Concept of an Internal Combustion Engine:

The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of a fuel

(generally, fossil fuel) occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber. In an internal
combustion engine the expansion of the high temperature and pressure gases, which are produced
by the combustion, directly applies force to a movable component of the engine, such as the pistons
or turbine blades and by moving it over a distance, generate useful mechanical energyThe term
internal combustion engine usually refers to an engine in which combustion is intermittent, such as
the more familiar four-stroke and two-stroke piston engines, along with variants, such as the
Wankel rotary engine. A second class of internal combustion engines use continuous combustion:
gas turbines, jet engines and most rocket engines, each of which are internal combustion engines on
the same principle as previously described.
The internal combustion engine (or ICE) is quite different from external combustion engines, such
as steam or Stirling engines, in which the energy is delivered to a working fluid not consisting of,
mixed with or contaminated by combustion products. Working fluids can be air, hot water,
pressurised water or even liquid sodium, heated in some kind of boiler by fossil fuel, wood-burning,
nuclear, solar etc.
A large number of different designs for ICEs have been developed and built, with a variety of
different strengths and weaknesses. Powered by an energy-dense fuel (which is very frequently
petrol, a liquid derived from fossil fuels) the ICE delivers an excellent power-to-weight ratio with
few safety or other disadvantages. While there have been and still are many stationary applications,
the real strength of internal combustion engines is in mobile applications and they dominate as a
power supply for cars, aircraft, and boats, from the smallest to the biggest. Only for hand-held
power tools do they share part of the market with battery powered devices.

Engine Types

Two Stroke Engine:

A two-stroke engine is an internal combustion engine that completes the thermodynamic cycle in
two movements of the piston compared to twice that number for a four-stroke engine. This
increased efficiency is accomplished by using the beginning of the compression stroke and the end
of the combustion stroke to perform simultaneously the intake and exhaust (or scavenging)
functions. In this way two-stroke engines often provide strikingly high specific power. Gasoline
(spark ignition) versions are particularly useful in lightweight (portable) applications such as
chainsaws and the concept is also used in diesel compression ignition engines in large and non-
weight sensitive applications such as ships and locomotives.

Four Stroke engine:

Stroke 1 of 4: On the intake or induction stroke of the piston, the piston descends from the top of
the cylinder to the bottom of the cylinder, reducing the pressure inside the cylinder. A mixture of
fuel and air is forced by atmospheric (or greater) pressure into the cylinder through the intake port.
The intake valve(s) then close.
Stroke 2 of 4: With both intake and exhaust valves closed, the piston returns to the top of the
cylinder compressing the fuel-air mixture. This is known as the compression stroke.
Stroke 3 of 4: While the piston is at or close to Top Dead Center, the compressed air–fuel mixture is
ignited, usually by a spark plug (for a gasoline or Otto cycle engine) or by the heat and pressure of
compression (for a Diesel cycle or compression ignition engine). The resulting massive pressure
from the combustion of the compressed fuel-air mixture drives the piston back down toward bottom
dead center with tremendous force. This is known as the power stroke, which is the main source of
the engine's torque and power.
Stroke 4 of 4: During the exhaust stroke, the piston once again returns to top dead center while the
exhaust valve is open. This action evacuates the products of combustion from the cylinder by
pushing the spent fuel-air mixture through the exhaust valve(s).

Diesel Engine:
A diesel engine (sometimes capitalized as Diesel engine) is an internal combustion engine that uses
the heat of compression to initiate ignition to burn the fuel, which is injected into the combustion
chamber during the final stage of compression. This is in contrast to a petrol engine (known as a
gasoline engine in North America) or gas engine (using a gaseous fuel, not gasoline), which uses
the Otto cycle, in which an air-fuel mixture is ignited by a spark plug.
The diesel cycle was invented by Rudolf Diesel and it has the highest thermal efficiency of any
regular internal or external combustion engine due to its very high compression ratio. Low-speed
diesel engines (as used in ships and other applications where overall engine weight is relatively
unimportant) often have a thermal efficiency which exceeds 50%.
Rotary Engine (Wankel):
The Wankel engine invented by Felix Wankel, is a type of internal combustion engine which uses a
rotary design to convert pressure into a rotating motion instead of using reciprocating pistons. Its
four-stroke cycle takes place in a space between the inside of an oval-like epitrochoid-shaped
housing and a rotor that is similar in shape to a Reuleaux triangle but with sides that are somewhat
flatter. This design delivers smooth high-rpm power from a compact size. Since its introduction the
engine has been commonly referred to as the rotary engine, though this name is also applied to
several completely different designs.
 History
Timeline of development:

