete the inter- active step-by-step solution. Of course the amount of time it takes you to perform the problem depends on the computer system you use, the amount of network "traffic" on it, the working pace that s comfortable for you, and so on. The file name prefix used for all fles gereratec in an ANSYS analysis. All files are named Jobnameext, where ext is a unique ANSYS extension that identifies the contents of the file. The jobname specified in the launcher when you start ANSYS is called the initial jobname. You can always change the jobname within an ANSYS session. The Latin Hypercube Sameling (LHS) technique is a Monte Carlo Simula n method that is more advanced and efficient than the Direct Monte Carlo Sampling technique. LHS has a sample "memory," meaning it avoids repeating samples that have been evaluated before (it avoids clustering samples). It also forces the tails of a distribution to participate in the sampling process. Three levels are offered: easy, moderate, and acvanced. Although the “advanced” problems are still easy to follow using the interactive step- by-step solution, they include features that are typically thought of as advanced ANSYS capabilities, such as nonlinearities, macros, or advanced postprocessing, The lognormal distribution is a basic and commonly used distribution. It is typically used to describe the scatter of the measurement data of physical phenomena, where the logarith of the data would follow a SSR AI iC apa and OTA STATION OFANSYS Inc ands subsslares an lites,Material Properties Monte Carlo Plane Stress Postprocessing Preferences Preprocessing Primitives Probabilistic Analysis File Glossary normal distribution. The lognormal distribution is very suitable for phe- nomena that arise *rom the multiplication of a large number of error ef- fects. It is also correct to use the lognotmal distrisution for a random variable that is the result of multiplying two or more random effects iif the effects that get multiplied are also lognormally distributed), Physical properties of a material such as modulus of elasticity or density that are independent of geometty. Although they are not necessarily tied to tre element type, the material properties required to solve the element matrices are listed for each element type for your convenience. Depending on the application, material properties may be linear, non\in- ear, andjor anisotrcpic. As with @ ement types and real constants, you may have multiple material property sets (to correspond with multiple materials) within one analysis. Each set is given a reference number. The Monte Carlo Simulation method 's the most common and traditional method for a probabilistic analysis. This method lets you simulate how virtual components behave the way they are built. One simulation loop represerts one manufactured compo rent that is subjected to a particular set of loads and boundary conditions A state of stress in which the normal stress and the shear stresses directed perpendicular to the plane are assumed to be zero. ANSYS analysis phase where you review the resu ts of the analysis through graphics displays and tabular listings. The general postprocessor (POST1} is used to review results at one substep (time step) over the entire model. The time-history postprocessor (POST26) is used to review results at specific points in the rrodel over all time steps. The "Preferences dialog box allows you to choose the desired engineering discipline for context filtering of menu choices. By default, menu choices for all disciplines are shovin, with nor-spplicable choices "dimmed" based ‘ona set of element types in your model. f you prefer not to see the dimmed choices at all, you should turn on filtering. For example, turning ‘on structural filtering completely suppresses all thermal, electromagnetic, and fluid menu topics. ANSYS analysis phase where you provide data such as the geometry, materials, and element types to the pregram. Simple predefined geometric shapes that ANSYS provides. A rectangle primitive, for example defines the following solid model entities in one step: one area, four lines, and four keypoints. A probasilistic aralysis file is an ANSYS input file that contains a complete analysis sequence (preprocessing, solut on, postprocessing). It must contain a parametrically cefined model using parameters to represent all inputs and ourputs which will be used as rancom input variables (RVs) and random output parameters (RP3). From this file, a probabilistic design loop file (Jobnarre.LOOP) is automatically created and used by the probabilistic design system to perform analysis loops. 7a SOAS AI ee COMETS POPE, ond SATE TOTES ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte. 7Start Here Probabilistic Design Probabilistic Simulation Random Input Variables Random Output Parameters Real Constants Standard Deviation Uniform Distributicn Probabilistic Design is a technique you can use to assess the effect of uncertain input parameters and essumptions on your analysis model. Using a probabilistic analysis you can find out row much the results of a finite element analysis are affected by uncertainties in the model. A simulation is the collection of all samples that are required or that you request for a ce*tain probabilistic analysis. A simulation contains the in- formation used to determine how the component would behave under reablife conditicns (with al the existing uncertainties and scatter), and all samples therefore represent the simulation of this behavior, Rardom Input Variables (RY) are quantities that influence the result of an analysis. In probabilistic literature, these random input variables are also called the "drivers" bezause they drive the result of an analysis. Rardom Output Parameters (RPs) are the results of a finite element analysis, The RPs are typically a function of the random input variables (RVs); that is, changing the values of the random input variables should change the value of the -andom output parameters. Provide additional geomet'y information for element tyees whose geo- merry is not fully defined by its node locations. Typical real constants, include shell thicknesses for shell elements and cross-sectional properties for beam elements. All properties required as input for a particular ele- ment type are entered as one set of real constants. ANSYS analysis phase where you define analyss type and options, apply loads and load options, and initiate the finite element solution. A new, static analysis is the default. The standard deviation is a measure of variability (dispersion or spread) about the arithmetic mean value; this is often used to describe the width of the scatter of a random output parameter or of a statistical distribution function. The larger the standard deviation the wider the scatter and the more likely itis that there are data values further apart from the mean value. The uniform distribution is a very fundamental distribution for cases where no other information apart from a lower and an upper limit exists. Itis very useful to describe geometric tolerances. It can also be used in cases where there is no evidence that any value of the random variable is more likely than any other within a certain interval. You provide the lower and the upper limit Xmjq ANd Xypqy OF the ran- dom variable x. tx) mi max a OOS ee” CON PEAT aR TOATBCRTET STROTOT MOIANSYS Incandissubsiares and oteGlossary Warking Plane (WP) ‘An imaginary plane with an origin, a 2-D coordinate system (either Cartesian or Polar), a snap increment, and a display grid. It is used to locate solid model entities. By default, the working plane is a Cartesian plane located at the global origin. TSB ASTE TREAT AG Te COST OTA I COTBCTT TTT ROR ‘fants nc ana ubudansand atte.STOO STA GTC pO EET OTT er ‘Of ANSYS, inc and its subsidiaries and es,Chapter 2: Structural Tutorial Static Analysis of a Corner Bracket + Problem Specification + Problem Description + Build Geometry + Define Materials + Generate Mesh + Apply Loads + Obtain Solution + Review Results 2.1. Static Analysis of a Corner Bracket 2.1.1, Problem Specification [Applicable ANSYS Products: |ANSYS Multiphysics, ANSYS Mechanical, ANSYS Structural Level of Difficulty easy Interactive Time Required: (60 to 90 minutes Discipline: structural Analysis Type: linear static Flement Types Used: PLANETA3 [ANSYS Feacures Demonstrated: solid modeling including primitives, Boolean ‘operations, and fillets; tapered pressure \cad; deformed shape and stress displays; listing of reactior forces; examination of structural energy error Applicable Help Available: ‘Structural Static Analysis in the Structural ‘Analysis Guide, PLANE 183 in the Element Reference. ITVS REIS TA” COE PRAY OR STITT TTA ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte.Structural Tutorial 2.1.2. Problem Description This is a simple, single load step, structural static analysis of the corner angle bracket shown below.The upper leftchand pin hole is constrained (welded) around its entire circumference, and a tapered pressure load is applied to the sottom of the lower right-hand gin hole. The objective of the prablem is to demonstrate the typical ANSYS analysis procedure. The U5 Customary system of units is used. =e Is y ain wtan 2 epee seermamer Sa] 2.1.2.1. Given The dimensions of the corner bracket are shown in the accompanying figure.The bracket is made of A36 steel with a Young's modulus of 30E6 psi and Poisson's ratio of .27. 2.1.2.2. Approach and Assumptions Assume plane stress for this analysis. Since the bracket is thin in the z direction (1/2 inch thickness} compared to its x end y dimensions, and since the pressure load acts only in the x-y plane, this is a valid assumption, Your approach is to use solid modeling to generate the 2-D model and automatically mesh it with nodes and elements. (Ancther alternative in ANSYS is to create the nodes and elements directly.) 2.1.2.3. Summary of Steps Use the information in the problem description and the steps below as a guideline in solving the problem on your own. O1, use the detailed interactive step-by-step solution by choosing the link for step 1 Note If your system includes a Flash player (from Macromedia, Inc), you can vew demonstration videos of each step by pointing your web browser to the following URL address: it - tp: //www.ansys.com/techmedia/structural_tutorial_videos. html. Build Geometry 1.Define rectangles. 2. Change plot controls and replot. 3. Change working plane to polar and create first circle. 4, Move working plane and create second circle. SE TEO- SISTER GR TTC RO a I SBCA ASTRO 2 OFANSYS Inc ands subsslares an lites,Static Analysis of a Corner Bracket 5.Add areas 6. Create line filet 7. Create filet area. 8. Add areas tagether. 9. Create first pin hole, 10. Move working plane and create second pin hole. 11. Subtrac: pin holes from bracket. 12. Save the database as model.db, Define Materials 13. Set Preferences. 14, Define Material Properties. 15, Define element types end options. 16.Define real constants Generate Mesh 17. Mesh the area. 18. Save the database as mesh.db. Apply Loads 19. Apply displacement constraints. 20. Apply pressure load. Obtain Solution 21. Solve. Review Results 22.Enter the general postprocessor and read in the results. 23.Plot the deformed shape 24, Plot the von Mises equivalent stress. 25. List the reaction solution. 26. Exit the ANSYS program. TSB ASTE TREAT AG Te COST OTA I COTBCTT TTT ROR ‘fants nc ana ubudansand atte.Structural Tutorial 2.1.3. Build Geometry This is the beginning of Preprocessing. 2.1.3.1. Step 1: Define rectangles. There are several ways to create the model geometry wit in ANSYS, some more convenient than others. ‘The first step is to recognize that you can construct the bracket easily with combinations of rectangles and circle Primitives. Decide where the origin will be located and tren define the rectangle and circle primitives relative to that origin. The locatian of the origin is arbitrary. Here, use the center of the upper left- rand hole. ANSYS does not need to know where the origin is. Simply begn by defining a rectangle relative to that location. In ANSYS, this origin is called the global ori 1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> —=====——=———mmny Create> Areas> Rectangle> By Dimen- sions 2. Enter the following: X1 = 0 (Note: Press the Tab key between entries) X2=6 Ysa yo=1> 3. Apply 10 create the first rectangle, 4, Enter the following xrs4 x2=6 Yl y2=-3> 5. OK to create the second rectangle and close the dialog box. + STD IS BS TSEC OD I ATT TAO 1 OFANSYS Inc ands subsslares an lites,Static Analysis of a Corner Bracket 2.1.3.2, Step 2: Change plot controls and replot. The area plot shows both rectangles, which are areas, in the same color. To more clearly distinguish between areas, turn on area numbers end colors. The "Plot Numbering Controls" dialog box on the Utility Menu controls how items are displayed in the Grephics Window. By defeult, a "replot’ is automat- icaly performed upon execution of the dialog box. The teplot operation will repeat the last plotting operation trat occurred (in this case, an area plot. 1. Utility Menu> Plot Ctrls> Numbering 2. Turn of area numbers. + 3. OK to change controls. close the dialog box, and replot. > Before going to the next step, save the work you have done so far. ANSYS stores any input deta in memory to the ANSYS database. To save that data- base toa file, use the SAVE operation, availabl= as a tool on the Toolbar. ANSYS names the database file Using the format jobname.db. If you started ANSYS using the product launcher, you can specify a job- name at that point (the default jobname is fle). You ‘can check the current jobname at any time by choosirg Utility Menu> List> Status> Global Status. You can also save the database at specific mil2stone points in the analysis (such as after the mode is ‘complete, or after the model is meshed) by choosing Utility Menu> File> Save As and specifying different jobnames ‘model.db, or mesh.db, etc.) It is important to do an occasional save so that if you make a mistake, you can restare the model fram the last saved state. You restore the model using the RESUME operation, also available on the Toolbar. (You can also find SAVE and RESUME on the Utility Menu, under File.) 4, Toolbar: SAVE_DB. 2.1.3.3. Step 3: Change working plane to polar and create first circle. ‘The next step in the model constructicn is to create the half circle at 2ach end of the bracket. You will actually create a full circle on each enc and thea combine the circles and rectangles with a Boolean "acd" operation (discusse¢ in step 5). To create the circles, you will use and display the working plane. You could have shown the working plane as you created the rectangles but it was not necessary. TS“ SASTETRC AT AG TV COST OT BI TIBET ROR ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte. 6Structural Tutorial Before you begin howaver, first "zoom out" within the Graphics Window so you can see more of the Circles as you create them. You do this using the "Pan-Zoom-Rotate” dialog box, a convenient graphics control box you'll use often in any ANSYS session. 1. Utility Menu> Platctrls> Pan, Zoom, Rotate 2. Click on small dot once to zoom out. + 3. Close dialog box.* 4, Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Display Working Plane (toggle on) Notice the working plane origin is immeciately plotted in the Graphics Window. Itis indicated by the WX and WY symbols; right now caincid- ent with the glabal origin X and Y symbols. Next you will change the WP type to polar, change the snap increment, and display the grid. TE IST ATR TR” COT PPR aR TTA TOTO 18 OFANSYS Inc ands subsslares an lites,Static Analysis of a Corner Bracket 5. UI tings 'y Menu> WorkPlane> WP Set- 6. Click on Polar. 7. Click on Grid and Triad, > 8 Enter .1 for snap increment. > 9. OK to cefine settings and close the dia- log box. * 10, Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Areas> Circle> Solid Circle Be sure to read prompt before picking. 11. Pick center point at: WP X = 0 (in Graph- ics Window shown below) wey =0 12, Move mouse to radius of 1 and click left button to create circle 13, OK to dose picking menu. 14, Toolbar: SAVE_DB. Note While you are positioning the cursor for picking, the "dynamic" WP X and Y values are dis- playec in the Solid Circular Area cialog box. Also, as an alternative to picking, you can type these values along with the radius into the dialog box. a ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte.Structural Tutorial 2.1.3.4. Step 4: Move working plane and create second circle. To create the circle at the other end of the bracket in the same manner, you need to first move the working plane to the origin of the circle. The smplest way to do this without entering number offsets is to move the WP to an average keypoint locetion by picking the keypoints at the bottom corners of the lower, right rectangle. 1. Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Offset WP to> Keypoints 2. Pick keypoint a: lowe: left corner of rectangle. 3, Pick keypoint a: lower right of rectangle. 4. OK to close picking menu, 5. Ma Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Areas> Circle> Solid Circle 6. Pick center point at wp X=0 wey =0 7. Move mouse to radius of 1 and click left button to create circle. 8, OK to close picking menu. 9. Toolbar: SAVE_DB. TE TOTS TF I SET COMETS POI a TTC PTT 8 OFANSYS Inc ands subsslares an lites,Static Analysis of a Corner Bracket 2.1.3.5, Step 5: Add areas. Now that the appropriate pieces of the model are defined (rectangles and circies), you need to add them together so the mocel becomes one contin ous piece. You de this with the Boolean add operation for areas. 1, Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Booleans> Add> Areas 2. Pick All for all areas to be added. > 3. Toolbar SAVE_DB. 2.1.3.6, Step 6: Create line fillet. 1. Ur 'y Menu> PlotCtrls> Numbering 2. Turn or line numbering. > 3. OK to change controls, close the dialog box, and automatically replot. ty Menu> WorkPlane> Display Working Plane (toggle off) 5, Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Lines> Line Fillet 6. Pick lines 17 and 8. 7. OK to finish picking lines (in picking menu). a ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte.Structural Tutorial 8. Enter 4 as the radius. > 9. OK to create line fillet and close the dialog box. * 10. ity Menu> Plot> Lines 2.1.3.7. Step 7: Create fillet area. ity Menu> PlatCtrls> Pan, Zoom, Rotate 2. Click on Zoom button. 