Institute Of Science

Std-XI Biology paper II - Zoology

Chapter no - 10. STUDY OF ANIMAL TYPES
Cockroaches are common house-hold pests 6] Each ommatidium acts as a single simple eye and forms
with a very high ability of acclimatization. a part of image of an object. All such image combine in
Cockroaches are omnipresent usually found the brain and form a complete single blur mosaic image
in warm, dark damp places such as kitchens, store house, 7] The antennae are long, slender, filamentous joint
manholes, etc. During day time they hide themselves in the structures present between the compound eyes which
cracks and crevices or under the objects in kitchen, cupboards, are lodged in the membranous pits called antennal
etc and are active during night (nocturnal) for feeding and are sockets
omnivorous feeding on all plant and animal materials 8] The antennae are the tacto receptors or organs of
They are cursorial in nature i.e. fast runners. olfaction useful in localizing the food material
They have wings and can fly but rarely exhibit their ability of 9] The fenestrae are also called as oscillar spots which are
flying situated at the base of antenna and appear as white spots
Periplanata americana and Blatta orientalis
are common species of cockroach found in India Mouth parts of cockroach -

Classification of Cockroach

Kingdom - Animalia
Phylum - Arthropoda
Class - Insecta
Genus - Periplanata
Species - americana

External morphology of cockroach

Mouth parts of cockroach

1] They are a movable, segmented appendage which helps

in ingestion, chewing and biting of food
2] It consist of labrum, mandibles, maxillae, labium and
hypopharynx
3] The labrum or upper lip is a movable structure which
covers the mouth from the upper side useful in holding
External morphology of cockroach of the food during feeding
4] The mandibles are paired true jaws with teeth present
1] They are elongated, dorso-ventrally flattened below the labium on either side of the mouth and are
segmented organisms dark, hard chitinous with serrate margin and is useful in
2] Each segment is further subdivided into four plates cutting and crushing the food
namely dorsal tergum, ventral sternum and two lateral 5] Maxillae are also the paired appendages situated on
pleurons either side of the mouth just behind the mandibles
3] It measures 3 5 cms in length and 1.5 2 cms in 6] Each maxillae is many jointed structure with maxillary
breadth palp also called as first pair of maxillae
4] They are reddish brown in colour 7] The labium or lower lip is also called the second
5] The body is bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and maxillae which covers the mouth from the ventral side.
coelomate It has labial palp and is sensory in function
6] The body cavity is known as haemocoel which is filled 8] Labium is useful in pushing of chewed food in the pre-
with Haemolymph oral cavity and also prevents the loss of food falling
7] The body from outerside is protected by hard, waxy, from the mandibles during chewing
water proof chitinous exoskeleton which is made up of 9] The mouth consists of a long, prominent medially
a polysaccharide chitin placed tongue or hypopharynx
8] The exoskeleton also helps in attachment of muscles Neck or Cervix
The body of cockroach is divided into three It is a membranous structure present
regions i.e. head, thorax and abdomen between the head and thorax which allows free
Head movement of the head
1] It is ovate, pear shaped and dorso-ventrally flattened Thorax
2] It is attached right angle to the thorax by a thin, narrow, 1] It is formed of three distinct segments namely
movable neck or cervicum prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax
3] The broad end is directed upwards and the narrow end 2] Dorsally the thorax bears two pairs of membranous
is directed downwards wings i.e. fore wings and hind wings
4] It bears a pair of compound eyes, a pair of antennae and 3] The fore wings are the first pair of dark, opaque, thick
a pair of fenestrae wings which are protective in function
5] The eyes are dark, kidney shaped structures placed on 4] The hind wings are the pair of wings which are attached
the lateral sides and are made up of large number of to the tergum of metathorax and are thin, broad,
hexagonal facets called ommatidia membranous, delicate and transparent useful in flight so
also called as true wings