Various scientists and engineers contributed to the development of internal combustion engines:

13th century: The rocket engine, an internal-combustion engine, is used by the Chinese, Mongols
and Arabs.
1509: Leonardo da Vinci described a compressionless engine.
1673: Christiaan Huygens described a compressionless engine.
17th century: English inventor Sir Samuel Morland used gunpowder to drive water pumps,
essentially creating the first rudimentary internal combustion piston engine.
1780's: Alessandro Volta built a toy electric pistol in which an electric spark exploded a mixture of
air and hydrogen, firing a cork from the end of the gun.
1791: John Barber receives British patent #1833 for A Method for Rising Inflammable Air for the
Purposes of Producing Motion and Facilitating Metallurgical Operations. In it he describes a
turbine.
1794: Robert Street built a compressionless engine whose principle of operation would dominate
for nearly a century.
1798: Tippu Sultan, the ruler of the city-state of Mysore in India, uses the first iron rockets against
the British Army.
1807: Swiss engineer François Isaac de Rivaz built an internal combustion engine powered by a
hydrogen and oxygen mixture.
1823: Samuel Brown patented the first internal combustion engine to be applied industrially. It was
compressionless and based on what Hardenberg calls the "Leonardo cycle," which, as the name
implies, was already out of date at that time.

1824: French physicist Sadi Carnot established the thermodynamic theory of idealized heat
engines. This scientifically established the need for compression to increase the difference between
the upper and lower working temperatures.
1826 April 1: American Samuel Morey received a patent for a compressionless "Gas or Vapor
Engine."
1838: a patent was granted to William Barnet (English). This was the first recorded suggestion of
in-cylinder compression.
1854-57: Eugenio Barsanti & Felice Matteucci invented an engine that was rumored to be the first
4-cycle engine, but the patent was lost.

Types on engines (Piston Disposition)

“V” Engine:
A V engine or Vee engine is a common configuration for an internal combustion engine. The
cylinders and pistons are aligned, in two separate planes or 'banks', so that they appear to be in a
"V" when viewed along the axis of the crankshaft. The Vee configuration generally reduces the
overall engine length, height and weight compared to an equivalent inline configuration.

“W” Engine:
The W engine is a specific type of reciprocating / piston internal combustion engine configuration.
The cylinder banks resemble the letter W, in the same way a V engine resembles the letter V. There
have been three entirely different implementations of this concept: one with three banks of
cylinders, one with four banks, and one with two banks of cylinders and two crankshafts.
In 2006, the Volkswagen Group-owned Bugatti produced the Bugatti Veyron EB16.4; with an 8.0
litre W16 engine. This had four turbochargers, and it produces DIN rated motive power output of
736 kilowatts (1,001 PS; 987 bhp) at 6,000 revolutions per minute (rpm). It utilises four valves per
cylinder, 64 valves total, with four overhead camshafts arranged in a 2x double overhead camshaft
(2xDOHC - two overhead canute (rpm). It utilises four valves per cylinder, 64 valves total, with
four overhead camshafts arranged in a 2x double overhead camshaft (2xDOHC - two overhead
camshafts per cylinder bank - sometimes referred to as a 'quad cam') layout, and a bore-stroke ratio
1:1 (both bore and stroke are 86.0 millimetres (3.39 in)).