3. Move mouse to fillet region, cick left button, move mouse out and click again. 4, Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Areas> Arbitrary> By Lines 5. Pick lines 4,5, and 1 6. OK to create area and close the picking menu. 7. Click on Fit button. > 8, Close the Pan, Zoom, Rotate dialog box. 9. Utility Menu> Plot> Areas Te TSO ISTE AR eR” COMET PTY OR TTA TOTO 2» OFANSYS Inc ands subsslares an lites,Static Analysis of a Corner Bracket 10, Toolbar: SAVE_DB. 2.1.3.8, Step 8: Add areas together. 1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Booleans> Add> Areas 2. Pick Allfor all areas to be added. * 3. Toolbar SAVE_DB. 1.3.9. Step 9: Create first pin hole. ity Menu> WorkPlane> Display Working Plane (toggle on) 2. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Areas> Circle> Solid Circle 3. Pick certer point at: WP X = 0 (in Graphics Window) wey =0 4. Move rouse to radius of .4 (shown in the picking menu) and click left button to create circle. 5. OK to close picking menu. 2.1.3.10. Step 10: Move working plane and create second pin hole. 1. Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Offset WP to> Global 2. Mi Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Areas> Circle> Solid Circle 3. Pick certer point at: ‘ ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte. 2Structural Tutorial WP X =0 (in Graphics Window) wry =0 4, Move mouse to radius of .4 (shown in the picking meu) and click left mouse buttan to create circle. 5. OK to close picking menu. 6. Utility Menu> WorkPlane> Display Working Plane (toggle off) From this area plot, it appears that one of the pin hole areas is not there. However itis there (as indicated by the presence of its lines), you just can't see it in the final display of the screen. That is because the bracket area is drawn on top of it. An easy way to see all areas is to pct the lines instead. 8. Utility Menu> Plot> Lines 9. Toolbar: SAVE_DB. 2.1.3.11, Step 11: Subtract pin holes from bracket. 1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Booleans> Subtract> Areas 2. Pick bracket as base area from which to suotract. 3. Apply (in picking menu). 4. Pick both pin holes as areas to be subtracted. 5. OK to subtract holes and close picking menu. SE TSO OTST IR Tse COMET OPT SCOTT TOTO 2 OFANSYS Inc ands subsslares an lites,Static Analysis of a Corner Bracket 2.1.3.12,Step 12: ave the database as model.db. At this poirt, you will save the database to a named file ~ a name that represents the model before meshing. if you decide to go back and remesh, you'll need to resume this database file. You will save it as modeldb, 1. Utility Menu> File> Save As 2. Enter model.db for the database file name. > oy el = 3. OK to save and close dialog box. * eee 2.1.4. Define Materials 2.1.4.1, Step 13: Set preferences. In preparation for defining materials, you will set preferences so that only materials that pertain to a structural analysis are available for you to choose. To set preferences: 1, Main Menu Proferences 2. Tum on structural filtering. The options may differ from what is shown here since they depend on the ANSYS produc: yau are using 3. OK to apply filtering and close the dialog box. > 2.1.4.2, Step 14: Define material properties. To define material properties for this analysis, there is only one material for the bracket, A36 Steel, with given values for Young's modulus of elasticity and Poisson's ratio. 1, Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models 2. Double-click on Structural, Linear, Elastic, Isotropic. > 3. Enter 306 for EX.» 4, Enter .27 for PRXY. > 5. OK to cefine material property set and close the dialog box. > TSS SASTE TREAT IG TV COST OT I STTBCTT TTT ROR ‘fANGTs nc ana ubidansand atte. 2Structural Tutorial 6, Material> Exit 2.1.4.3. Step 15: Define element types and options. In any ana ysis, you need to select from a library of element types and define the appropriate ones for your analysis. For this analysis, you will use only one element type, PLANE183, which is a 2-D, quadratic, structural, higher-order element. The choice of a higher-crder element here allows you to have a coarser mesh than with lower-order elements while still maintaining solution accuracy. Also, ANSYS will generate some trlangle shaped elements In the mesh that would otherwise be Inaccurate If you used lower-order elements. You will need to specify plane stress with thickness as an option for PLANE183. (You will define the thickness as a real constant in the next step) 1, Main Menu> Preprocessor> Element ‘Type> Add/Edit/Delete a 2. Add an element type. > 3. Structural solid family of elements. * 4, Choose the 8-node quad (PLANE183). > 5. OK to apply the element type and close the dislog box. > 6. Options for PLANE183 are to be defined. 7. Choose plane stress with thickness op- tion for element behavior. * 8. OK to specify options and close the op- tions dialog box. > 9, Close the element type dialog box. 2.1.4.4. Step 16: Define real constants. For this analysis, since the assumption is plane stress with thickness, you will enter the thickness as a real constant for PLANE183. To find out more information about PLANE183, you will use the ANSYS. Help System in this step by clicking on a Help button fiom within a dialog box. SE TEO- SISTER GR TTC RO a I SBCA ASTRO a OFANSYS Inc ands subsslares an lites,Static Analysis of a Corner Bracket 1, Main Menu> Preprocessor> Real Con- ===ammeeni stants> Add/Edit/Delete 2. Add a real constant set. > 3. OK for PLANE183.> Qe Before clicking on the Help button a in the next step, you should be Es aware that the help information may appear in the same window as this tutorial, replacing the contents of the tutorial After reading the help information, click on the Back button to return to this tutorial. if the help information appears in a separate window from the tutorial, minimize cr dose the help window after ycu read the help information. 4, Help to get help on PLANE183. > 5. Hold let mouse buttor down to scroll through element description. 6. If the help information replaced the tu- torial, cick on the Back button to return to the tutorial. 7. Enter .5 for THK.> 8 OK to cefine the real constant and close the dialog box. > 9, Close the real constan: dialog box. 2.1.5. Generate Mesh 2.1.5.1. Step 17: Mesh the area. One nice feature of the ANSYS program is that you can automatically mesh the model without specifying any mesh size controls. This is using what is callac a default mesh. If you're not sure how to determine the mesh density, let ANSYS try it first! For this model, however, you will specify a global element size to control overall mesh density. TSB ASTE TREAT AG Te COST OTA I COTBCTT TTT ROR ‘fants nc ana ubudansand atte. 3Structural Tutorial 1, Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh Tool 2. Set Global Size control. > 3. Type in 05. * 4. OK 5. Choose Area Meshing. 6. Click on Mesh. * 7. Pick All for the area to be meshed (in picking menu).Clcse any warning mes- sages that appear. 8, Close the Mesh Tool. > Note The mesh you see on your screen may vary slightly from the mesh shown here. As a result of this, you may see slightly different results during postprocessing. Fo* a discussicn of results accuracy, see Planning Your Approach in the Modeling and Meshing Guide. 2.1.5.2. Step 18: Save the database as mesh.db. Here again, you will save the database to a named file, this time mesh.cb. 1. Utility Menu> File> Save a: =o 2. Enter mesh.db for database file name. * r 3. OK to save file and close dialog box. * 2.1.6. Apply Loads ‘The beginning of te solution phase. A new, static analysis is the default, so you will not need to specify analysis type for this problem. Also, there are no analysis options for this problem. 2.1.6.1. Step 19: Apply displacement constraints. You can apply displacement constraints directly to lines. STD IS BS TSEC OD I ATT TAO 2 OFANSYS Inc ands subsslares an lites,Static Analysis of a Corner Bracket 1, Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Displacement> On Lines 2. Pick the four lines around left-hand hole (Line numbers 10, 9, 11, 12). 3. OK (in picking menu). 4. Click on All DOF. > 5. Enter 0 for zero displacement. > 6. OK to apply constraints and close dialog box. > 7. Utility Menu> Plot & 8, Toolbar SAVE_DB. 2.1.6.2. Step 20: Apply pressure load. Now apply the tapered pressure load to the bottom, right-hand pin hole. ("Tapered” here means varying linearly) Note that when a circle is created in ANSYS, four lines define the perimeter. Therefore, apply the pressure to two lines making up the lower half of the circle. Since the pressure tapers from a max- imum value (500 psi) at the bottom of the circle to a minimum value (50 psi) at the sides, apply pressure in two seperate steps, with reverse tapering values for each line. The ANSYS convention for pressure loading is that a positive lozd value represents pressure into the surface (compressive). 1, Main Menu> Solution> Define Leads> Apply> Structural> Pressure> On Lines 2. Pick line defining bottom left part of the circle (line 6), TSG TSO SASTE FST COMTS POPC OTIC TTC ‘VANS Inc ants ubldares an alts. »Structural Tutorial 3. Apply. * 4, Enter 50 for VALUE. * 5. Enter 500 for optional value. > 6. Apply. > 7. Pick line defining bottom right part of circle (ine 7). & Apply. > 9, Enter 500 for VALUE, * 10. Enter $0 for optional value. > 1.0K. 12. Toolbar: SAVE_DB. 2.1.7. Obtain Solution 2.1.7.1. Step 21: Solve. 1. Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Current Ls. 2. Review the information in the status window, then choose File> Close (Win- dows), or Close (Linus), to close the window. > 3. OK to begin the solution.» Choose Yes to any Verify messages that appear. 4, Close the information window when solution is dona. > cere As WMiVS ncanditssutslhavesandaiatesStatic Analysis of a Corner Bracket ANSYS stores the results of this one load step problem in the database and in the results file, Jobname.RST (or Jobname.RTH for thermal, JobnameRMG for magnetic). The database can actually contain only one set of results at any given time, so in a multiple Icad steo or multiple substep analysis, ANSYS stores only the final solution in the database. ANSYS stores ail solutions in the results file, 2.1.8. Review Results The beginning of the postprocessing phase. Note ‘The results you see may vary slightly from what is shown here due to variations in the mesh. 2.1.8.1, Step 22: Enter the general postprocessor and read in the results. 1. Main Menu> General Postproc> Read Results> First Set 2.1.8.2. Step 23: Plot the deformed shape. 1, Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Deformed Shape 2. Choose Def + undeforned. + You can also produce an animated version of the deformed shape: 4, Utility Menu> Plot Ctrls> Animate> Deformed Shape 5. Choose Def + undeformed. 7. Make choices in the Animation Control- ler (not shown), if necessary, then choose Close. ‘ ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte. »Structural Tutorial 1.8.3. Step 24: Plot the von Mises equivalent stress. 1, Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Contour Plot> Nodal Solu 2. Choose Stress item to be contoured. > 3. Scroll down and choose von Mises (SE- av). 4, OK You can also produce an animated version of these results: 5. Utility Menu> Plat Ctrls> Animate> Deformed Results 6. Choose Stress item to be contoured. > 7. Scroll down and choose von Mises (SE- avn 8. OK 9. Make choices in the Animation Control- ler (not shown) if necessary, then choose Close, 2.1.8.4. Step 25: List reaction solution. 1. Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Reaction Solu 2. OK to list all items and close the dialog box. > Qet at a) si i TE OST ATR GTA” COT PPI aR TTA TOTO » ‘fANETS Inc and is subsdianesand ates,Static Analysis of a Corner Bracket 3. Scroll down and find the total vertical force, FY.» 4. Flle> Close (Windows or Close (Lrun), | 3 £ to close the window. * je The value cf 134.61 is comparable to the total pir load force. Note The velues shown are representative and may vary from the values you obtain. There are many other options available for reviewing results in the general postprocessor. You'll see some of these demonstrated in other tutorials. Yo. have finished the analysis. Exit the program in the next step. 2.1.8.5. Step 26: Exit the ANSYS program. When exiting the ANSYS program, you can save the geometry and Iseds portions of the database (de- fault), save gecmetry, loads, and soluticn data (one set of results only), save geometry, loads, solution data, and postprocessing data (i, save everything), or save nothing. You can save nothing here, but you should be sure to use one of the cther save options if you want to keep the ANSYS data files. 1. Toolbar: Quit. 2. Choose Quit - No Savel > 3. OK. Congratulations! You have completed this tutorial. Even though you have exited the ANSYS program, yau can still view animations using the ANSYS AN- IMATE program. The ANIMATE program runs only on the PC and is extremely useful for: + Viewing ANSYS animations on a PC regardless of whether the files were created on a PC (AVI files) or on a Linux workstation (ANIM files). + Converting ANIM files to AVI files. + Sending animations over the web. TSB ASTE TREAT AG Te COST OTA I COTBCTT TTT ROR ‘fants nc ana ubudansand atte. 3STOO STA GTC pO EET OTT er ‘Of ANSYS, inc and its subsidiaries and es,Chapter 3:Thermal Tutorial Solidification of a Cas: + Problem Specification + Problem Description + Prepare for a Thermal Analysis + Input Geometry + Define Materials + Generate Mesh + Apply Loads + Obtain Solution + Review Results 3.1. Solidification of a Casting 3.1.1. Problem Specification [Applicable ANSYS Products /ANSYS Multiphysics, ANSYS Mechanical Level of Difficulty: moderate Interactive Time Required {60 to 90 minutes Discipline: thermal [Analysis Type: nonlinear transient Element Types Used, PLANES ANSYS Features Demonstrated: ‘conduction, convection, phase change, se- lecting, solution control, time-history post- processing, use of a "get function” Applicable Help Available: Transient Thermal Analysis in the Thermal \Anclysis Guide, PLANESS in the Element Ref- erence. 50ST AY R TE-COET POE aT THIET TTATIST ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte. 2Thermal Tutorial 3.1.2. Problem Description ‘This is a transient heat transfer analysis of a casting process. The objective is to track the temperature distribution in the steel casting ard the mold during the solidification process, which occurs over a duration of 4 hours. The casting is made in an L-shaped sand mold with 4 inch thick walls. Convection occurs between the sand mold and the ambient air. 3.1.2.1.Given [Material Properties for Sand [Conductivity (KXX) 9.025 Btu/(r-in-F) Density (CENS) 0.054 Ibvin® Specific heat (C) 9.28 Btu/\lb-°F) [Conductivity (KXX) for Steel Jat O°F 1.44 Btu/{hr-in-°F} lat 2643°F 154 lat 2750°F 122, fat 2875°F 1.22, [Enthalpy (ENTH) for Steel lat OF 9.0 Btu/in® lat 2643°F 128.1 lat 2750°F 163.8 lat 2875°F 1742 [initial Conditions [Temperature of steel 2875 °F [Temperature of sand 30°F [Convection Properties Film coefficient 2.014 Btu/(ar-in’F) [Ambient temperature 30°F 3.1.2.2. Approach and Assumptions You will perform a 2-D analysis of a one unit thick slice. Half symmetry is used to reduce the size of the model. The lower half is the portion you will rrodel. x a TOSI PIAS ncandisasbaresandowewsSolidification of a Casting The mold material (sand) has constant material properties. The casting (steel) has temperature-dependent thermal conductivity and enthalpy; both are input in a table of values versus temperature. The enthalpy property table captures the latent heat capacity af the metal as it solidifies. Radiation effects are ignored. Solution control is used to establish several nonlinear options, including automatic time stepping. ‘Au:omatic time stepping determines the proper time step increments needed to converge the phase change nonlinearity. This means that smaller time step sizes will be used during the transition from melten metal to solid state. 3.1.2.3. Summary of Steps Use the information in the problem description and the steps below as a guideline in solving the problem on your own. Or, use the detailed interactive step-by-step solution by choosing the link for step 1 Prepare for a Thermal Analysis 1. Set preferences. Input Geometry 2. Read in the geometry of the casting, Define Materials 3. Define material properties. 4, Plot material properties vs. temperature, 5. Define element type. Generate Mesh 6.Mesh the model. Apply Loads 7. Apply convection loads on the exposed boundary lines. Obtain Solution 8 Define analysis type. 9, Examine solution control. 10. Specify initial conditions for the transient, TSB ASTE TREAT AG Te COST OTA I COTBCTT TTT ROR ‘fants nc ana ubudansand atte. sThermal Tutorial 11. Set time, time step size, and related parameters. 12, Set output controls, 13. Solve. Review Results 14.Enter the time-history postprocessor and define variables. 15. Plot temperature vs. time. 16, Set up to animate the results. 17. Animate the results. 18, Exit the ANSYS program. 3.1.3. Prepare for a Thermal Analysis 3.1.3.1. Step 1:Set preferences. To Set Preferences: 1. Main Menu> Preferences 2. (check) “individual discipline(s) to show in the GUI" = Thermal 3. [0K] 3.1.4. Input Geometry 3.1.4.1. Step 2:Read in the geometry of the casting. You will begin by r2ading in a file that includes the model of the casting, 1. Utility Menu> File> Read Input from ... 2. Filename: castirg.inp Linux version: /ansys_inc/v150/ansys/data/models/casting. inp PC vers \Program Files\ansys Inc\V150\ANSYS\data\models\casting. inp 3. [OK] TE IST ATR TR” COT PPR aR TTA TOTO 38 OFANSYS Inc ands subsslares an lites,Solidification of a Casting 3.1.5. Define Materials 3.1.5.1. Step 3: Define material properties. e the sand mold material properties as material number 1. These are not functions of :emperature. 1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Materi Props> Material Models 2. (double-click) "Thermal; then “Conductivity;then “Isotropic” 3. *KXX"= 0.025 4. [0K] 5. (double-click) ‘Specific Heat” 0.8 7. (OKI 8, (double-click) 'Densit 9. "DENS"= 0.54 10. {0K} ‘The metal casting is defined as material number 2. These properties change significantly as the metal cools down from the liquid phase to the solid phase. Therefore, they are entered in a table of properties versus temperature, First define the temperature dependent thermal conductivity. 