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RRC

The regenerative Rankine cycle uses a regenerator to heat the liquid feedwater leaving the pump before entering the boiler, improving efficiency. Regeneration increases the average temperature in the boiler. It also helps deaerate and control large steam flows. Modern plants have used regeneration since the 1920s. Regeneration pumps water in two stages, heating it to the saturated liquid state in a feedwater heater between pumps. Open feedwater heaters simply mix extracted steam with feedwater, while closed heaters use a shell-and-tube design without mixing. Most plants use a combination for efficiency and cost reasons.

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RRC

The regenerative Rankine cycle uses a regenerator to heat the liquid feedwater leaving the pump before entering the boiler, improving efficiency. Regeneration increases the average temperature in the boiler. It also helps deaerate and control large steam flows. Modern plants have used regeneration since the 1920s. Regeneration pumps water in two stages, heating it to the saturated liquid state in a feedwater heater between pumps. Open feedwater heaters simply mix extracted steam with feedwater, while closed heaters use a shell-and-tube design without mixing. Most plants use a combination for efficiency and cost reasons.

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Regenerative Rankine Cycle

Regeneration Rankine Cycle use regenerator to heat up the liquid


(feedwater) leaving the pump before sending it to the boiler, therefore,
increase the average temperature (efficiency as well) during heat addition in
the boiler. Regeneration seeks to increase the average temperature at which
heat is added

Regeneration not only improves cycle efficiency, but also provides a


convenient means of deaerating the feedwater (removing the air that leaks
in at the condenser) to prevent corrosion in the boiler. It also helps control
the large volume flow rate of the steam at the final stages of the turbine
(due to the large specific volumes at low pressures). Therefore, regeneration
has been used in all modern steam power plants since its introduction in the
early 1920s.

Process and Types of Regeneration Process


In a Rankine Cycle with Regeneration, pumping the condenser effluent back
up to the high pressure of the boiler is done in two stages. At the
intermediate pressure between the two pumps, the working fluid is heated
back to the saturated liquid state in the feedwater heater.

Open Feedwater Heaters


An open feedwater heater is basically a mixing chamber, where the steam
extracted from the turbine mixes with the water exiting the pump. In an
ideal condition, the water leaves the heater as a saturated liquid at the
heater pressure. The schematic of a steam power plant with one open
feedwater heater is shown on the left. In an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle
with an open feedwater heater, steam from the boiler (state 5) expands in
the turbine to an intermediate pressure (state 6). At this state, some of the
steam is extracted and sent to the feedwater heater, while the remaining
steam in the turbine continues to expand to the condenser pressure (state
7). Saturated water from the condenser (state 1) is pumped to the
feedwater pressure and send to the feedwater heater (state 2). At the
feedwater heater, the compressed water is mixed with the steam extracted
from the turbine (state 6) and exits the feedwater heater as saturated water
at the heater pressure (state 3). Then the saturated water is pumped to the
boiler pressure by a second pump (state 4). The water is heated to a higher
temperature in the boiler (state 5) and the cycle repeats again.

Open feedwater heaters are simple and inexpensive, and can also bring the
feedwater to saturated state. However, each feedwater needs a separate
pump which adds to the cost.
Closed Feedwater Heaters
Closed feedwater heaters are shell-and-tube type recuperators in which
feedwater temperature increases as the extracted steam condenses on the
outside of the tubes carrying the feedwater. The two streams can be at
different pressures since the two streams do not mix. The schematic of a
steam power plant with one closed feedwater heater is shown on the left. In
an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with a closed feedwater, steam from the
boiler (state 4) expands in the turbine to an intermediate pressure (state 5).
Then some of the steam is extracted at this state and sent to the feedwater
heater, while the remaining steam in the turbine continues to expand to the
condenser pressure (state 6). The extracted stream (state 5) condenses in
the closed feedwater while heating the feedwater from the pump. The
heated feedwater (state 3) is send to the boiler and the condensate from the
feedwater heater (state 7) is allowed to pass through a trap into a lower
pressure heater or condenser (state 8). Another way of removing the
condensate from the closed feedwater heater is pump the condensate
forward to a higher-pressure point in the cycle.

Compared with open feedwater heaters, closed feedwater heaters are more
complex, and thus more expensive. Since the two streams do not mix in the
heater, closed feedwater heaters do not require a separate pump for each
heater. Most power plants use a combination of open and closed feedwater
heaters.

Equipment(s) Involved
Feedwater heater - is a heat exchanger where heat is transferred from the
steam to the feedwater either by mixing the two streams (open feedwater
heaters) or without mixing them (closed feed water heaters).
Boiler - is a closed vessel in which water or other fluid is heated.
Turbine - is a turbomachine with at least one moving part called a rotor
assembly, which is a shaft or drum with blades attached. Moving fluid acts
on the blades so that they move and impart rotational energy to the rotor.
Condenser - is a device or unit used to condense a substance from its
gaseous to its liquid state, by cooling it.
Pump - is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or sometimes
slurries, by mechanical action.
Open feedwater heaters - are also termed as contact type feedwater
heaters. In case of open feedwater heaters, extracted steam or bled steam
coming from turbine will be mixed with feedwater in heater or heat
exchanger. Mixture of bled steam and feedwater will leave the feedwater
heater or heat exchange at a common temperature.
Closed feedwater heaters - extracted steam or bled steam will not be mixed
with feedwater. As we know that feedwater heater will be one type of heat
exchanger of shell and tube type and therefore feedwater will flow through
the tubes of heat exchanger and bled steam will flow within the shell over
the surface of the tubes of heat exchanger.
TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
1338 ARLEGUI ST., QUIAPO, MANILA

THERMODYNAMICS II
ME 402

ASSIGNMENT

FLORES, DIANA LYN G.


ME41FA1 / BSME
SEPTEMBER 06, 2017

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