Rotary Engine:
The engine was invented by German engineer Felix Wankel. He began its development in the early
1950s at NSU Motorenwerke AG (NSU) before completing a working, running prototype in 1957.
NSU then licensed the concept to companies around the world, who have continued to improve the
design. Because of their compact design, Wankel rotary engines have been installed in a variety of
vehicles and devices such as automobiles (including racing cars), along with aircraft, go-karts,
personal water craft, chain saws, and auxiliary power units. The most extensive automotive use of
the Wankel engine has been by the Japanese company Mazda.
Straight Engine:
A straight engine is considerably easier to build than an otherwise equivalent horizontally opposed
or V engine, because both the cylinder bank and crankshaft can be milled from a single metal
casting, and it requires fewer cylinder heads and camshafts. In-line engines are also much smaller in
overall physical dimensions than designs like the radial, and can be mounted in any direction.

Boxer Engine:
A flat engine is an internal combustion engine with multiple pistons that all move in the horizontal
plane. The most popular and significant layout has cylinders arranged in two banks on either side of
a single crankshaft, generally known as "boxers". There is a widely-used but technologically less
significant form consisting of a straight engine with two, three, four or more cylinders canted 90
degrees into the horizontal plane. The concept of the boxer was patented in 1896 by engineer Karl
Benz, eight years after he started producing the world's first successful cars. Flat engines are
commonly described as horizontally opposed engines but must not to be confused with opposed-
piston engines, which are mechanically quite different.
 Refrigeration

Most modern internal combustion engines are cooled by a closed circuit carrying liquid coolant
through channels in the engine block, where the coolant absorbs heat, to a heat exchanger or
radiator where the coolant releases heat into the air. Thus, while they are ultimately cooled by air,
because of the liquid-coolant circuit they are known as water-cooled. In contrast, heat generated by
an air-cooled engine is released directly into the air. Typically this is facilitated with metal fins
covering the outside of the cylinders which increase the surface area that air can act on.

In all combustion engines, a great percentage of the heat generated (around 44%) escapes through
the exhaust, not through either a liquid cooling system nor through the metal fins of an air-cooled
engine (12%). About 8% of the heat energy finds its way into the oil, which although primarily
meant for lubrication, also plays a role in heat dissipation via a cooler.

Claims:
1. An internal combustion engine block, comprising a plurality of laminations.

2. An engine block as defined in claim 1, wherein at least one lamination is comprised of a material
different from that of the other laminations.

3. An engine block as defined in claim 1, wherein at least one lamination has a thicknesses that is
different from that of other laminations.

4. An engine block as defined in claim 1, wherein at least one lamination layer comprises voids.

5. An engine block as defined in claim 1, wherein at least one lamination layer is comprised of
materials having a grain structure or grain orientation.

6. An engine block as defined in claim 1, wherein adjacent laminations comprised of materials

having a grain structure or grain orientation are aligned with the grain structure or grain orientation
pivoted relative to each other.

7. An engine block as defined in claim 1, wherein at least one of the laminations is comprised of a
material for creating a seal between adjacent laminations.
8. An engine block as defined in claim 1, where at least one lamination has a non-uniform
thicknesses.

9. An engine block as defined in claim 1, where a pair of adjacent lamination interlock with each
other.

10. An engine block as defined in claim 1, wherein at least one lamination layer is comprised of
transparent materials.

11. An engine block as defined in claim 1, wherein at least one lamination is comprised of a
material having a different thermal conductivity than the other laminations.

12. An engine block as defined in claim 1, wherein at least one lamination is comprised of materials
having diverse thermal conductivities.

13. An engine block as defined in claim 1, wherein at least one lamination is comprised of materials
having diverse magnetic properties.

14. An engine block as defined in claim 1, wherein two or more laminations are welded together
after assembly.

15. A method of fabricating an internal combustion engine, comprising the steps of assembling a
stack of laminations.

16. A method as defined in claim 15, further comprising the step of vacuum impregnating the
assembled laminations.

17. A method as defined in claim 15, further comprising the step of vacuum fusing together the
assembled laminations
GITH
English 5°
Miss Priscila

Group # 2
Arango
Armas
Jimenez
Orellana
Par