11. Material> New Model 12. "Define Material ID” = 2 13.[0K] 14, (double-click) "Isotropi 15. [Add Temperature] three times to create fields for the four temperatures. 16.°T1" 17°72" = 2643 18.°T3" = 2750 19.°T4" = 2875 20."KXX" at "TT 44 21." KXX" at "T2" = 54 22. "KXX" at "T3" = 1.22 TSB ASTE TREAT AG Te COST OTA I COTBCTT TTT ROR ‘fants nc ana ubudansand atte. yThermal Tutorial 23, "KXX" at “T4" = 1.22 You will now copy the four temperatures so you will be able to paste them into the Enthalpy dialog box. 24, Select the temperatures by holding the left mouse button and dragging across the temperature row so that the row is highlighted. 25, [Ctrll then [c] to capy the temperatures. 26. [0K] Next, define the temperature dependent enthalpy. 27. (double-click) “Enthalpy” 28, [Add Temperature] three times to create fields for the four temperatures, 29. Paste the temperatures into the then (v1 log box by highlighting the T1 temperature field, and pressing [Ctrl] 30. "ENTH" at °T1" 31. "ENTH" at °T2" 28.1 32, "ENTII"at ‘T3"- 163.8 33, "ENTH" at "T4” 34, [OK] Note PC Users: You can view a demo on adding a temperature dependent material model by Pointing your Internet Explorer browser to the fcllowing URL eddress: ht tp: / /www.an- sys .com/techmedia/add_temp_materia”. html 1.5.2. Step 4: Plot material properties vs. temperature. 1. (double-click) “Thermal conduct. (iso)" under Material Model Number 2. 2. [Graph 3. [OK] SE TEO- SISTER GR TTC RO a I SBCA ASTRO 38 OFANSYS Inc ands subsslares an lites,Solidification of a Casting Note PC Users: You car view a demo on grapting a temperature cependert material model by pointing your Internet Explorer browser to the following URL address: http: / /www .an- sys.con/techmedia/graph_temp_naterial html 4, (double-click) "Enthalpy” under the right or lef: window. 5. (Graph) 6. [OK] 7. Material> Exit 8. Toolbar: SAVE_DB 3.1.5.3. Step 5: Define element type. You will now define the elzment type as PLANESS. 1, Main Menu> Preprocessor> Element Type> Add/Edit/Delete 2. [Add ...] 3. “Thermal Solid" (left column) 4. “Quad 4node 55” (right column) 5. [OK] 6. [Close] 7. Toolbar: SAVE_DB 3.1.6. Generate Mesh 3.1.6.1. Step 6: Mesh the model. 1. Utility Menu> Plot> Areas ‘ ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte. »Thermal Tutorial Specify a SmartSize of 4. This will allow a slightly finer mesh than the default. 2, Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> MeshTool 3. (check) "Smart Size” 4, (slide) “Fine Course” = 4 5. [Mesh] Mesh the mold arca first. Note that the material attribute reference number defaults to 1 and there is no need to set attributes before meshing the area 6. Pick the mold area AS (Hint: Place the mouse cursor on top of the AS label when ycu pick -- this is the picking "hot spot,” based on the centroid cf the area.) 7. [OK] Before meshing the casting area, set the material atrribute to that of steel (material 2). 8, (drop cown in MeshTool) “Element Attributes” = Global, then [Set] 9. (drop cown) “Material number 10. [OK] 11. Utility Menu> Plot> Areas 12. [Mesh] in MeshToo! 13. Pick area A4 14, [OK] ” MOINES Inc and ts sbsiares andes "Solidification of a Casting 15. [Close] in MeshToo! 16. Utility Menu> Plot> Elements Note:The mesh you obtain may vary slightly from the mesh shown here. As a result of this, you may see slightly different results during postp‘ocessing, For a discussion of results accuracy, see Planning Your Approach in the Modeling and Meshing Guide. To verify that the elements have the right materials, plot them wits different colors for different materials. 17. Utility Menu» PlotCtris> Numbering 18. (drop down) "Elem / Attrib numbering’ = Meterial numbers 19.10] Note: the elements of material 1 form the sand mold. The elements of material 2 form the steel casting. You can also plot the elements showing materials ir different colors without displaying the associated material numbers. 20. Utili 'y Menu> PlotCtris> Numbering 21. (drop down) "Numbering shown with” = Colors only 22. (OK] —_ 23. Toolbar: SAVE_DB 3.1.7. Apply Loads 3.1.7.1. Step 7: Apply convection loads on the exposed boundary lines. Apply the convection to the lines of the solid model. Loads applied tc solid modeling entities are automatically transferred to the finite element model during solution. 1. Utility Menu> Plot> Lines 2. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Thermal> Convection> On Lines ‘ ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte. aThermal Tutorial 3. Pick the three lines that are exposed to ambient air. 4. [OK] 5. "Film coefficient" = 0.014 6. "Bulk temperature” = 80 7. (OK) 8, Toolbar: SAVE_DB 3.1.8. Obtain Solution 3.1.8.1. Step 8: Define analysis type. 1, Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> New Analysis 2. (check) "Type of analysis” = Transient 3. [0K] 4. (check) "Solution method” = Full 5. (OK) 3.1.8.2. Step 9:Examine solution control. The Approach and Assumptions section of this tutorial mentioned that solution control is used to establish several nonlinear options. In this step, you will be directed to the online help for solution control so you can examine the details of this feature. You will access this help topic by clicking on the Help bu:ton from within the Nonlinear Solution Control dialog box. 1. Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Solution Ctrl Note that solution control is on by default. Before clicking an the Help button in the next step, you should be aware that the help information may appear in the same window as this tuzorial, replacing the contents of the tutorial. If this is the case, after reading the help information, you will need to click on the Back button to return to this tutorial. If the help information appears in a separatewindow from the tutorial, you can minimize or close the help window after you read the help information. ee TO OTST RE GI eI COTE POP BRI STEER TOTO 2 ‘fANGTS Inc ands ubsidlanesand ates,Solidification of a Casting 2. [Help] then read the details on Solution Control. 3. If the help information replaced the tutorial, click on the Back button to return to the tutorial. if the help information appears in a separate window, you can close or minirrize that window. 4, [Cancel] to remove the dialog box. 3.1.8.3. Step 10: Specify initial conditions for the transient. The mold is initially at an ambient temperature of 80°F and the molten metal is at 2875°F. Use select, entities to obtain the correct set of nodes on waich to apply the inivial temperatures. First select the casting area, then select the nodes within that area and apply the initial molten temperature to those nodes. Next, invert the selected set of nodes and apply the ambient temperature to the mcid nodes. Start by plotting areas. 1. Ut 1y Menu> Plot> Areas 2. Utility Menu> Select> Entities 3. (first drop down) “Areas” 4, [0K] 5. Pick area A4, which is the casting. 6. [OK] 7. Utili 'y Menu> Select> Everything Below> Selected Areas 1y Menu> Plot> Nodes °. Mi Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Initial Condit'n> Define 10. [Pick Alll to use selected nodes. 11. (drop down) "DOF to be specified” = TEMP 12. "Initial value of DOF” = 2875 13.(0K] 14. Utility Menu> Select> Entities 15. (first drop down) “Nodes” a ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte. «Thermal Tutorial 16. (second drop down) ‘Attached to” 17. (check) “Areas, ell” 18. [Invert] This is an action commrand: the selected set of nodes is immediately inverted. 19. [Cancel] to close the dialog box. 20. Utility Menu> Plot> Nodes 21.Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Initial Condit'n> Define 2. [Pick All] to use all selected nodes. 23. “initial value of DOF 24. [0K] Remember to always select Everything again when you are finished selecting the nodes! 25. Utility Menu> Select> Everything 26. Toolbar: SAVE_DB 3.1.8.4, Step 11: Settime, time step size, and related parameters. Stepped boundary conditions simulate the sudden contact of molten metal at 2875 °F with the mold at ambient temperature. The program will choose automatic time stepping that will enable the time step size to be modified depending on the severity of nonlinearities in the system (for example, it will take smaller time steps while going through the phase change). The maximum and minimum time step sizes represent the limits for this eutomated procedure, Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Time-' ime Step 2. "Time at end of load step” = Note This represents 4 hours. 3. "Time step size’ = 0.01 4, (check) "Stepped or remped b.c.”= Stepped 5. "Minimum time step size” = 0.001 6. "Maximum time step size" = 0.25 7. (0K) TE IST ATR TR” COT PPR aR TTA TOTO “ OFANSYS Inc ands subsslares an lites,Solidification of a Casting 3.1.8.5, Step 12: Set output controls. 1. Mi Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Output Ctrls> DB/Results File 2. (check) “File write frequency” = Every substep 3. [0K] 4, Toolbar: SAVE_DB 3.1.8.6. Step 13: Solve. 1. Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Current LS 2. Review the information in the status window, hen choose. close the window. ile> Close (Windows), or Close (Linux), to 3. [OK] to init ate the solution. 4, [Close] when the solution is done, While ANSYS is solving the analysis, the Graphical Solution Tracking (GST) monitor plots the "Absolute Convergence Morm” as a function of tre "Cumulative Iteration Number." Notice that the solution is as- sumed to have converged for values less than or equal to the convergence criteria. 3.1.9. Review Results 3.1.9.1. Step 14: Enter the time-history postprocessor and define variables. Use the time-history postprocessor to look at the variation of temperature with respect to time at one point on the casting (on the symmetry plane). 1 ut 'y Menu> PlotCtris> Numbering . (check) ‘Node numbers” = On (drop down) "Numbers shown with’ = Colors & numbers 1. {OK} _ IGG TSO ASTER AIG eae COMT POPE, OT TATE TIA TTT ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte. 6Thermal Tutorial 5. Utility Menu> Plot> Elements ‘The node at the center of the casting on the symmetry plane is the node of interest. Use a "get function" to define a variable equal to the value of the node number at the location of interest (166.0). By using a variable to identify the node at the center point, the analysis will be more fi in that the center node will always be usec even if the mest, and therefore node numbers, change. le 6. Utility Menu> Parameters> Scalar Parameters 7. "Selection’ nty_pt =node (16,6,0) 8 (Accept) Note the center paint node number. This number cen vary due to differences in the mesh. 9 [Close] 10. Main Menu> TimeHist Postproc 11. [+] to add data. 12. (double-click) “Nodal Solution’ then “DOF Solution’ then “Temperature” 13. "Variable Name" = center 14. [OK] 15. Type cntr_pt in the picker, then press Enter. 16, [OK] in the picker. 17. File> Close 3.1.9.2. Step 15: Plot temperature vs.time. 1. Main Menu> \eHist Postpro> Graph Variables 2. "Ist variable to graph’ 3. [0K] to plot the results at cntr_point as a function of time. Notice from this graph that the solidification region is approximately batween 2643°F and 2750°F. Your graph may vary slightly. TE IST ATR TR” COT PPR aR TTA TOTO “s ‘fANGTS Inc ands ubsidlanesand ates,Solidification of a Casting 3.1.9.3, Step 16: Set up to animate the results. Next, animate “he solidification of the molten rretal. To better visualize the solidification process, specify three contcurs. One will represent the molten metal (T greater than 2750 °F), one will represent the solidified rretal (T less than 2643 °F), and the third will represent everything in between. But first, to perform an animation, you must enter the General Postprocessor and read the first set of results, 1, Main Menu> General Postproc> Read Results> First Set 2. Ui 'y Menu> PlotCtris> Numbering 3. (check) ‘Node numbers” = Off 4. (drop down) “Elem / Attrib numbering’ = Na numbering 5. (drop down) "Replot upon OK/Apply?” = Do not replot 6. [OK] 'y Menu> Plot> Elements 8 Utility Menu> PlotCtris> Style> Contours> Mon_uniform Contours Note that as indicated in the brackets at the upper left corner of te dialog box, the command to specify 1or_uniform contours is /CVAL. You will later use th's command to set the contours to their default setting avi" 1643, 10."V2" 1750 1.3 Note ‘Thase three values represent the upper bounds of the first, second, and third contours, respectively, 12.{0K] 3.1.9.4. Step 17: Animate the results. (Note for Linux systems only: To capture the animation sequence in terminal segment memory, itis ne- cessary to reduce the size of the Graprics Window or you will ran out of terminal memory. Although this depends on your particular system, and the size of the animation file to be created, for this exercise _ IGG TSO ASTER AIG eae COMT POPE, OT TATE TIA TTT ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte. aThermal Tutorial it is suggested that the ratio of the original window size to the reduced window size should be about 241 Procedure on all systems: 'y Menu> PlotCtrls> Animate> Over Time 2. "Number of animation frames" = 30 3. (check) “Auto contour scaling” = Off 4. (OK) — During the animation, notice the three separate colors - red for temperatures greater than 275C °F (molten steel), green for temperatures between 2643 °F and 2750 ° (the ‘mushy" phase change region), and blve for temperatures below 2543 °F (te solidified steal and the sand mold). As you would expect, the last region to solidify is the material at the center of the casting, Remember that a symmetry model was used.) 5, Make choices in the Animation Controller (not showin, if necessary, then [Close] To visualize the ternperature distribution throughout the medel over the 4 hour spzn, animate the temperature distribution with the default contour settings. To change the contour settings back to their default va ue, simply type /CVAL in the ANSYS Input Window. Note that /CVAL is the command you used earlie* to set non_uniform contours. The same outcome can be achieved by going back to the Non_Uniform Contours window and setting all the values to zero 6. Type /CVAL, then press Enter 7. Utility Menu> PlotCtris> Animate> Over Time 8. [OK] 9, Make choices in the Animation Controller (not shown), if necessary, then [Close]. 3.1.9.5, Step 18: Exit the ANSYS program. 1, Toolbar: QUIT 2. (check) “Quit - No Save!” 3. [OK] 8 MOINES Inc and ts sbsiares andes "Solidification of a Casting Congratulations! You have completed this tutorial. Even though you have exited the ANSYS program, you can still view animations using the ANSYS AN- IMATE program. The ANIMATE program runs only an the PC and is extremely useful for: + Viewing ANSYS animations on a PC regardless of whether the files were created on a PC (AVI files) o on a Linux workstation (ANIM files). + Converting ANIM files to AVI files. + Sending animations over the web. TSB ASTE TREAT AG Te COST OTA I COTBCTT TTT ROR ‘fants nc ana ubudansand atte. »STOO STA GTC pO EET OTT er ‘Of ANSYS, inc and its subsidiaries and es,Chapter 4: Electromagnetics Tutorial of a Solenoid Actuator Magnetic Analy: fi + Problem Specification + Problem Description + Input Geometry + Define Material + Generate Mesh + Apply Loads + Obtain Solution + Review Results 4.1. Magnetic Analysis of a Solenoid Actuator 1. Problem Specification [Applicable ANSYS Products: |ANSYS Multiphysics, ANSYS Emag Level of Difficulty easy Interactive Time Required: 60 to 75 minutes Discipline: dectromaynetics Analysis Type: linear static Element Types Used: PLANEI3 [ANSYS Features Demonstrated: ‘axisymmetry, vector plots, element table operations, path operations [Applicable Help Available: Two-dimensional Static Magnetic Analysis in the Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Analys- is Guide, PLANE13 in the Element Reference. 4.1.2. Problem Description A solenoid actuator is to be analyzed as a 2-D axisymmetric model. For the given current, determine the force on the armature. TS“ SASTETRC AT AG TV COST OT BI TIBET ROR ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte.Electromagnetics Tutorial 1.2.1. Given / Acmaure a (ron) i Bape oece sie o coit (copper) The dimensions of the solenoid actuator are ir centimeters. The armature is the moving component of the actuator. The back-iron is the stationary iron component of the actuator that completes the mag- netic circuit around the coil. The stranded, wound coil of 650 windings ‘with 1 amp/turn supplies the predefined current The current per winding is 1 amp. The air-gap is the thin rectangular region of air between the armature and the pole faces of the back-iton. 4.1.2.2. Approach and Assumptions The magnetic flux produced by the coil current is assumed to be so small that no saturation of the iron ‘occurs. This allows a single iteration linear analysis. The flux leakage out of the iron at the perimeter of the model is assumed to be negligible. This assumption is made simple to keep the madel small. The model would norrrally be created with a layer of air surrounding the iron equal to or greater than the maximum radius of the iron. The air gap is modzled so that a quadrilateral mesh is possible. A quadrilateral mesh allows for a uniform thickness of the air elements adjacent to the armature where the virtual work force calculation is per- formed. This is desirable for an accurate force calculation, The progrem requires the current to be input in the form of current density (current over the area of the coil. The assumption of no leakage at the perimeter of the madel means that the flux will be acting parallel to this surface. This assumption is enforced by the "flux parallel" boundary condition placed around the model. This boundary condition is used for medels in which the flux is contained in an iron circuit. Forces for the virtual work calculation are stored in an element table and then summed. The force is also calculated by the Maxwell Stress Tensor method and the two values are found to be relatively close. 4.1.2.3. Summary of Steps Use the information in the problem description and the steps below as a guideline in solving the problem on your own. Or, use the detailed interactive step-by-step solution by choosing the link for step 1 SE TEO- SISTER GR TTC RO a I SBCA ASTRO 3 OFANSYS Inc ands subsslares an lites,Magnetic Analysis of a Solenoid Actuator Input Geometry 1.Read in ceometry input file. Define Materials 2.Set preferences. 