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5] Three pairs of thoracic legs are present on ventral side. b] Oesophagus Pharynx continues in a narrow tubular
Each leg is five segmented and is covered with the passage called oesophagus which opens into crop
sensory bristles and spines c] Crop It is a large pear shaped sac which stores food
6] Each leg has five podomeres called coxa, trochanter, and passes it to gizzard
femur, tibia and tarsus d] Gizzard It is a thick walled sac which consist of six
7] The tarsus is the last segment and is made up of five large pointed teeth for grinding and crushing of food
movable segments or tarsomeres. The last segment of 2] Midgut or Mesenteron It consist of hepatic caeca
the tarsus bears a pair of claws and arolium helpful in and stomach
clinging a] Hepatic caeca It is present at the junction of foregut
Abdomen and midgut. They are thin, transparent about 8 in
1] It is the largest of all the three regions number which are arranged in whorl. They secrete
2] It consists of most of the visceral organs digestive enzymes which is mixed in food
3] Its segmentation is conspicuous both dorsally as well as b] Stomach - It is a short narrow tube concerned with
ventrally digestion of food
4] It is formed of 11 segments of which 11 th segment is 3] Hindgut or Proctodaeum It is divided into ileum,
reduced and fused with the 10th segment colon and rectum and is concerned with absorption of
5] Dorsally each segment is covered by tergite and food. At the junction of midgut and hindgut number of
ventrally by sternite. The tergite and sternite are yellow thread like structures are present called
laterally connected by unsclerotized flexible pleura malphigian tubules
6] The cockroaches show sexual dimorphism. In males a] Ileum It is a short narrow tube
anal styles are present in 9th segment which are absent b] Colon It is a coiled wide tube
in females c] Rectum It is the last part of hindgut which opens
7] The 10th segment bears a pair of large segmented cerci outside by anus
sensitive to air movements, including sounds and
ground vibrations which are visible in both dorsal and B] Salivary glands
ventral view
8] Eight pairs of spiracles are present in the abdomen
9] The genital openings are present on different segments
in both the sexes and are surrounded by the chitinous
plates in both which are collectively called
gonapophyses

Digestive system of cockroach

Salivary gland of cockroach

1] They are present on either side of crop

2] Each gland has two glandular lobes and a reservoir or
receptacle
3] The glandular lobes consist of several irregular white
lobules which are provided with collecting ducts
4] The ducts of two salivary glands unite and form a
common salivary duct
5] The salivary receptacle or reservoir store saliva
6] The common salivary receptacle duct runs below the
oesophagus through neck and opens at the base of
tongue or hypopharynx

Nervous system of Cockroach -

Digestive system of cockroach The nervous system of cockroach is divided
into central nervous system, peripheral nervous system
and sympathetic nervous system
The central nervous system of cockroach
consist of Nerve ring and Nerve Cord
Nerve ring - The nerve ring consist of Brain
(supraoesophageal ganglion or cerebral ganglion) a pair
of circumoesophageal connectives and a smaller
suboesophageal ganglion
1] Brain (supraoesophageal or cerebral ganglion) It is
located in the head region in front of oesophagus which
is whitish in colour and bilobed. It is formed of three
pairs of ganglion
2] Circumoesophageal connectives (commissures)
These are bands, which encircle the oesophagus
T. S. of Gizzard connecting the supraoesophageal and suboesophageal
ganglia in the head region
The digestive system of cockroach consists 3] Suboesophageal ganglion It is small, white coloured
of alimentary canal and salivary glands ganglion located in the head region and lies ventral to
A] Alimentary canal Alimentary canal of cockroach is a the oesophagus. It is the main motor center of the body
long coiled tube which measures 6-7cms in length and and controls the movement of muscles, mouth parts,
is divisible into three parts Foregut or Stomodaeum, wings and legs
Midgut or Mesenteron and Hind gut or Proctodaeum
1] Foregut or Stomodaeum It consist of pharynx, Nerve cord
oesophagus, crop and gizzard 1] It is solid, double, midventral and ganglionated
a] Pharynx It is a short, muscular, narrow, dilated tube. 2] It lies on the ventral side of the body below the
The mixed food enters the mouth and reaches the alimentary canal
pharynx

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 4] The pericardial sinus consist of heart and perineural
sinus consist of nerve cord
5] The haemocoel is also present in legs and appendages

Heart
1] It is long, muscular and elongated
2] It is situated mid dorsally in pericardial sinus
3] It consist of 13 inverted funnel shaped chambers
4] Each chamber is supported by a pair of alary muscles
5] The first three chambers are located in thorax and
remaining ten in abdomen
6] Each chamber except last consist of auricular valve
(Ostia) and ventricular valve
7] The auricular valve is situated posterior-laterally and
ventricular valve anteriorly which opens into adjacent
chambers
8] The auricular and ventricular valve prevent back flow
of blood
9] The first chamber of heart leads into a small blood
vessel called aorta which opens into head sinus