3. Specify material properties. Generate Mesh 4, Define element type and options. 5. Assign mate ial property attributes. 6. Specify meshing-size controls on alr gap. 7.Mesh the model using tie MeshTool 8. Scale model to meters for solution. Apply Loads 9. Define the armature as a component. 10. Apply force boundary conditions te armatui 11. Apply the current density. 12. Obtain a flux parallel field solution. Obtain Solution 13. Solve. Review Results 14,Plot the flux lines in the model. 15.Summarize magnetic forces. 16.Plot the flux density as vectors. 17.Plot the magnitude of the flux density. 18. Exit the ANSYS program, 4.1.3. Input Geometry 4.1.3.1. Step 1: Read in geometry input file. You will begin by reading in a file that includes the model. 1. Utility Menu> File> Read Input from .. TSB ASTE TREAT AG Te COST OTA I COTBCTT TTT ROR ‘fants nc ana ubudansand atte. 2Electromagnetics Tutorial 2. File name: solenoi. inp Linux version: Jansys_inc/v150/ansys/data/models/solenoid.inp PC version: \Program Files\Ansys Inc\V150\ANSYS\data model: \\solenoid. inp 3. [OK] 4.1.4. Define Materials 4.1.4.1. Step 2:Set preferences. You will now set preferences in order to filter quantities that pe'tain to this discipline only. 1, Main Menu> Preferences 2. (check) “Magnetic-Nodal” 3. 10K) 4.1.4.2. Step 3: Specify material properties. Now speci'y the material properties for the magnetic permeability of ai, back-iron, coi, and armature. For simplicity, all material properties are assurred to be livear. (Typically, iron is input zs a nonlinear B- H curve.) Material 1 will be used for the air elements. Material 2 will be used for the back-iron elements, Material 3 will be usec for the coil elements, Material 4 will be used for the armature elements. 1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models 2. (double-click) “Electromagnetics! then "Reletive Permeability’ then "Constant" 3. "MURX" 4. [OK] 5. Edit> Copy 6. [OK] to copy Material Model Number 1 to become Material Model Number 2. 7. (double-click) “Material Model Number 2; then “Permeability (Constant)" 8, "MURX’ 000 9. [OK] TE IST ATR TR” COT PPR aR TTA TOTO se OFANSYS Inc ands subsslares an lites,Magnetic Analysis of a Solenoid Actuator 10. Edit> Copy 11."from Material Number" = 1 12."to Material Number" = 3 13.[0K] 14. Edit> Copy 15. "from Naterial Number’ = 2 16."to Material Number’ 17.10K) 18. (double-click) ‘Material Model Number 4" then “Permeability (Constant)" 19. “MURX"= 2000 20. {OK] 21. Material> Exit 22. Utility Menu> List> Properties> All Materials 23. Review the list of materials, then: File> Close (Windows), or Close (Linux) to close the window. 4.1.5. Generate Mesh 4.1.5.1. Step 4: Define element types and options. In this step you will define element types and soecify options assoc ated with these element types. The higher-order element PLANES3 is normally preferred, but to keep the model size small, use the lower-order element PLANE13. 1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Element Type> Add/Edit/Delete 2. (Add..l 3, "Magnetic Vector” (left column) 4, “Vect Quad 4nod13 (PLANE13" (right column) 5. [0K] 6. [Options..J 7. (drop down) “Element behavior” = Axisymmetric TSB ASTE TREAT AG Te COST OTA I COTBCTT TTT ROR ‘fants nc ana ubudansand atte. ssElectromagnetics Tutorial 8. [OK] 9. [Close] 4.1.5.2. Step 5: Assign material properties. Now assign material properties to air gaps, iron, coil, and armature area. 1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> MeshToo! 2. (drop cown) “Element Attributes’ = Areas; then [Set] 3. Pick four areas of air gaps, A13, A14, A17, and A18 (the picking “hot spot” is at the area number label) ‘i 4. [OK] 5. (drop cown) “Material number 6. [Apply] 7. Pick the five back-iron areas, A7, A8, A9, ATI, A12. 8. [OK] 9. (drop cown) “Material number’ 10. [Apply] 11. Pick coil area, Ad. 12. [0K] 13. (drop cown) “Material number 14. (Apply) 15. Pick armature area, A10, A15, A16. SE TSO OTST IR Tse COMET OPT SCOTT TOTO ss OFANSYS Inc ands subsslares an lites,Magnetic Analysis of a Solenoid Actuator 16.(0K) 17. (drop down) “Material number 18. [0K] 19. Toolbar: SAVE_DB 4.1.5.3. Step 6: Specify meshing-size controls on air gap. Adjust mesning size controls to get two element divisions through the air gap. 1, Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Size Cnirls> ManualSize> Lines> Picked Lines 2. Pick four vertical lines through air gap. 3. [OK] 4. *No. of element divisions 5. [OK] 4.1.5.4. Step 7: Mesh the model using the MeshTool. 1. "Size Control Global Set] 2. “Element edge length”= 0.25 3. (0K) 4, (drop down) "Mesh" = Areas 5. [Mesh] 6. [Pick All) 7. [Close] Note: For a simplified model, choose a coarse mesh. However, for production use a finer mesh should be used especially in the air-gap region. 8 UI 'y Menu> PlotCtris> Numbering 9. (drop down) “elem / attrib numbering’ = Material numbers ‘ ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte. 7Electromagnetics Tutorial 10. [OK] Note: Your mesh may vary slightly from the mesh shown here. As a result, you may see slightly different results during postprocessing. For a discussion of results accuracy, see Planning Your Approach in the Modeling and Meshing Guide. 4.1.5.5, Step 8: Scale model to meters for solution. For a magnetic analysis, 2 consistent set of units must be used. In this tutorial, MKS units are used, so you must scale the model from centimeters to meters. 1, Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Scale> Areas 2. [Pick All] 3. “RX,RYRZ Scale Factors" = 0.01, 0.01, 1 4. (drop cown) “Existing areas wil be” = Moved 5. [0K] 6. Toolbar: SAVE_DB 4.1.6. Apply Loads 4.1.6.1. Step 9: Define the armature as a component. The armature can converiently be defined as a component by selecting its elements. 1. us 'y Menu> Select> Ent 2, (first drop down) “Elements” 3. (second drop down) “By Attributes” 4, "Min, Max, Inc 5. [OK] 'y Menu> Plot> Elements tedetel 7. Utility Menu> Select> Comp/Assembly> Create Component 8 STAN incondiswsiorerandataesMagnetic Analysis of a Solenoid Actuator 8 “Compcnent name" = ARM 9. (drop down) “Component is made of” = Elements 10. (0K 4.1.6.2. Step 10: Apply force boundary conditions to armature. 1, Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Magnetic> Flag> Comp. Force/Torq 2. (highlignt) “Component name" = AFM 3. [0K] 4, Utility Menu> Select> Everything 5. Utility Menu> Plot Elements 4.1.6.3. Step 11: Apply the current density. The current density is defined as the number of coil windings tmes the current, divided by the coil area. This equals (650)(1)/2, or 325. To account for scaling from centi neters to meters, the calculated value needs to be divided by .01°*2. 1. Utility Menu> Plot> Areas 2. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Magnetic> Excitation> Curr Density> On Areas 3. Pick the coil area, which is the area in the center. 4. [OK] 5. *Curr density value” = 325/.01"*2 6. (OK] Close any warning messages that appear. ‘ ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte. 2Electromagnetics Tutorial 1.6.4. Step 12: Obtain a flux parallel field solution. Apply a perimeter 20undary condition to obtain a “flux parallel field solution. This boundary condition assumes that the flux does not leak out of the iron at the perimeter of the model. Of course at the centerline this is true due to axisymmetry. 1. Ut 1y Menu> Plot> Lines 2, Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Magnetic> Boundary> Vector Poten> Flux Par'l> On Lines 3, Pick all lines around perimeter of model (14 lines) 4, (0K) 5. Toolbar: SAVE_DB 4.1.7, Obtain Solution 4.1.7.1. Step 13: Solve. 1. Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Electromagnet> Static Analysis> Opt & Solve 2. [OK] to initiate she solution. 3, [Close] the information window when solution is done. 4.1.8. Review Results 4.1.8.1. Step 14: Plot the flux lines in the model. Note that a certain amount of undesirable flux leakage occurs out of the back-iron, 1, Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Contour Plot> 2D Flux Lines 2. [OK] Close any Notes or Warnings. Your results may vary slightly from what is shown here due to variations in the mesh, ee TO OTST RE GI eI COTE POP BRI STEER TOTO o ‘fANGTS Inc ands ubsidlanesand ates,Magnetic Analysis of a Solenoid Actuator 4.1.8.2, Step 15: Summarize magnetic forces. 1. Mi Menu> General Postproc> Elec & Mag Calc> Component Based> Force 2. (highlignt) “Component name(s)" = ARM 3. [0K] 4, Review the information, then choose: File> Close (Windows), or Close (Linux), to close the window. 4.1.8.3. Step 16: Plot the flux density as vectors. 1. Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Vector Plot> Predefined 2. “Flux & gradient” (left column) 3. "Mag flux cens B" (right column) 4. [OK] 4.1.8.4, Step 17: Plot the magnitude of the flux density. Plot the megnitude of the flux density without averaging the results across material discontinuities. 1, Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Contour Plot> Nodal Solu 2. Choose “Magnetic Flux Density” then "Magnetic flux density vecter sum 3. (0K) Next, you will see how the flux density is distributed throughout the entire actuator. Up to this point, the analysis and all associated plots have used the 2-D axisymmetric model, with the axis of symmetry aligned with the left vertical portion of the device. ANSYS will continue the analysis on the 2-D finite element model, but will allow you to produce a three-quarter expanded plot repres- entation of the flux density throughout the device, based on the cefined axisymmetry. This function is purely graphical. No changes to the database will be made when you produce this expanded plot. ‘ ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte. aElectromagnetics Tutorial 4, Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Style> Symmetry Expansion> 2D Axi-Symmetric 5. (check) "3/4 expansion" 6. (0K) Obtain an isometric view for a more meaningful representation, 7. Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Pan.Zoom,Rotate 8. [Iso] 9. [Close] 4.1.8.5. Step 18: Exit the ANSYS program. 1. Toolbar: QUIT 2, (check) “Quit - No Save!” 3. [OK] Congratulations! You have completed this tutorial. TE IST ATR TR” COT PPR aR TTA TOTO eo ‘fANGTS Inc ands ubsidlanesand ates,Chapter 5: Micro-Electromechanical System (MEMS) Tutorial Multiphysics Analysis of a Thermal Actuator + Problem Specification + Problem Description + Import Geometry + Define Material + Generate Mesh + Apply Loads + Obtain Solution + Review Results 5.1. Multiphysics Analysis of a Thermal Actuator 5.1.1. Problem Specification [Applicable ANSYS Products: |ANSYS Multiphysics Level of Difficulty easy Interactive Time Required: ‘approximately 30 minutes Discipline: structural, thermal, elec:ric Analysis Type: static, nonlinear [Element Types Used! (Coupled-Field SOLID227 [ANSYS Features Demonstrated: importing an IGES model, SmartSizing, se- lecting entities, applying voltage, temperat- ure, and displacement boundary conditions, plotting voltage, temperature, and displace- ment results, animating displacement res- Us, listing heat flow and current [Applicable Help Available: (Coupled-Field Analysis and Direct Coupled- Field Analysis in the Coupled-Field Analysis Guide, SOLID227 in the Element Reference. _ IGG TSO ASTER AIG eae COMT POPE, OT TATE TIA TTT ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte.Micro-Electromechanical System (MEMS) Tutorie! 5.1.2. Problem Description This tutorial demonstrates how to analyze an electrical-thermal actuater used in a micro-electromech- anical system (MEMS). The thermal actuator is ‘abricated from polysilicon and is shown below. The thermal actuator works on the basis of a differential thermal expansion between the thin arm and blade. The requited analysis is a coupled field multiphysics analysis thet accounts for the interaction (coupling) between thermal, electric, and structural fields, A potential difference applied across the electrical connection pads induces 2 current to flow through the arm ard blade. The current flow and the resistivity of the polysilicon procuce Joule heating (PR) in the arm blade, The Joule heating causes the arm and the blade to heat up. Temperatures in the range of 700 -1300 °K are generated. These temperatures produce the’mal strain and thermelly induced de~ flections. The resistance in the thin arm is greater than the resistance in tne blade. Therefore, the thin arm heats up more than the blade, which causes the actuator to bend towards the blade. The maximum deform- ation occurs at the actuator tip. The amount of tip deflection (or force applied if the tip is restrained) is a direct ‘unction of the applied potential difference. Therefore, the amount of tip deflection (or applied force) can be accurately calibratec as a function of appied voltage. These thermal actuators are used to move micro devices, such as ratchets and gear trains. Arrays of thermal actuators can be connected together at their blade tips to multiply the effective force. The main objective of the analysis is to compute the blace tip ceflection for an appliec potential differ ence across the electrical connection pads. Additional cbjectives are to + Obtain temperature, voltage, and displacement plots + Animate displacement results + Determine total current and heat flow. 5.1.2.1.Given You are suoplied with a solid model in an IGES file. Dimensions are in micrometers. The thermal actuator has an overall length of approximately 250 micrometers, and a thickness of 2 micrometers. The given potential cifference across the electrical connection pads is 5 volts. [Material Properties for Polysilicon [Young's modulus 169 GPa ee TO OTST RE GI eI COTE POP BRI STEER TOTO ot ‘fANGTS Inc ands ubsidlanesand ates,Multiphysics Analysis of a Thermal Actuator Poisson's ratio (022 Resistivity 23e-5 ohm-m [Coefficient of thermal expansion 296-6°K [Thermal conductivity 150 W/m°K 5.1.2.2. Approach and Assumptions Coupled-field problems can be solved using the cirect method or the sequential method. The direct method pe’forms the coupled-field analysis in on2 step using coupled-field elements. The sequential method pe-forms the coupled-field analysis in multiple steps, where the results from one step are usec as. nput to the next step. Coupled field elements are not required for the sequential method. This tutorial uses the direct method to evaluate the actuator. The direct approach is the most efficient method for this problem. However, if it were necessary to include the effects of temperature-dependent material properties and/or thermal radiation, it would probably be more efficient to use the sequential method. The nonlinear thermal-electric problem could be solved using SOLID227 elements with only the TEMP and VOLT degrees of freedom active, and the mechanical oroblem could be solved using SOLID187 elements. The temperatures calculated in the zhermal analysis could be applied as loading to the mechanical model using the LDREAD command. For this problem, you first import the file actuator.iges. Next, you define the element type as SOLID227 using the structural thermoelectric decrees of freedom (KEYOPT(1) = 111): UX, UY, UZ, TEMP VOLT. The element simulates the coupled thermal-electric-structural response. To define material properties for this analysis, you must convert the g ven units for Young's modulus, resistivity, and thermal conductivity to uMKSV units. The units have been converted to UMKSV for you, and are shown in the following table. [Material Properties for Polysilicon (uMKSV lunits) [Young's modulus 16923 MPa Poisson's ratio 022 Resistivity 23e-11 ohm-pm [Coefficient of thermal expansion 29¢-6/°K Thermal conductivity 150e6 pW/ymeK Next, you mesh the model with the coupled field elements. You then apply voltages to the electrical connection pads and set their temperature to an assumed 30 °C. You then mechanically fix the elec:rical connection pads in the X,Y, and Z directions. Finally, you obtain the solution and post process the results to achieve the analysis objectives, as stated above. 5.1.2.3, Summary of Steps Use the information in the problem description and the steps below as a guideline in solving the problem on your own. Or, use the detailed interactive step-by-step solution by choosing the link for step 1. TSB ASTE TREAT AG Te COST OTA I COTBCTT TTT ROR ‘fants nc ana ubudansand atte. 6Micro-Electromechanical System (MEMS) Tutorial Import Geometry 1.Import IGES file. Define Materials 2.Define element type. 3.Define material properties. Generate Mesh 4.Mesh the model. Apply Loads 5.Plot areas. 6. Apply boundary conditions to electrical connection pad 1 7. Apply boundary conditions to electrical connection pad 2. Obtain Solution 8 Solve Review Results 9. Plot temperature results. 10. Plot votage results. 11. Plot displacement results and animate. 12. List total heat flow and current 13. Exit the ANSYS program, 5.1.3. Import Geometry 5.1.3.1. Step 1:Import IGES file. You will begin by importing the model of the actuator. It is provided for you in the form of an IGES file. 1. Uti lity Menu> File> Import> IGES 2. "No defeaturing” 3. [OK] 4, File name: actuatoriges Linux versio /ansys_inc/v150/ansys/data/models/actuator. iges SE TEO- SISTER GR TTC RO a I SBCA ASTRO 6s OFANSYS Inc ands subsslares an lites,Multiphysics Analysis of a Thermal Actuator PC version: \Program Files\Ansys Inc\V150\ANSYS\data\models\actuator.iges 5. (OKI 5.1.4. Define Materials 5.1.4.1. Step 2: Define element type. You will now soecify the element type as coupledfield element SOLID227, and the default degrees of freedom (KEYOPT(1) = 111): UX, UY, UZ, TEMP, VOLT. This problem makes use of ell degrees cf freedom. 1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Element Type> Add/Edit/Delete 2. [Add 1 3. “Coupled Field” (left column) 4, “Tet 10nod2 227” (right column) 5. [0K] 6. [Options] 7. ‘Analysis Type K1” choose Structural-thermoelectric 8. [OK] 9. [Close] 5.1.4.2. Step 3: Define material properties. You will now enter the material property values for polysilicon. These values are for Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, thermal expansion coeficient, thermal conductivity, and resistivity. The units for these values are pMKSY. 1. Mi Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models 2. Select “Structural,” then “Linear,” then “Elastic,” then “Isotropic” 3. “EX= 169e3 4, *PRXY’ = 0,22 5. [0K] 6. Select “Thermal Expansion,” then "Secant Coefficient,’ then “\sotropic” 7. "ALPX"= 2.9e-6 _ IGG TSO ASTER AIG eae COMT POPE, OT TATE TIA TTT ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte. oMicro-Electromechanical System (MEMS) Tutorial 8. [OK] 9. Select “Thermal,” then “Conductivity,” then “Isotropic” 10."KXX"= 15006 11. [OK] 12, Select “Electromag retics,” then “Resistivity,” then “Constant” 13. "RSVK"= 230-11 14. [OK] 15. Material> Exit 5.1.5.Generate Mesh 5.1.5.1. Step 4:Mesh the model. You will now obtain a course volume mesh using tetrahedral shapes. Setting the SmartSizing control to 10 (maximum) achieves the course mesh. 1, Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> MeshTool 2, (check) “Smartsize" 3. (slide) “Course” 4, [Mesh] 5. [Pick All) a. 6. [Close] MeshTool 5.1.6. Apply Loads 5.1.6.1. Step 5: Plot areas. You will now plot individual areas in preparation for when you apply the boundary conditions to the electrical connection pads, which you will do in the next two steps. You will fist set ANSYS to display each of the areas in a distinguishing color and number. 1. Uti ‘lity Menu> PlotCtrls> Numbering 2. (check)"Area numbers" to "On" 3. [OK] TE IST ATR TR” COT PPR aR TTA TOTO os ‘fANGTS Inc ands ubsidlanesand ates,Multiphysics Analysis of a Thermal Actuator 4. Utility Menu> Plot> Areas a 5.1.6.2. Step 6: Apply boundary conditions to electrical connection pad 1. You will now apply the vottage, temperature, and displacement boundary conditions to electrical con- nection pad 1. You will first select this pad area so you only have to perform the picking function once there, even though you are applying three diffee at types of boundary conditions. 1. Utility Menu> Select> Entities 2. (first drop down) “Areas” 3. (second drop down) “By Num/Pick” 4. [OK] 5. Pick electrical connection pad 1 (the upper pad). Ensure that you have picked the correct area by holding the mouse button down and dragging the ricuse until ONLY the pad area highlights, then release the button. 6. [0K] Now apply the voltage boundary condition to pad 1 7. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Boundary> Voltage> On Areas 8. [Pick All By choosing Pick All, you pick only the area representing pad 1 because that is the only entity you currently have selected, 9. “Load VOLT Velue” = 5 10. [0K] FE. Notice the voltage boundary condition symbols added to pad 1 Now apply the temperature boundary condition to pad 1. a ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte. @Micro-Electromechanical System (MEMS) Tutorie! 11. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Thermal> Temperature> On Areas 12. [Pick All] 13, “DOF to be constrained” = TEMP 14, "Load TEMP value" = 30 15. [OK] Notice the temperature boundary condition symbols added to pad 1. Now apply the displacement toundary conditions to sad 1. 16, Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Dis 17. [Pick All] 18, "DOFs to be constrained” = UX 19. "Displacement value” = 0 20. [Apply] 21. [Pick All] 22. "DOFs to be constrained” = UY 23. [Apply] 24. [Pick All] 25. "DOFs to be constrained” = UZ 26. [OK] Bp, Notice that ANSYS cumulatively added the displacement boundary condition symbols to the pad after you applied them (i.e.,X constraint, then Y constraint, then Z constraint). 5.1.6.3. Step 7: Apply boundary conditions to electrical connection pad 2. You will now apply the voltage, temperature, and displacement boundary conditions to electrical con- nection pad 2. The procedure you follow is identical to the one you just performed to add boundary conditions to pad * ee TO OTST RE GI eI COTE POP BRI STEER TOTO ” ‘fANGTS Inc ands ubsidlanesand ates,Multiphysics Analysis of a Thermal Actuator 1. Utility Menu> Select> Entities 2. first drop down) "Areas" 3. (second drop down) "By Num/Pick” 4. [OK] 5. Pick electrical connection pad 2 (the lower pad). Ensure that you ave picked the correct area by holding the mouse button down and dragging the ricuse until ONLY the pad area highlights, then release the button, 6. [0K] Now apply the voltage boundary condition to pad 2. 7. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Electric> Boundary> Voltage> On Areas 8. [Pick All By choosing Pick All, you pick only the area reoresenting pad 2 because that is the only entity you currently have selectec. 9. “Load VOLT Value" = 0 10. [0K] Em. Notice the voltage boundary condition symbols added to pad 2. Now apply the temperature boundary condition to pad 2. 1M Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Thermal> Temperature> On Areas 12. [Pick All] 13."DOF to be constrained” = TEMP. 14,"Load TEMP Value” = 30 15. [0K] a ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte. 7Micro-Electromechanical System (MEMS) Tutorie! oe Notice the temperature boundary condition symbols added to pad 2. Now apply the displacement toundary conditions to 2ad 2 16. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> isplacement> On Areas 17. [Pick All] 18. "DOFs to be constrained” = UX 19. "Displacement value”= 0 20. [Apply] 21. [Pick All] 22. "DOFs to be constrained” = UY 23. Apply] 24. [Pick All] 25. "DOFs to be constrained” = UZ 26. [OK] Bm, Notice that ANSYS cumulatively added the displacement boundary condition symbols to the pad after you applied trem (ie, X constraint, then Y constraint, then Z constraint), Before solving the problem, you must select the entire finite element model. 'y Menu> Select> Everything 5.1.7. Obtain Solution 5.1.7.1. Step 8: Solve. You will now initiate the ANSYS solution. 1. Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Current LS 2. Review the information in the status window, then choose: File> Close (Windows platforms), ee TO OTST RE GI eI COTE POP BRI STEER TOTO n ‘fANGTS Inc ands ubsidlanesand ates,Multiphysics Analysis of a Thermal Actuator or Close (Linux platforms}, after reviewing the information in the status window. 3. [0K] 4. [Close] the information window when the solution is done, 5.1.8, Review Results 5.1.8.1. Step 9: Plot temperature results. You will now plot the temperature results. This is one of the objectives of this analysis. 1. Main Menu> General Postproc> Read Results> Last Set 2. Main Menu> General Postproc> PlotResults> Contour Plot> Nodal Solu 3. “DOF sclution’ 4. "Nodal “erperature” 5. (OK] Refer to the legend beneath your plot for a numerical interpretation of the colars in the plot. Note that the electrical connection pads are the same color, reflecting the constant temperature boundary condition, Note also that there is a change in color in the blade, as viewed from the pads end to the blade tip end, indicating that the voltage difference across the pads causes a temperature difference across the blade, Note that the thin arm is at higher temperatures than the blade. 5.1.8.2. Step 10: Plot voltage results. You will now plot the voltage results. This is one of the objectives of this analys's. 1. Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Contour Plot> Nodal Solu 2. "DOF sclution’ 3. “Electric potential” 4. [OK] Refer to the legend beneath your plot for a numerical interpretation of the colors in the plot. Note that the electrical connection pads are distinctly two cifferent colors, reflecting the voltage difference across ‘ ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte. nMicro-Electromechanical System (MEMS) Tutorie! the pads. Note also that there is a change in color in the olade, as viewed from the pads end to the blade tip end, indicating that the voltage drop from pad | to ped 2 is distributed along the electrical conduction path of the actuator. 5.1.8.3. Step 11: Plot displacement results and animate. You will now plot znd animate the displacement results. These are two of the objectives of this analysis. 1. Main Menu> General Postproc> PlotResults> Contour Plot> Nodal Solu 2. "DOF solution” 3. "Y-Component of displacement” 4. [OK] Refer to the legend beneath your plot for ¢ numerical interpretation of the colors in the plot. Note that the electrical connection pads are the same color, reflecting that the pads are constrained in all directions, Nate especially the gradual change in color in the blade and thin arm. as viewed from. the pads end to the blade tip end. This display, along with the animation you will produce next, clearly show the bending of the thermal actuator. Note also from the legend that the color of the tip of the blade indicates a deflection of approximately 3.07 micrometers. This deflection results from the 5 volts applied across the pads. You have just achieved the main objective oF this analysis, You will now produce the corresponding animation, 5. Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Animate> Deformed Results 6. (left column) "DOF solution” 7. (right column) “Translation UY" 8. [OK] 9. [Close] after making desired choices in the Animation Controller. 5.1.8.4, Step 12: List total heat flow and current. You will now obtain a listing of results including the total heat flow and current. These are two of the objectives for this analysis. 1. Uti 'y Menu> Plot> Areas ™ MOINES Inc and ts sbsiares andesMultiphysics Analysis of a Thermal Actuator 2. Utility Menu> Select> Entities 3. first drop down) “Areas” 4, (second drop down) “By NumvPick” 5. [0K] 6. Pick the electrical connection pad on the thin side o* the actuator (lower pad as shown below). Bm 7. (OKI 8 Utility Menu> Select> Entities 9. (first drop down) "Nodes" 10. (second drop down) "Attached to” 11. "Areas, all” 12.{0K) 13. Utility Menu> List> Results> Reaction Solution 14.1710 items” 15. [0K] Scroll tc the bottom of the list and note that the total heat flow is approximately 8.07e9 pW ané the total current is approximately 323e9 pA. 16. When you are done viewing the listing, choose: ‘ile> Close (Windows platforms), or Close (Linux platforms) 17. Utility enu> Select> Everything 5.1.8.5. Step 13: Exit the ANSYS program. 1, Toolbar: Quit 2. "Quit No Savet” 3. (OKI _ IGG TSO ASTER AIG eae COMT POPE, OT TATE TIA TTT ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte. 5Micro-Electromechanical System (MEMS) Tutorial Congratulations! You have completed this tutorial. Even though you have exited the ANSYS program, you can still view animations using the ANSYS AN- IMATE program. The ANIMATE program runs only on the PC and is extremely useful for: Viewing ANSYS animations on ¢ PC regardless of whether the files were created on a PC (AVI files) or on a Linux workstat on (ANIM files). Converting ANIM files to AVI files. Sending animations over the web. "PANT conde subtioneandameesChapter 6: Expli Dynamics Tutorial Drop Test of a Container + Problem Specification + Problem Description + Define Analysis Type + Input Geometry + Define Element Type, Real Constants, Material Model Fropertias, + Generate Mesh + Apply Loads + Obtain Solution + Review Results 6.1. Drap Test of a Container (Explicit Dynamics) 6.1.1. Problem Specification [Applicable ANSYS Products: |ANSYS LS-DYNA Level of Difficulty: moderate Interactive Time Required: 60 to 90 minutes Discipline: structural [Analysis Tyoe: transient dynamics (explicit method) Element Types Used: SHELLTOS ANSYS Fearures Demonstrated direct generation of nodes and elements, array parameters, automatic meshing, anim- ation [Applicable Help Available: The ANSYS LS-DYNA User's Guide, SHELLI63 in the Element Reference. IGG TSO ASTER AIG eae COMT POPE, OT TATE TIA TTT ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte.Explicit Dynamics Tutorial 6.1.2. Problem Description This is a dynamic analysis of dropping an alurrinum container on a steel table top. As shown below, the container is a fve-sided square box, 20 inches on all sides and 0.1 inches thick. It has been rotated 45° about each of the X,¥, and Z axes. The tabe top is a square steel plate 100 inches on each side and 0.1 inches thick. The only force acting on the box is i-s own weight. It is dropped from a distance of 72 inches. The problem is typical of a drop test. The objective of the problem is to cemonstrate he explicit dynamics capabilities of ANSYS LS-DYNA -~ ideal for large deformation and complex contact dynamic problems. 6.1.2.1.Given The dimensions of the container and table top are showr above. The container is made of aluminum alloy with Young's modulus of 10.3E6 psi, density of 2.5E-4 Ibrsec’/in*, Poisson's ratio of 0.334, Yield Stress of 5,000 psi,and a tangent modulus of 20,000 psi. he table top is made of carbon steel with Young's modulus of 30.066 psi, density of 7.3E-4 Ibpsec’/in’, and Poisscn's ratio of 0.292. 6.1.2.2. Approach and Assumptions During the free fall stage, the container is simply accelerating due to gravity. To save CFU time, start the analysis at 20 inches above the table top and apply an initial velocity of 200 inches per second to simulate the first 52 inches of free fall. 200 inches per second is an approximation derived using Vp= SQRT (2a"s) where V; is the final velocity, ais she acceleration due to cravity, and s is the displacement. Friction from the air is neglected. Assume a rigid behavior for the table top and bilinear kinematic hardening von Mises plasticity for the container. Solid modeling is used to generate the 3-D model of the container, whch then will be meshed. Direct generation of nodes and elements will be used to model the table top. The table top will be modeled 25 a rigid element and only one e’ement will be used to represent it. 6.1.2.3. Summary of Steps Use the information in the problem description and the steps below as a guideline in solving the problem on your own. 07, use the detailed interactive step-by-step solution by choosing the link for step 1 Define Analysis Type 1.Set preferences. SE TEO- SISTER GR TTC RO a I SBCA ASTRO % OFANSYS Inc ands subsslares an lites,Drop Test of a Container (Explicit Dynamics) Input Geometry 2.Read in ceomeitry of the container. Define Element Type, Real Constants, Material Model Properties 3. Define element type. 4. Define real constants. 5. Specify material models. Generate Mesh 6.Mesh the container. 7.Generate table top elements, 8, Create ccntainer component. 9. Create table top component. 10.Specify contact parameters. Apply Loads 11.Apply initial velocity to the container. 12. Apply acceleration to the container Obtain Solution 13, Specify Output Controls. 14.Solve Review Results 15. Animate stress contours. 16.Animate deformed shape. 17. Exit the ANSYS program. 6.1.3. Define Analysis Type 6.1.3.1, Step 1: Set Preferences. You will frst set preferences in order to filter quantities that pertain to this discipline only. 1. Main Menu> Preferences 2. (check) ‘Individual discipline(s) to show in the GUI" = Structural 3. (check) “Discipline options" = LS-DYNA Explicit TSB ASTE TREAT AG Te COST OTA I COTBCTT TTT ROR ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte. yExplicit Dynamics Tutorial 4. [0K] 6.1.4. Input Geometry 6.1.4.1. Step 2:Read in geometry of the container. You will begin by reading in a file that includes the model of the container. 1. Utility Menu> File> Read Input from ... 2. File name: container. inp Linux version: /ansys_inc/v150/ansys/data/models/container.inp PC version: \Progran Files\ansys Inc\V150\AaNSYS\data\models\cortainer. inp 3. [OK] 6.1.5. Define Element Type, Real Constants, Material Model Properties 6.1.5.1. Step 3: Define element type. Since the model is a container made of thin walls hitting the surface of a table, shell elements will be used to simulate the physical model. More precisely, SHELL163, an explicit thin structural shell is the element of choice. This 4-node element can taxe both in-plane and normal loads. 1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Element Type> Add/Edit/Delete 2. [Add...] 3. "LS-DYNA Explicit” (left column) 4. "Thin Shell 163" (right column) 5. [OK] Now, specify the S/R corotational Hughes-Liu element formulation to eliminate certain hourglass modes. 6. [Options..} 7. (drop cown) “Element Formulation’ = $/R corotation 8. [OK] TE IST ATR TR” COT PPR aR TTA TOTO 2 OFANSYS Inc ands subsslares an lites,Drop Test of a Container (Explicit Dynamics) 9. [Close] 6.1.5.2. Step 4: Define real constants. Next, define the thickness of the shell elements by defining the appropriate real constant. 1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Real Constants 2. [Addl 3. [OK] to choose element Type 1 for SHELL163. 4, [OK] to def ne real constant set No.1 5. “SHRF 6. *NIP"~ 2 (For demonstration purposes in this tutorial, the default value of 2 is sufficient, However, for ‘most nonlinezr analyses, the NIP should be set higher than 2) 7. "TI"=01 8 ‘T2"=01 9. "T3041 10.°T4" 41 11, "NLOC” = Mid surface 12.[0K) 13. [Close] 6.1.5.3. Step 5: Specify material models. Now specify material models for the ccntact and target surfaces. LM Models Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Mater 2. (double-click) 'LS-DYNA; then “Rigic Material’ to specify the table top, which is “Material Model Number 3. "DENS"=7.3e-4 4, "EX" = 30e6 5, *NUXY"= 0.292 6. (drop down) “Translational Constraint Parameter” = All disps. 7. (drop down) “Rotational Constraint Parameter’ = All rotations 8. [OK] New Model to specify the material for the container, which is "Material Model Number 2° TSB ASTE TREAT AG Te COST OTA I COTBCTT TTT ROR ‘fants nc ana ubudansand atte. aExplicit Dynamics Tutorial 10. "Define Material ID" = 2 11. [0K] 12, (double-click) “Nonlinear’ then ‘Inelastic’ then “Kinematic Hardening’ then “Bilinear Kinematic” 13. "DENS"= 25e-4 14, "EX 0.3e6 15. "NUXY’ = 0.334 16. "Yield Stress” = 5000 17. "Tangent Modulus” = 20000 18. [OK] 19, Mater > Exit 20. Toolbar: SAVE_DB 6.1.6. Generate Mesh 6.1.6.1. Step 6: Mesh the container. In an explicit solver, such as ANSYS LS-DYNA, the analysis time is highly dependent on the smallest element in the model. Therefore, for efficient results, a uniform element size sould be used. For this example, use the default element size. This should give a 3x3 mesh on each face of the container. 1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> MeshTool 2. (drop cown) “Element Attributes” = Global; then (Set) 3. (drop cown) “Material number’ = 2 4, [OK] 5. (drop cown) “Mesh" = Areas 6. (check) “Mapped” 7. [Mesh] 8. [Pick All) 9. Toolbar: SAVE_DB TE IST ATR TR” COT PPR aR TTA TOTO 2 OFANSYS Inc ands subsslares an lites,DropTest of a Container (Explicit Dynamics) 6.1.6.2. Step 7: Generate table top elements. Now mesh the table top by direct element generation. The table top will be defined as a rigid surface and therefcre only one element is needed to model this surface. Create this model by defiring its four comer nodes and then building the elements from those nodes. 