Haemolymph
1] It is the fluid of circulatory system
Nervous system of cockroach 2] It is colourless without respiratory pigment
3] It consist of plasma and haemocytes
3] It arises from suboesophageal ganglion and runs 4] It consist of large amount of amino acid and uric acid
throughout the thorax and abdomen The haemocytes are the blood cells which
4] It is made up of two solid nerve cords which run are of two different types
parallel to each other which fuse in the region of a] Proleucocytes
ganglia The cells are small in size with large nucleus
5] It consist of nine ganglia three thoracic and six b] Phagocytes
abdominal The cells are large in size with small nucleus
6] The thoracic ganglia are one per segment and which digests the foreign particles
accordingly called as prothoracic, mesothoracic and
metathoracic ganglion located in the prothoracic, Circulation in cockroach
mesothoracic and metathoracic segments respectively
7] The abdominal ganglion lie one in each 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, Anterior aorta Head sinus Perivisceral sinus
5th, and 7th abdominal segments
8] Except 7th abdominal ganglia each of the abdominal
ganglia is formed by the fusion of a pair of ganglia
9] The 7th abdominal ganglia is formed by the fusion of Heart chambersPericardial sinus Dorsal diaphragm
several pairs of ganglia and is the largest among
abdominal ganglia 1] The circulation of blood in cockroach is in one
direction
Circulatory system of Cockroach 2] The blood from heart through aorta is passed into head
sinus
3] The head sinus passes the blood to the perivisceral
sinus
4] The perivisceral sinus passes the blood into perineural
sinus
5] The blood from pericardial sinus through Ostia again
enters into the heart

Significance
1] It keeps the cells, tissues and body cavity moist
2] It transports the nutrients to all parts of the body
3] It collects waste from all parts of the body and brings it
near excretory system
4] It carries the CO2 towards body surface to diffuse it
outside the body

Respiratory system of cockroach

Circulatory system if cockroach

The circulatory system of cockroach is of

open type which consist of haemocoel, heart and
Haemolymph (blood)

Haemocoel -
1] It is the body cavity Respiratory system of cockroach
2] By dorsal and ventral perforated diaphragm it is divided
into three chambers 1] It is made up of many branching tubes
3] The upper chamber is called as pericardial sinus, 2] The tubes are present in each of the segments which
middle perivisceral sinus and ventral perineural sinus begin at openings on the body surface called spiracles

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3] These tubes get connected to the larger tubes called 2] The testes are present on the lateral side each in 4 th to
tracheae found close to the dorsal blood vessel and 6th segment and produces sperms
heart 3] Each testes gives rise to a thin vasa diferentia which
4] Each trachea branches into smaller tubes called through a seminal vesicle opens into ejaculatory duct
tracheoles which surrounds all the organs and tissues 4] The ejaculatory duct opens into the gonopore just below
5] Air enters the body through spiracles, passes into the the anus
trachea and moves on into the tracheoles and finally 5] The sperms produced by the testes are stored in the
into the body tissues seminal vesicle in the form of bundles called
6] The oxygen present into the air than diffuses into the spermatophores
cells of the tissues and carbondioxide form cells to the 6] The accessory male reproductive glands are mushroom
tracheoles shaped which are present in the 6th and 7th abdominal
7] Air leaves the body to outside through spiracles segment
7] The other gland present in the reproductive system is
Reproductive system of cockroach the phallic gland
Cockroaches are dioecious i.e. male and 8] Number of glands are also present along the ejaculatory
female insects are separate duct that secrete substances which help the sperm to
fertilize the egg
Female reproductive system of cockroach

Female reproductive system of cockroach

1] It consist of a pair of ovaries, a pair of oviducts, a

common oviduct or vagina and spermathecal
2] Each ovary consists of 8 ovarioles, each containing a
chain of developing ova
3] The ovarioles from each side unite to form oviduct
4] Both the oviducts unite to form a single median
common oviduct or vagina which opens into the genital
chamber
5] The spermathecal is present in the 6th abdominal
segment and it receives the sperms (which fertilizes the
egg) from the male cockroach during copulation
6] The female accessory glands are called collaterial gland
7] The secretion of this gland is useful in the formation of
leathery, dark reddish to blackish brown egg case called
ootheca which contains 14 16 eggs and gives
protection to the fertilized egg
8] The ootheca can be seen protruding from a females
rear end before it is deposited on the ground outside the
body

Male reproductive system of cockroach

Male reproductive system of cockroach

1] It includes a pair of testes, a pair of vasa diferentia and

a single ejaculatory duct