1. Utility Menu> PlotCtris> Pan, Zoom, Rotate 2. {Obliq) 3. [Close] 4, Utility Menu> PlotCtris> Numbering 5. (check) ‘Node numbers" = On 6. [OK] 7. (drop down in MeshTool) “Element Attributes’ = Global; then [Set] 8. (drop down) "Material number’ 9. {OK} 10. Close] MeshTool 11.Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Nodes> In Active CS 12."Node number" = Leave blank so it defaults ta the next available node number. 13.°X Y Z Location in active CS" = -50,-20,-50 14. [Apply] to generate the node in the far left co-ner, 15." ¥ Z Location in active C: -50,-20, 50 16. [Apply] to generate the node in the near lef: corner. 17.°KY Z Location in active CS" = 50, -20, 50 18. [Apply] to generate the node in the near right corne~ 19.°KY Z Location in active CS" = 50, -20, -50 20. [OK] to generate the node in the far right corer. Now create the element. 21.Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Elements> Auto Numbered> Thru Nodes _ IGG TSO ASTER AIG eae COMT POPE, OT TATE TIA TTT ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte. aExplicit Dynamics Tutorial 22. In a counterclockwise direction, pick the four nodes just crested 23. [OK] y Menu> Plot> Elements 6.1.6.3. Step 8: Create container component. Most of the contact algorithms require contact parameters, which can be components, part IDs, or part assembly IDs. For this zutorial, create a component made of nodes from the container. 1. Utility Menu> Select> Entities 2. (first drop down) “Elements” 3. (second drop dawn) "By Attributes" 4, (check) "Material num’ 5. "MinMax,in 6. [Apply] 7. (first drop down) “Nodes” 8. (second drop down) “Attached to” 9. (check) “Elemerts” 10. [0K] 1.U 'y Menu> Select> Comp/Assembly> Create Component 12. "Component neme” = BOX 13. (drop cown) “Component is made of” = Nodes 14, [0K] 15, Utility Menu> Plot> Nodes ee TO OTST RE GI eI COTE POP BRI STEER TOTO a ‘fANGTS Inc ands ubsidlanesand ates,DropTest of a Container (Explicit Dynamics) 16. Utility Menu> Select> Everything 6.1.6.4, Step 9: Create table top component. Now, create a component made of noces from the table top. 1. Utility Menu> Select> Entities 2. (first drop down) “Elements” 3. (second drop down) "By Attributes” 4, (check) ‘Material num” 5. ‘Min.Mex,Ine’= 1 6. [Apply] 7. (first drop down) "Nodes" 8. (second drop down) “Attached to” 9. (check) “Elements” 10. (0K) 11. Utility Menu> Select> Comp/Assembly> Create Component 12."Compenent name" = TABLE 13. (drop down) “Component is made of" = Nodes 14.10K1 15. Utility Menu> Plot> Nodes 16. Utility Menu> Select> Everything 17. Toolbar: SAVE_DB 6.1.6.5. Step 10: Specify contact parameters. In an analysis in which the contact behavior is known, the appropriate contact algorithm can be chosen for the best results. However, due to the nature of this problem, contact conditions will be unpredictable. Sa TSO SASF TS Te COM POTEET OTTER ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte. 8Explicit Dynamics Tutorial Thus, by choosing automatic surface to surface contact, the program will automatically adjust for the, changes which occur during this simulation. 1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> LS-DYNA Options> Contact> Define Contact 2. "Contact Type” = "Surface to Surf” (left column);“Automatic (ASTS)" right column) 3. (0K) 4, (drop cown) “Contact Component or Part ro.” = BOX 5. (drop cown) “Target Component or Part no.” = TABLE 6. [OK] 7. Toolbar: SAVE_DB 6.1.7. Apply Loads 6.1.7.1. Step 11: Apply initial velocity to the container. 1. Main Menu> Solution> Initial Velocity> On Nodes> w/Nodal Rotate 2. (drop cown) “Input velocity on component” = BOX 3. "Global (Translationall Y-component” = -200 4. [OK] In a transient dynamic analysis, loads must be defined for the duration of the analysis. To do so, create an array cortaining this data. 5. Utility Menu> Parameters> Array Parameters> Define/Edit 6. [Adda] 7. "Parameter name" = 8. [OK] 9. (Edit..) 10."1"=0 W0=4 12. File> Apply/Quit 13. (Add..] 14, "Parameter name” = ACCG 15. [OK] 16. (highlight) “ACCG" STD IS BS TSEC OD I ATT TAO as OFANSYS Inc ands subsslares an lites,DropTest of a Container (Explicit Dynamics) 17.{Edit.. 18."1" = 386.4 19.°2" = 386.4 20.File> Apply/Quit 21. [Close] 6.1.7.2. Step 12: Apply acceleration to the container. 1. Main Menu> Solution> Loading Options> Specify Loads 2. “Load Labels’ = ACLY 3, (drop down) “Component name or PART number:” ~ BOX 4, (drop down) “Parameter name for time values:” = TIME 5. (drop down) "Parameter name for data values:’ = ACCG 6. {OK} 6.1.8. Obtain Solution 6.1.8.1. Step 13: Specify output controls. 1. Main Menu> Solution> Time Controls> Solution Time 2. “Terminate at Tim 3. [0K] 4, Main Menu> Solution> Output Controls> File Output Freq> Number of Steps 5. *Specify Results File Output Interva” = 50 50 6. “Specify Time History Output Interval 7. (OK) 8 Mi Menu> Solution> Analysis 0} 9. {Ok} to turn on all energy options 10. Toolbar: SAVE_DB — a ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte. oExplicit Dynamics Tutorial 1.8.2. Step 14: Solve. 1. Main Menu> Solution> Solve 2. Review the information in the status window, then choose: File> Close (Windows) or Close (Linux), to close the window. 3, [OK] to initiate solution. Note: A verification window will appear to notify you of a warning message. This warning was gen- erated due to constraining the table top by defining i as a rigid element rather than using degrees of freedom constraints. Therefore the warning can be ignored. 4. [es] 5. [Close] 6.1.9. Review Results 6.1.9.1. Step 15: Animate stress contours. 1. Utility Menu> Plot> Elements 2. Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Pan, Zoom, Rotate 3. [Front] 4, [Close] 5. Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Numbering 6. (check) "Node numbers” = Off 7. (0K) a 8 Main Menu> General Postproc> Read Results> First set 88 MOINES Inc and ts sbsiares andesDropTest of a Container (Explicit Dynamics) Note for Linux systems only:To capture the animation sequence in terminal segment memory, itis necessary to reduce the size of the Graphics Window or you will run out of terminal memory. Although this derends on your particular system, and the size of the animation file to be created, for this ex- ercise it is suggested that the ratio of the orig nal window size to the reduced window size should be about 3:1 9. Utility Menu> PlotCtris> Animate> Over Results 10. (check) ‘Auto contour scaling’ = On (Make sure that the box is checked.) 11.“Contour data for animation’ tress (left column); von Mises SEQV (right column) 12.{0K) 13, Make choices in the Animation Controller (not shown), if necessary, then [Close]. 6.1.9.2. Step 16: Animate deformed shape. 1. Utility Monu> PlotCtris> Animate> Over Results 2. (check) ‘Auto contour scaling” = On 3. “Contour data for animation” = DOF Solution (\eft column); Deformed Shape (right column) 4. (OK) 5, Make choices in the Animation Controller (not shown), if necessary, then [Close] 6.1.9.3. Step 17: Exit the ANSYS program. 1. Toolbar: Quit 2. (check) ‘Quit - No Save!” 3. [0K] Congratulations! You have completed this tutorial. Even though you have exited the ANSYS program, you can still view animations using the ANSYS AN- IMATE program. The ANIMATE program runs only on the PC and is extremely useful for: + Viewing ANSYS animations on a PC regardless of whether the files were created on a PC (AVI files) or on a Linux workstation (ANIM files). a ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte. @Explicit Dynamics Tut + Converting ANIM files to AVI files. + Sending animations over the web. ee T5U-OOT is servants propia and conden ROTATION 0 OfANSYS nc ands subse andChapter 7: Contact Tutorial Interference Fit and Pin Pull-Out Contact Analysis + Problem Specification + Problem Description + Input Geometry + Define Material Property and Element Type + Generate Mesh + Specify Solution Criteria + Load Step 1 + Load Step 2 + Postprocessing 7.1, Interference Fit and Pin Pull-Out Contact Analysis 7.1.1. Problem Specification [Applicable ANSYS Products: /ANSYS Multiphysics, ANSYS Mechanical, ANSYS Structural Level of Di'ficulty: moderate Interactive Time Required: '45 to 60 minutes (includes 15 to 20 minutes for solution) Discipline: structural [Analysis Type: nonlinear quasistatic Element Types Used: ‘SOLID185, TARGE70, CONTAI74 ANSYS Feaures Demonstrated: symmetry boundary conditions, lexible-to- flexible surface contact, contact wizard, ‘automatic time stepping, multiple load steps, symmetry expansion, animation, time history postprocessing, Solution Controls dialog box 50ST AY R TE-COET POE aT THIET TTATIST ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte. aContact Tutorial [Applicable Help Available: The Contact Technology Guide, SOLIDI85, TTARGE179, and CONTA174 in the Element Reference. 7.1.2. Problem Desc This is a 3-D analysis cf a steel pin contacting a smooth cinhole in a block. Because of the inherent symmetry of the model, you will perform the analysis on a quarter symmetry model. Yau will define two different load steps. The objective of the first load step is tc observe the interference fit stresses of the pin which is geometrically thicker than ts pinhole. The objective of the second load step is to observe the stresses, contact pressures and reaction forces due to the motion of the pin being pulled out from the block. 7.1.2.1. Given The dimensions of the model are as follows: PIN radius = 0.5 units, length = 25 units. BLOCK width = 4 units, length = 4 units, depth = 1 unit. PINHOLE radius = 0.49 units, depth = 1 unit. Bcth solids are made of structural steel (stiffness = 36e6, Poisson's ratio = 0.3) and are assumed to be flexible, 7.1.2.2. Approach and Assumptions A quarter symmetry model is appropriate to simulate the contact phenomena. You will use two load steps to set up the analysis: Load Step 1: Interference Fit ~ solve the prablem with no additional dis- placement constraints. The pin is constrained within the pinhole due te its geometry. Stresses are generated due to the general misfit between the target (pinhole) and the contact (pin) surfaces. Lead Step 2: Pullout ~ move the pin by 1.7 units out of the block using DOF displacement conditions on coupled nodes. Explicitly invoke Automatic Time Stepping to guarantee solution convergence. Read results for every 10th substep during solution. 7.1.2.3. Summary of Steps Use the information in the problem description and the steps below as a guideline in solving the problem on your own. OF, use the detailed interactive s:ep-by-step solution by choosing the link for step 1. Note To run this tutorial, you will need a total workspace memory of at least 64MB, preferably higher (100-200 MB). Before starting the tutorial, check your workspace memory as follows: 1. Utility Menu> List> Status> Configuration 2. Scroll down to the MEMORY STATISTICS heading and read the number of MB for Requested Initial Work Space. STD IS BS TSEC OD I ATT TAO 92 OFANSYS Inc ands subsslares an lites,Interference Fit and Pin Pull-Out Contact Analysis 3. If this number is acceptable, proceed with the tutorial. f the number is too low, quit ANSYS without saving changes, restart ANSYS and, in the ANSYS Interactive dialog box, enter the aporopriate number in the Memory requested for Tota Workspace field before chcosing Run. Input Geometry 1.Read in the model of the pin and the block. Define Material Property and Element Type 2.Define mate ‘ial 3. Define element type for solid volume. Generate Mesh 4.Mesh solid volume. 5. Smooth element edges for graphics display. 6. Create ccntact pair using Contact Wizard. Specify Solution Criteria 7. Apply symmetry constraints on (quartered) volume, 8. Define boundary constraints on block. 9. Specify a large displacement static analysis. Load Step 1 10. Define inte-ference fit analysis options. 11. Solve load step 1. Load Step 2 12, Set DOF displacement for pin. 13.Define pull-out analysis options. 14. Write results to file. 15.Solve load step 2. Postprocessing 16. Expand mode! from quarter symmetry to full volume. 17. Observe interference fit stress state. 18. Observe intermediate contact pressure on pin. TSB ASTE TREAT AG Te COST OTA I COTBCTT TTT ROR ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte. aContact Tutorial 19. Observe pulled-out stress state. 20. Animate pin pull-out. 21. Plot reaction forces for pin pull-out. 22, Exit the ANSYS program. 7.1.3. Input Geometry 7.1.3.1. Step 1:Read in the model of the pin and block. You will begin by reading in a file that includes a quarter symmetry representation of te pin and block. 1. Utility Menu> File> Read Input from .. 2, file name: block. ixp Linux version: /ansys_inc/v150/ansys/data/models/block. inp PC versio \Program Files\Ansys Inc\V150\ANSYS\data\models\block. inp 7.1.4. Define Material Property and Element Type 7.1.4.1. Step 2: Define material. You will now define the material property. 1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models 2. Double-click Structural, then Linear, Elastic, and Isotropic. 3. EX= 3606 4, PRXY = 0.3. 5. Click OK. 6. Select Material> Exit from the menu bar. 7.1.4.2. Step 3: Define element types. You will now define the element type. TE IST ATR TR” COT PPR aR TTA TOTO o* OFANSYS Inc ands subsslares an lites,Interference Fit and Pin Pull-Out Contact Analysis 1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Element Type> Add/Edit/Delete 2. Click Add. 3, Select Structural Mass - Solid, 4, Select Brick 8node 185 (right column). 5. Click OK. 6. Click Close. 7.1.5. Generate Mesh 7.1.5.1. Step 4: Mesh solid volume. 1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> MeshToo! 2. Select Lines - Set. 3. Pick the horizontal and vertical lines on the front edge of the pin. 4, Click OK. 5. Enter 3 for No. of element divisions. 6. Uncheck SIZE,NDIV can be changed to indicate No. 7. Click OK. 8 Select Lines - Set. 9. Pick the curved line on the front of the block, 10. Click OK. 11. Enter 4 for No, of element di 12. Click OK. 13, Select Volumes from the Mesh drop-down menu, 14, Select Hex. a ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte. %Contact Tutorial 15. Select Sweep. 16. Click the Sweep button 17. Pick the pin and block volumes. 18, Click OK and Close any warning messages that appear. 19. Close the MeshTool. 7.1.5.2. Step 5:Smooth element edges for graphics display. 1. Utility Menu> PlotCtris> Style> Size and Shape 2, From the Facets/element edge drop-down menu, select 2 facets/edge. 3. Click OK. 7.1.5.3. Step 6: Create contact pair using Contact Wizard. 1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Contact Pair 2. Select the Contact Wizard button (located in the upper left comer of the Contact Manager) 3. Select Areas from the Target Surface field 4, Select Flexible from the Target Type field. 5. Click Pick Target. 6. Pick surface of pin hole on block as the target. TE TOTS TF I SET COMETS POI a TTC PTT 95 OFANSYS Inc ands subsslares an lites,Interference Fit and Pin Pull-Out Contact Analysis 7. Click OK. 8 Click Next. 9. Select Areas from Contact Surface field. 10. Click Pick Contact. 11. Pick surface area of pin as the contact 12 Click OK. 13. Click Next. 14. Select Include Initial penetration. 15, Select 1 frcm Material ID drop-down menu 16. Enter 0.2 for the Coefficient of friction. 17. Click Optional settings. 18. Enter 0, for Normal penalty stifiness. 19. Select the Fi ion tab 20. Select Unsymmetric from the Stiffness matrix drop-down menu, 21.Click OK. 22. Click Create. 23. Click th and close the Contact Manager. 25. Toolbar>SAVE_DB. Sa TSO SASF TS Te COM POTEET OTTER ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte. 8Contact Tutorial 7.1.6. Specify Solution Criteria 7.1.6.1. Step 7: Apply symmetry constraints on (quartered) volume. 1. Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Displacement> Symmetry B. C.> On Areas 2. Pick the four in:erior areas that were exposed when original model was quartered. 7.1.6.2. Step 8: Define boundary constraints on block. 1, Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Displacement> On Areas 2. Pick left side of black. 3. Click OK. 4, Select All DOF for DOFs to be constrained. 5. Enter 0 for the Displacement value. 6. Click OK to apply the constraints. 7.1.6.3. Step 9: Specify a large displacement static analysis. In this step, you wil specify the analysis option as a static analysis in waich large deformation effects are to be included. To do this, you will use the Solution Controls dialog box, a central control panel where you can adjust the most commonly used settings for a structural static or full transient analysis. It consists of five tabbed "pages," each of which contains a set of related solution controls. You will use the Solution Controls dialog box again in this tutorial, to specify options for each of the load steps. ee TO OTST RE GI eI COTE POP BRI STEER TOTO 98 OFANSYS Inc ands subsslares an lites,Interference Fit and Pin Pull-Out Contact Analysis 1. Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> Sol'n Controls 2. Select Large Displacement Static ‘tom the Analysis Options pul down menu. Continue with the next step. 7.1.7. Load Step 1 7.1.7.1. Step 10: Define interference fit analysis options. Note that for both load steps, ramped oading will automatically be applied instead of stepped loading. This is the default condition for a static analysis when the SOLCONTROL command is ON (which it is, also by default), 1, Enter 100 as the Time at end of load step. 2. Select Off from the Automatic time stepping drop-down menu. 3. Enter 1 as the Number of substeps. 4, Click OK to apply the settings. 5. Toolbar>SAVE_DB. 7.1.7.2. Step 11: Solve load step 1. 1, Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Current LS 2. Review the information in the status window, shen File> Close to close the window. 3. Click OK to begin the solution. Choose Yes if 2 Verify window appears, and ignore any warning messaces, but do not close the warning message window yet. 4. Close the note window when solution is done. 5. Utility Menu> Plot> Replot. Continue with the next step. TS“ SASTETRC AT AG TV COST OT BI TIBET ROR ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte. »Contact Tutorial 7.1.8. Load Step 2 7.1.8.1. Step 12: Set DOF displacement for pin. You will now apply a displacement value of 1.7 to all nodes on the front of the pin in order to observe the effects of pulling the pin out of the block. 1. Utility Menu> Select> Entities 2. First drop down menu = Nodes. 3. Second drop-down menu = By Location. 4, Select Z coordinates. 5. Enter 4.5 for Min, Max. 6. Click OK. 7. Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Displacement> On Nodes 8, Click Pick all 9, Select UZ for the DOFs to be constrained. 10. Enter a Displacement value of 1.7. 11. Click OK. 7.1.8.2. Step 13: Define pull-out analysis options. 1, Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> Sol'n Controls 2, Enter 200 as the Time at end of load step. 3. Select On from the Automatic time stepping drop-down list. 4, Enter 100 for the Number of substeps. 5, Enter 10000 for the Max no, of substeps. 6. Enter 10 for the Min no. of substeps. Continue with the next step. 7.1.8.3. Step 14: Write results to file. 1. Select Write every Nth substep from the Frequency drop-down list. 2, Enter -10 in the where N equals (=) field 3. Click OK. 4, Utility Menu> Select> Everything 10 SEP TANS condi astorecandatlaesInterference Fit and Pin Pull-Out Contact Analysis 7.1.8.4, Step 15: Solve load step 2. ANSYS may produce several warning messages wile solving this second load step. They will appear in a popup window and in the Output Window, but they will not prevent the solucion from occurring However, you should be aware that by default, ANSYS only displays the first 5 warning messages in the window. If more warning messages occur, which may be the case in the solution of this load step, they are not displayed, nor is the “Solution is Done!” message displayed. To ensure tnat the "Soluticn is Done!” message appears, you are highly advised to change the setting that controjs the number of messages that are displayed from 5 to 100. To do this, type the following in the Inpu: W ndow, then press the Enter key: (/xe2R, 100,100, OFF This also ensures that ANSYS will not abort if it encounters an error during solution, You can then proceed with the following steps to obtain the solution, 1. Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Current LS 2. Review the information in the status window, shen choose: File> Close (Windows), or Close (Linux), to close the window. 3, Click OK to begin the solution. Ignore any warning messages, but do not clese the warning message window ye 4, Close the note window when solution is done. 7.1.9. Postprocessing 7.1.9.1. Step 16: Expand model from quarter symmetry to full volume. 1. Utility Menu> PlotCtris> Style> Symmetry Expansion> Periodic/Cyclic Symmetry 2. Check 1/4 Dihedral Sym. 3. Click OK. 4, Utility Menu> Plot> Elements TSB ASTE TREAT AG Te COST OTA I COTBCTT TTT ROR ‘fants nc ana ubudansand atte. 10)5, Toolbar>SAVE DB. 7.1.9.2. Step 17: Observe interference fit stress state. 1. Main Menu> General Postproc> Read Results> By Load Step 2. Load step number = 1 3. Click OK. 4, Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Contour Plot> Nodal Solu 5. Select Stress and then von Mises stress. 6. Click OK. 7.1.9.3. Step 18: Observe intermediate contact pressure on pin. 1. Main Menu> General Postproc> Read Results> By Time/Freq 2, Enter 120 as the Value of time or freq. 3. Click OK. 4, Utility Menu> Select> Entities 5. In the first drop-dewn list, select Elements 6. In the second drop-down list, select By Elem Name. 7. Enter 174 as the Element name. 8. Click OK. 1y Menu> Plot> Elements 10. Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Contour Plot> Nodal Solu TE TOTS TF I SET COMETS POI a TTC PTT oz OFANSYS Inc ands subsslares an lites,Interference Fit and Pin Pull-Out Contact Analysis 11. Select Contact. 12, Select Contact Pressure. 13. Click OK. 7.1.9.4. Step 19: Observe pulled-out stress state. 1. Utility Menu> Select> Everything 2. Main Menu> General Postproc> Read Results> By Load Step 3. Enter 2as the Load step number. 4. Click OK. 5. Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Contour Plot> Nodal Solu 6. Select Stress and then von Mises stress. 7. Click OK. 7.1.9.5. Step 20: Animate pin pull-out. 1ate> Over Results 1. Utility Menu> Plot Ctrls> Ani 2. Select Load Step Range for the Model result data 3, Check Include last SBST for each LDST. 4. Check Auto contour scaling (On), 5. (In the left column) Contour data for animation = Stress. 6. (In the right column) Contour data for animation = von Mises SEQV. 7. Click OK. Sa TSO SASF TS Te COM POTEET OTTER ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte.Contact Tutorial 8. Make choices in the Animation Controller (not shown;, if necessary, then Close. 7.1.9.6. Step 21: Plot reaction forces for pin pull-out. 1, Utility Menu> List> Nodes 2. Click OK. 3. Make note of all the node numbers whose Z coordinates are 4.5. Your node numbers may be different from those shown here. 4. File> Close (Windows), or Close (Linux), to close the window. 'y Menu> Plot> Volumes 6. Main Menu> TimeHist Postproc 7. Select Add Data (left most button). 8. Select Reaction Farces, Structural Forces, and then Z-Component of Force. 9. Click OK. 10. Pick a node on the front surface of the pin whose number corresponds to one of the nodes listed above for z= 4.5. (Hold down the left mouse button and drag the mouse cursor across the front of the pin. The highlightec node numbers appear in tre picking menu. Upclick on the one you want to select, 11. Click OK. 12. Verify that the node number you picked above is displayed in the Node number field. Your node number may be different from the one shown here. 13. Click Graph data (third button from left) 14, Close all EXTREM Command windows. 15, File> Close the Time History Variables window. STD IS BS TSEC OD I ATT TAO 104 OFANSYS Inc ands subsslares an lites,Interference Fit and Pin Pull-Out Contact Analysis 7.1.9.7. Step 22: Exit the ANSYS program. 1. Toolbar: Quit. 2. Select Quit - No Save! 3. Click OK. Congratulations! You have completed this tutorial. Even though you have exited the ANSYS program, you can still view animations using the ANSYS AN- IMATE program. The ANIMATE program runs only an the PC and is extemely useful for + Viewing ANSYS animations on a PC regardless of whether the files were created on a PC (AVI files) or on a Linux workstation (ANIM files). + Converting ANIM files to AVI files. + Sending animations over the web. TS“ SASTETRC AT AG TV COST OT BI TIBET ROR ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte. 105STOO STA GTC pO EET OTT er ‘Of ANSYS, inc and its subsidiaries and es,Chapter 8: Modal Tutorial Modal Analysis of a Model Airplane Wing + Problem Specification + Problem Description + Input Geometry + Define Material + Generate Mesh + Apply Loads + Obtain Solution + Review Results 8.1. Modal Analysis of a Model Airplane Wing 8.1.1. Problem Specification [Applicable ANSYS Products: |ANSYS Multiphysics, ANSYS Mechanical, ANSYS Structural Level of Difficulty: easy Interactive Time Required: 30 to 45 minutes Discipline: structural [Analysis Tyoe: modal Element Types Used: PLANE182 and SOLID 185 ANSYS Feacures Demonstrated: ‘extrusion with a mesh, selecting, eigenvalue modal analysis, animation [Applicable Help Available: ‘Modal Analysis in the Structural Analysis Guide, PLANE182 and SOLID185 in the Ele- ment Reference. 8.1.2. Problem Description This is a simple modal analysis of a wing of a model airplane. The wing is of uniform configuration along its length and its cross-sectional area is defined to be a siraight line and a spline as shown. It is IGG TSO ASTER AIG eae COMT POPE, OT TATE TIA TTT ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte.Modal Tutorial held fixed to the body of the airplane on one end and vangs freely at the cther. The objective of the problem is to find the wing's natural frequencies and mode shapes. 8.1.2.1.Given The dimensions of the wing are as shown above. The wing is made of low density polyethylene with a Young's modulus of 38x10” psi, Poisson's ration of 0.3, and a density of 8.3E-5 Ibpsec’/in’, 8.1.2.2. Approach and Assumptions Assume the side of the wing connected to the plane is completely fixed in all degrees of freedom. The wing is solid and material properties are constant and isctroy Solid modeling is used to generate a 2-D model of the cross-section of the wing. You then create a reasonable mesh and extrude the cross-section into a 3-D solid model which will automatically be meshed. Additionally, the mash used in this example will be fairly coarse for the element types used. This coarse mesh is used here so that this tutorial can be used with the ANSYS ED procuct. 8.1.2.3. Summary of Steps Use the information in this description and the steps below as e guideline in solving the problem on your own. Or, use the detailed interactive step-by-step solution by choosing the link for step 1. Input Geometry 1.Read in geometry input file. Define Materials 2. Set preferences 3. Define constant material properties. Generate Mesh 4, Define element type. 5. Mesh the area 6. Extrude the meshed area into a meshed volume. SE TEO- SISTER GR TTC RO a I SBCA ASTRO 108. OFANSYS Inc ands subsslares an lites,Modal Analysis of a Model Airplane V/ing Apply Loads 7.Unselect 2-0 elements, 8. Apply constraints to the model. Obtain Solution 9. Specify analysis types and options. 10. Solve. Review Results 11. List the natural frequencies. 12. Animate the five mode shapes, 13. Exit the ANSYS program. 8.1.3. Input Geometry 8.1.3.1, Step 1: Read in geometry input file. You will begin by reading in a file that includes tre model. Lu 'y Menu> File> Read Input from ... 2. File name: wing. inp Linux version: /ansys_inc/v150/ansys/data/models/wing. inp PC version: \Program Files\Ansys Inc\V150\ANSYS\data\models\wing.inp 3. (OK) 8.1.4. Define Materials 8.1.4.1. Step 2: Set preferences. You will now set preferences in order to filter quantities that pertain to this discipline only. 1, Main Menu> Preferences 2. (check) “Structural” ‘ ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte. 10Modal Tutorial 3. [OK] 8.1.4.2, Step 3: Define constant material properties. 1, Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models 2. (double-click) “Structural’ then “Linear; then “Elastic; then “Isotropic” 3. "EX"= 38000 4. "PRKY"=03 5. [OK] 6. (double-click) “Density” 7. "DENS" Be-5 8. [OK] 9, Material> Exit 8.1.5.Generate Mesh 8.1.5.1. Step 4: Define element types. Define two element types: a 2-D element and a 3-D element. Mesh the wing cross-sectional area with 2D elements, and chen extrude the area to create a 3-D volume. The mesh will be “extruded” along with the geometry so 3-D elements will autorratically be created in the volume. 1, Main Menu> Preprocessor> Element Type> Add/Edit/Delete 2. [Add..] 3. "Structural Solid’ (laft column) 4, "Quad 4node 182" (right column) 5. [Apply] to choose the Quad 4 node (PLANE182) 6. "Structural Solid” (left column) 7. "Brick &node 185” (right column) 8. [OK] to choose the Brick 8 node (SOLID185) 9. (Options) for Type2 SOLID185 10. Choose “Simple Enhanced Str" for the element technology. 11. [0K] 12. [CLOSE] 13. Toolbar: SAVE_DB STD IS BS TSEC OD I ATT TAO no OFANSYS Inc ands subsslares an lites,Modal Analysis of a Model Airplane Ving 8.1.5.2, Step 5: Mesh the area. The next st2p is to specify mesh controls in order to obtain a particular mesh density. 1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh Tool 2, *Size Controls Global" = [Set] 3, “Element edge length’ = 0.25 4. [0K] 5. [Mesh] 6. [Pick All) 7. [Close] Waring 8. [Close] Meshtool 9. Toolbar: SAVE_DB In designing this problem, the maximum node limit of ANSYS ED was taken into consideration. That is why the 4-node PLANE182 element, rather than the 8-node PLANE183 element was used. Note that the mesh conteins a PLANE182 triangle, which results in a warning. if you are not using ANSYS ED, you may use PLANE183 during the element definitions to avoid this message. Note ‘The mesh you see on your screen may vary slightly from the mesh shown above. As a result of this you may see slightly differant results during postprocessing, For a ciscussion of results accuracy, see Planning Your Approach in the Modeling and Meshing Guide. 8.1.5.3. Step 6: Extrude the meshed area into a meshed volume. In this step, the 3-D volume is generated by firs: changing the element type to SOLID185, which is defined as element type 2, and then extruding the area into a volume, 1. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Extrude> Elem Ext Opts 2. (drop down) “clement type number’ = 2 SOLID185 3. *No. Elem 0 4. (OK) 5, Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Operate> Extrude> Areas> By XYZ Offset 6. (Pick All) _ IGG TSO ASTER AIG eae COMT POPE, OT TATE TIA TTT ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte. m1Modal Tutorial 7. "Offsets for extrusion’ = 0, 0, 10 8. [OK] 9. Utility Menu> PlotCtris> Pan, Zoom, Rotate 10. [Iso] 11. (Close) & 12, Toolbar: SAVE_DB- 8.1.6. Apply Loads 8.1.6.1. Step 7: Unselect 2-D elements. Before aprlying constraints to the fixed end of the wing, unselect all PLANE182 elements used in the 2D area mesh since they will not be used for the analysis. 1. Utility Menus Select Entities 2. (first drop down) “Elements” 3. (second drop down) “By Attributes” 4. (check) “Elem type num” 5. "Min,Max,Inc” = 1 6. (check) “Unselect” 7. [Apply] 8.1.6.2. Step 8: Apply constraints to the model. Constraints will be applied to all nodes located where the wing is fixed to the body. Select all nodes at z= 0, then apply the displacement constraints 1. first drop down) “Nodes” 2. (Second drop down) “By Location” 3. (check)"Z coordinates" 4. "Min.Max" = 0 5. (check)"From Full” 6. [Apply] 7. Main Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Displacement> On Nodes mm, STAN incondiswsiorerandataesModal Analysis of a Model Airplane Ving 8 [Pick All to pick all selected nodes. 9. "DOFs to be constrained” = All DOF 10. [OK] Note that by leaving “Displacement” blan«, a default value of zero is used. oH Now, reselect all nodes. 11. (second drop down) "By Num/Pick” 12. {Sele All] tc immediately select all nodes from entire database. 13. [Cancel] to close dialog box. 14. Toolbar: SAVE_DB 8.1.7. Obtain Solution 8.1.7.1. Step 9: Specify analysis type and options. Specify a modal analysis type. 1. Mi Menu> Solution> Analy: ‘Type> New Analysis 2. (check) “Modal” 3. [0K] 4, Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> Analysis Options 5. (check) “Block Lanczos" (Block Lanczos is the default ‘or a modal analysis.) 6. *No. of modes to extract” 7. "No.of modes to expand” 8. [0K] 9. [OK] All default values are acceptable for this analysis. 10. Toolbar: SAVE_DB 8.1.7.2. Step 10: Solve. 1. Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Current LS 2. Review the information in the status window, then choose: > Close (Windows), _ IGG TSO ASTER AIG eae COMT POPE, OT TATE TIA TTT ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte. 1Modal Tutorial or Close (Linux), to close the window. 3. [0K] to initiate he solution. 4. tes] 5. [Yes] Based on previous discussions, the warnines are accepted. The messages presented in the verification window are due ta the fact that PLANE182 elements have been defined but not used in the analysis. ‘They were used to mesh a 2-D cross-sectional area. 6. [Close] to acknowledge that the solution is done. 8.1.8. Review Results 8.1.8.1. Step 11: List the natural frequencies. 1. Main Menu> General Postproc> Results Summary 2. [Close] after observing the listing. 8.1.8.2. Step 12: Animate the five mode shapes. Set the results for the first mode to be animated. 1. Main Menu> General Postproc> Read Results> First Set 2. Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Animate> Mode Shape 3. [0K] Observe the first mode shape: 4, Make choices in the Animation Controller (not showin], if necessary, then choose Close. Animate the next mode shape. 5. Main Menu> General Postproc> Read Results> Next Set 'y Menu> PlotCtrls> Animate> Mode Shape 7. (OK) Observe the second mode shape: ne STAN incondiswsiorerandataesModal Analysis of a Model Airplane Ving Repeat ed steps 4 through 7 above, and view the remaining three modes. Observe the third mode shape: 8.1.8.3. Step 13: Exit the ANSYS program. 1. Toolbar: QUIT 2. (check) ‘Quit - No Save!” 3. [0K] Congratulations! You have completed this tutorial Even though you have exited the ANSYS program, you can still view animations using the ANSYS AN- IMATE program. The ANIMATE program runs only on the PC and is extremely useful for: + Viewing ANSYS animations on a PC regardless of whether the files were created on a PC (AVI files) or on 4 Linux workstation (ANIM files) + Converting ANIM files to AVI files. + Sending animations over the web. Sa TSO SASF TS Te COM POTEET OTTER ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte. nsSTOO STA GTC pO EET OTT er ‘Of ANSYS, inc and its subsidiaries and es,Chapter 9: Probabi Design System (PDS) Tuto! stic Design of a Simple Plate with a gle Force Load + Problem Specification + Problem Description + Specify Analysis File + Define Input and Output + Obtain Solution + Perform Pos:processing + Generate Report 9.1. Probabilistic Design of a Simple Plate with a Single Force Load 9.1.1. Problem Specification [Applicable ANSYS Products: 'ANSYS Multiphysics, ANSYS Mechanical, ANSYS Structural Level of Difficulty moderate Interactive Time Required: approximately 30 minutes Discipline: structural [Analysis Type: static, linear Element Types Used: [SHELL181 [ANSYS Features Demonstrated: Probabilistic Design System (PDS) Analysis Applicable Help Available: Probabilistic Design in the Advanced Analysis Guide, ‘SHELL181 in the Flement Reference. 9.1.2. Problem Des: This is a structural probabilistic analysis of a square plate fixed on two sides and loaded in she center, as shown below. TS“ SASTETRC AT AG TV COST OT BI TIBET ROR ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte. WwProbabilistic Design System (PDS) Tutorial Mean Value = 100 N Std. Deviation = 10N 4 V The input parameters are subject to uncertainty. Measurements show tat the plate dimensions can vary significantly. Specimen tests show that the material properties can alse vary. The applied force is also subject to uncertainty. You will determine the variation of the output parameters given the uncertainty of the plate dimensions, material properties, and applied force. The output parameters that you will study are the maximum deflection of the plate and the maximum equivalent stress at the clamped ecges. The following are your main objectives: + Review statistical results to determine if enough simulation loops have been performed. + Determine the probability that che maximum deflection remains below a specified value, + Determine the maximum deflection that will give a specified probability that the deflection is below that value. + Quantify how sensitive the results are with respect to the variability of the input parameters. + Produce scatter plots for the output parameters as a function of the most important random input variables, + Determine the correlation coefficients between the output parameters and input variables. 9.1.2.1. Given You are given an input file for a deterministic analysis of the plate, where uncertainties have been ignored. The square plate is 100 mm long and 1.0 mm thick. Young's modulus and density are equal to the values shown in the table below. The force is 100.0 N. The manufacturing process produces plates with an accuracy of + 1 mm, The following are the material properties. [Material Property Nominal Value [Distribution ne STAN incondiswsiorerandataesProbabilistic Des gn of a Simple Plate with a Single Force Load [Young's modulus 210.0 Nimer? (Gaussian Standard deviation 3 - 5 percent Density 8.0e-6 kg/mm? [Uniform Standard deviation 5 percent The force can only be positive and has a standard deviation of 10 percent of its mean value. 9.1.2.2. Approach and Assumptions For this problem, you first enter the Probabilistic Design System (PDS), execute the file for the determ- inistic model and then specify it as the analysis file for the probabilistic analysis, Next, you define the random input variables and random outptt parameters for your probebilistic analysis. For this problem, you define the length and thickness of the plate, Young's modulus and density, and force as random input variables with various distribution functions. You will define length and width as a uniform distribution with lower and upper bounds based on the manufacturing accuracy of £0.1 mrr. Ta be conservative, you will use a 5 percent standard deviation for the Young's modulus. To demons:rate that density has no significant impact on the results, you will use a uniform distribution from 50 percent to 150 percent of its nominal value. For force, you will use a legnormal distribution with a mean value equal to the nominal value and a standard deviation of 10 percent of its mean value. You define the maximum deflection and maximum equivalent stress at the fixed edges as the output parameters, Next, you define Monte Carlo as the probabilistic analysis method and execute he Monte Carlo prob- abilistic sirrulations. Finally, you visualize and evaluate the Monte Carlo results to achieve the analysis objectives, as stated above. 9.1.2.3. Summary of Steps Use the information in the problem description and the steps telow as a guideline in solving the problem on your own. Or, use the detailed interactive step-by-step solution by choosing the link for step 1 Specify Analysis File 1.Enter PDS and specify analysis file. Define Input and Output 2. Define input variables. 3. Define output parameters. Obtain Solution 4. Execute Monte Carlo simulations. Perform Postprocessing 5. Perform statistical postprocessing. TSB ASTE TREAT AG Te COST OTA I COTBCTT TTT ROR ‘fants nc ana ubudansand atte. 1Probabilistic Design System (PDS) Tutorial 6.Perform trend postprocessing, Generate Report 7.Generate HTML report and exit. 9.1.3. Specify Analysis File 9.1.3.1. Step 1:Enter PDS and specify analysis file. You begin by entering the Probabilistic Design System {PDS) and executing the file plate.mac for the deterministic model. The plate .mac file contains a complete analysis sequence for a simple plate with a single force load. It uses parameters to define all inputs and outputs. f you are using the Linux version of ANSYS, the “ile resides at /ansys_:nc/v1£0/ansys/data/models. If you are using the PC version of ANSYS, the file resides at \Program Files\Ansys Inc\V150\ANS¥S\data\models. Before performing sutstep 1 below, it is highly recommended that you copy the file plate. mac to your working directory. 1, Main Menu> Prob Design 2. Utility Menu> File> Read Input from 3. Filenameplate.nac 4. (OKI 5. [Close] Now define plate.mac as the analysis file for the probabilistic analysis. PDS uses plate .mac to create a file for performing analysis loops. PDS uses the plate. mac input and output parameters as random input variables (RVs) and random output parameters (RP). 6. Main Menu> Prob Design> Analysis File> Assign 7. File name: plate.mac 8. [OK] 9.1.4. Define Input and Output 9.1.4.1. Step 2: Define input variables. You will now define the input parameters and their distribution functions. 1, Main Menu> Prob Design> Prob Definitns> Random Input 2. [Add...] Define length as an input variable. TE IST ATR TR” COT PPR aR TTA TOTO 120 OFANSYS Inc ands subsslares an lites,Probabilistic Des gn of a Simple Plate with a Single Force Load 3. “Select a Parameter” ENGTH 4, “Distribution Type” = Uniform 5. [OK] 6. “Lower 3oundary” = LENGTH-0.1 7. “Upper Boundary” = LENGTH#0.1 8. {OK} 9. Adi d Define thic ness as an input variabe. 10. ‘Select a Parameter" = THICKNESS 11. ‘Distribution Type” = Uniform 12.[0K] 13.“Lower 3oundary” = THICKNESS-0.1 14, "Upper Boundary” = THICKNESS+0. 15.[0K] 16.[Ad J Define Young's modulus as an input variable. 17.*Select a Parameter” = YOUNG 18. “Distribution Type” = Gauss 19.[0K] 20. "Mean value" = YOUNG. 21.*Standard deviation" 05*YOUNG. 2.0K] 23.[Add..1 Define density as an input variable. 24, "Select a Parameter” = DENSITY 25. "Distribution Type” = Uniform 26.{0K] 27."Lower 3oundary” = 0.5*DENSITY 28, “Upper Boundary” = 1.5*DENSITY TSB ASTE TREAT AG Te COST OTA I COTBCTT TTT ROR ‘fants nc ana ubudansand atte.Probabilistic Design System (PDS) Tutorial 29. [OK] 30. [Add...] Define force as an input variatle. 31, "Select a Parameter’ = FORCE 32, "Distritution Type” = LOGI 33, [0K] 34, "Mean value” = FORCE 35, "Standard deviation” = 0.1*FORCE 36. [0K] 37. [Close] 9.1.4.2. Step 3: Define output parameters. You will now define the maximum deflection of the plate and the maximum equivalent stress at the clamped edges as output parameters. 1. Main Menu> Prob Design> Prob Definitns> Random Output 2. [Adda] 3. "Select Parameter” = MAXDEFLECTION 4, (0K) 5. [Add..1 6. "Select Parameter” = MAXSTRESS 7. (OK) 8. [Close] 9.1.5. Obtain Solution 9.1.5.1. Step 4: Execute Monte Carlo simulations. You will now specify the Monte Carlo Simulation method and various ceptions. You will specify the Latin Hypercube samplirg technique. For the same accuracy, it generally requires fewer simulation loops than the Direct Monte Carlo Sampling technique. You will set the number of simulations to 40 and the number of repetitions to 1 to give 40 analysis loops. Forty loops will be a sufficient number for demonstration purz0ses. You will also set a few special options. For more information an the Monte Carlo Simulation method and these options, refer to the PDMETH and PDLHS commands in the Command Reference and Probabilistic Design in the Advanced Anaiysis Guide. 1. Main Menu> Prob Design> Prob Method> Monte Carlo Sims 2. “Latin Hypercube” STD IS BS TSEC OD I ATT TAO 1m, OFANSYS Inc ands subsslares an lites,Probabilistic Des gn of a Simple Plate with a Single Force Load 3. [OK] 4, "Number oF Simulations" = 40 5. "Number of Repetitions’= 1 6. *Random Sampling” 7. "Execute ALL Sims" 8. “Use 123457 INIT” 9. (OK) 10.Main Menu> Prob Design> Run> Exec Serial> Run Serial 11. "Solution Set Label” = LHSRUN 12.{0K) 13. Review the information in the dialog box, then [OKI to initiate the solution. The solution is complete when the statement "LOOP 40 OUT OF 40 - CYCLE 1 OUT OF 1 IS FINISHED" appears in the ANSYS Output Window. 9.1.6, Perform Postprocessing 9.1.6.1. Step 5: Perform statistical postprocessing. You will now review simulation results and mean value plots for maximum deflection. If the number of simulations is sufficient, the mean valu2 plots for ‘andom output va iables converge (the curve flattens out). You will also review a histogram plot for the meximum deflection in order to visualize the scatter of this random output parameter To double check that the number of simulation loops is suffcient, you will plot a histogram of the Young's modulus random input variable, The ANSYS PDS not only plots the histogram bars, but also plots a curve for values derived from the distribution function that you specified. If tne number of simulations is sufficient, the histogram for Young's modulus will have bars close to the curve derived for the distr bution function, which are smooth and witout any major gaps. You will also determine the following: The probability that the maximum deflection is below 0.525 mm. ‘The maximum deflection that will give a 90 percent probabilty that the deflection is below that value. 1. Main Menu> Prob Design> Prob Results> Statistics> Sampl History 2. "Prob Design Variable” = MAXDEFLECTION “Samples” 1. (OK) TSB ASTE TREAT AG Te COST OTA I COTBCTT TTT ROR ‘fants nc ana ubudansand atte. 12Probabilistic Design System (PDS) Tutorial 5, Main Menu> Prob Design> Prob Results> Statistics> Sampl History 6. "Prob Design Variable’ = MAXDEFLECTION 7. "Mean values’ 8. [OK] ‘The curve is relatively flat, indicating that the number of simulations is sufficient. 9. Main Menu> Prob Design> Prob Results> Statistics> Histogram 10. "Prob Design Variable” = MAXDEFLECTION 11. [OK] 12. Main Menu> Prob Design> Prob Results> Statistics> Histogram 13. "Prob Design Variable’ = YOUNG 14, [OK] TE TOTS TF I SET COMETS POI a TTC PTT nae OFANSYS Inc ands subsslares an lites,tic Design af a Simple Plate with a Single Force Load The histogram bars resemble the probability censity functicn, indicating that the number of simula tions is sufficient. 15.Main Menu> Prob Design> Prob Results> Statistics> CumulativeDF 16."Prob Design Variable" = MAXDEFLECTION 17.10K) The curve shows that there is about a 96 percent probability that the deflection remains below 0.525. 18. Main Menu> Prob Design> Prob Results> Statistics> Probabilities 19. Prob Design Variable” = MAXDEFLECTION 20. "Less than” 21. ‘Limit Value’ 525 22. {OKI Note that the probability is 96.360 dercent that the maximum deflection is below the value of 0.525 23. After reviewing the information, File> Close (Windows platforms) or Close (Linux platforms) 24, Main Menu> Prob Design> Prob Results> Statistics> Inverse Prob 25. Prob Design Variable" = MAXDEFLECTION 26. “Target Probability” = 0.90 27.{0K] Sa TSO SASF TS Te COM POTEET OTTER ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte. bsProbabilistic Design System (PDS) Tutorial Note that there is a 90 percent probability that the maximum deflection is below 0.5120 mm. 28. After reviewing the results, choose File> Close (Windows platforms) or Close (Linux platforms). You have achieved three of your six main objectives for running this tutorial as stated ebove in Problem Description (p. 117). In Step 5, you: + Reviewed statistical results and determined that 40 srrulation loops were sufficient (substeps 8 and 14). + Determined that the probability of the maximum deflection being below 0.525 mm, is 96 percent (substeps 17 and 23). + Determined that a deflection limit of 0.5120 mm should be specified to achieve a 90 percent probability that the deflection is below that value (substep 28). 9.1.6.2. Step 6: Perform trend postprocessing. You will now request sensitivity plots for MAXDEFLECTION and MAXSTRESS to determine which random input variables are most significart. You will then request scatter plots of MAXDEFLECTION and MAX- STRESS versus the most significant random input variables. Finally, you will determine the correlation coefficients between the random output parameters and the random input variables. 1. Main Menu> Prob Design> Prob Results> Trends> Sensitivities 2. Choose for the Select Response Param’ = IMAXDEFLECTION 3. [OK] Note that the legend indicates that only the random input variable THICKNESS is important for the random output parameter MAXDEFLECTION. 4, Main Menu> Prob Design> Prob Results> Trends> Sensi 5. "Select Response Param" = MAXSTRESS TE TOTS TF I SET COMETS POI a TTC PTT 125 OFANSYS Inc ands subsslares an lites,tic Design af a Simple Plate with a Single Force Load 6. [OK] Note that the legend indicates that only the random input variables THICKNESS and FORCE are im- portant for the random output parameter MAXSTRESS, 7. Main Menu> Prob Design> Prob Results> Trends> Scatter Plot & "Name 1 Select Parameter” = THICKNESS 9. "Name 2 Select Parameter” = MAXDEFLECTION 10. (0K) 11. Main Menu> Prob Design> Prob Results> Trends> Corral Matr 12. "Type of Matrix” = Input-Output 13.[0K] 14.(0K) Note the correlation coefficients. 15. After reviewing the results, choose File> Clase (Windows platforms) or Close (Linux platforms) Sa TSO SASF TS Te COM POTEET OTTER ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte. arProbabilistic Design System (PDS) Tutorial You have echieved the remaining three of your six total main objectives for running this tutorial as stated above in Problem Description (p. 117). In Step 6, you: + Determined that only the random input variable THICKNESS is important for the random output parameter MAXDEFLECTION (substep 3), and that only the random input variab es THICKNESS and FORCE are important for the random output parameter MAXSTRESS (substep 6). + Produced a scatter plot of the MAXDEFLECTION output parameter as a function of the THICKNESS input variable (substep 10). + Determined correlation coefficients between output 2arameters MAXDEFLECTION and MAXSTRESS, and input variables LENGTH, THICKNESS, YOUNG, DENSITY, and FORCE (substep 15). 9.1.7.Generate Report 9.1.7.1. Step 7: Generate HTML report and exit. You will now generate an HTML report for your probabilistic analysis. It incluces deterministic model information, probabilistic model information, and probabilistic analysis results. 1. Main Menu> Prob Design> Prob Results> Report> Report Options 2, (OK] to use the defauit options. 3, Main Menu> Prob Design> Prob Results> Report Generate Report 4, "Report file name” = Simple Plate Analysis 5. "Your first name” = John 6. "Your last name” = Doe 7. [OK] You will find the report and all related files in your curent directory in 2 subdirectory with the report file name. 8, Toolbar: Quit 9. "Quit « No Save!” 10. [OK] Congratulations! You have completed this tutorial. STD IS BS TSEC OD I ATT TAO 128 OFANSYS Inc ands subsslares an lites,Chapter 10: ANIMATE Program View Animations on a PC Using the ANIMATE program. The ANIMATE program allows you to view ANSYS animacion files on a PC regardless of whether the files were created on a PC (AVI files), or on a Linux workstation (ANIM files). The program is truly stan- dalone. You can run it without ANSYS even being installed. Also, its small 250k8 file size maces it easy to transport as an e-mail attachment, if required. If you create and view AVI animation files on a PC. the ANIMATE program will provide you with better frame speed and window size control than if you use the Windows Media Player. For ANIM files created on Linux workstations, you not only ca view the files directly on a PC using the ANIMATE program, but you can also convert an ANIM file to an AVI fil2. This provides a suostantial reduction in file size ideal for producing downloadable animation files for the web. Also, wien using the ANIMATE program to view 3-D model animations saved as ANIM files, you can pan, zoom, or rotate the model (using the mcuse buttons) while the animation is in progress. The following procedure will allow you to exercise some of the features of the ANIMATE program. To perform the procedure, you must be using a PC and have an AVI or ANIM animation file stcred locally on your Windows file system. Note If you created an animation in ANSYS, you cen save the animation to a file and assign it any name from the Utility Menu, PlotCtrls, Animate, Save Animation, then assign a file name. Any animation file saved this way can be used in the ANIMATE program, For ANIM files in a Linux file system, you must transfer the ANIM files to the Windows file system using the FTP prctocol, SAMBA, or some other file system transfer utility. Another requirement for using the ANIMATE program is that the ANIM file must have been created using pixmap animation as opposed to display list animation. On a Linux workstation, you can set this in ANSYS from the Utility Menu by choosing PlotCtrls, Device Options, then checking Pixmaps for Animation mode in the dialog box. After you have fulfilled the requirements stated above, exercise some of the features of the ANIMATE program as follows: 1. With the ANSYS CD in your CD drive, ‘open a Windows file manager (e.g. ‘ ‘VANS Inc ana Subidares an afte. 1ANIMATE Program 5. Windows Explorer; and obtain a listing of file names in the root directory of the ©. Start the file named Animate .exe. Co ro Tie Opin Yew Heb | o|fo ml imal | | 2] ety Click on the Open file button-* From the file selection list, choose any AV animation file, or an ANIM animation file created using the pixmap animation. Display the Animation Controller by licking on the Controller button. Fame 90h 18 el Deby 000 86 © Fexne Bock Fev Ory iat Experiment with the various controls on the Animation Controller, With the animetion still running, experi- ment with different window sizes by clicking on the various window buttons located on the toolbar. If you are viewing an AVI file, you have completed this procedure. Choose File > Exit to terminate the ANIMATE pro- gram. if you are viewing an ANIM file, Te TSO ISTE AR eR” COMET PTY OR TTA TOTO OFANSYS Inc ands subsslares an lites,continue low. the remaining steps be- 9, Convert the ANIM file to an AVI file by choosirg File > Save as“ then specify- ing a file name, and clicking on Save. 10. Terminate the ANIMATE program by choosirg File > Exit> 11, From your Windows file manager, com- pare the size of the orginal ANIM file with the size of the AV/ file you just converted. Note the substantial reduc- tion in ‘ile size resulting from the conver- sion. TSB ASTE TREAT AG Te COST OTA I COTBCTT TTT ROR “fants, incanaitssubisaresond oteSTOO STA GTC pO EET OTT er ‘Of ANSYS, inc and its subsidiaries and es,