Member :

Diana Kemalasari

Dwita Puji Lestari

Fuji Lestari

Keke Margareta

Rexsiani

Vella Fatimah

Bibliographic Study

1. Helical CT. Scan

CT Scan (Computed Tomography Scanner) is a diagnostic support tool that has

universal application for examination of all organs of the body, such as the central nervous
system, muscles and bones, throat and abdomen. CT-Scanner uses of nuclear radiation such
as neutrons, gamma rays and x-rays.

CT scan (computed tomography) was first used for medical diagnosis in the early
1970s. This diagnostic technique performed by passing a collimated beam of X-rays (width
2 mm) on the body of the patient and the radiation beam is passed captured by a detector
system. The following X-ray source detector moves in a field around the patient's body.

Function

CT-scan is most often used to see pieces of the cross section of the central nervous
system (brain) human. Patients will be examined patients have to sleep on the table. Having
obtained the desired position, and then carried out the data collection is set from the control
panel. The control panel should be located in the examination room. This data retrieval can
take several minutes, depending on the type of examination and CT-scan type of aircraft
used.

Once the data is collected, and then carried out the reconstruction process to get the picture.
The reconstruction process is a very complex job and just be done with a computer, so that
this diagnostic technique known as computerized tomography or computed tomography. As
in a conventional diagnostic X-rays, CT scan is also not good for the inspection of parts /
organs that move. So far the CT-scan is widely used for the inspection of the head.

(Astarina, 2010)

2. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imagine)

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) is a diagnostic tool latest tool to check and
detect body using a large magnetic field and radio frequency waves, without surgery, the use
of X-rays or radioactive materials. With MRI examinations will allow the molecules in the
body will move and combine to form signals

Function :

Early detection of abnormalities of the brain and spinal cord

Early detection of cases of stroke
Detection of abnormalities of muscle joints and bone marrow
Early detection of abnormalities of the female reproductive organs
Examination of the bile ducts (MRCP)
Examination of the blood vessels (MRA)

(Astarina, 2010)

3. Bronchoscopy

The word comes from the Greek bronchoscopy; bronchi meaning windpipe and
scopos which means to see or watch. So, bronchoscopy is a visual examination of the airway
or lung airways called bronchi. More specifically, bronchoscopy is a medical procedure,
performed by doctors who have competence in the field by checking branching bronchi or
lungs for the purpose of diagnostic and therapeutic (treatment). For this procedure the doctor
uses a bronchoscope, a type of endoscope, which is an instrument for the examination of
organs in the body. Depending on medical reasons or clinical indications for bronchoscopy,
the doctor may use a rigid bronchoscope (rigid) or Fiber Optic Bronchoscopy (FOB).

(Astarina, 2010)
4. Endoscopy

Endoscopy is a technique or method that is intended to look beyond the parts that
exist in the body by inserting a tool in the form of a flexible tube equipped with a tiny camera
on the end of the tool. While the tools used to perform this meteode called an endoscope.

Types are pretty much as channels in the human body is also diverse. Some of these types of
endoscopy are:

Laparoscope: Namely endoscopic methods are intended to directly see the channels in the
abdominal organs such as the intestine, appendix, or organ in the abdomen.

Sitoskop: Endoscopic second type is intended to see the tract to the bladder. To find out if
there are things that hinder or other diseases.

Artroskop: That is the endoscope intended to observe the joint directly.

Bronchoscope: The fourth type is associated with the channel lungs and the air inside the
human body.

Endoscopy performed by passing an endoscope (endoscopic tool) through the hole of

the body, or may be by making a small incision. Let's say endoscope types laparoscope which
aims to determine the organs in the abdomen. Done by inserting surgical instruments through
the endoscope with a small section around the pelvis or abdomen. Can also through the
mouth or anus directly. Endoscopy sitoskop in men can be done by entering through the duct
opening of the urethra. In doing endoscopy sometimes also installed a small instrument that is
useful to take a tissue sample from the body that are considered suspicious. Samples were
taken to be studied to be evaluated.

(Astarina, 2010)

5. Ultrasonography (USG)

Ultrasonography (USG) is the examination in the field of diagnostic that utilizes

ultrasonic waves with a high frequency in generating imaging publishing, without using
radiation, is painless (non-traumatic), does not cause side effects (non-invasive), relatively
inexpensive, the examination is relatively fast and preparation of the patient and the
equipment is relatively easy. Ultrasound sound waves have a frequency of more than
20.000Hz, but that dimamfaatkan in ultrasonography techniques (medicine) just sound waves
with a frequency of 1-10 MHz

Funcition

Ultrasound or better known by the acronym widely used in medical ultrasound.

Implementation of diagnostic or therapeutic procedures can be performed with the aid of
ultrasound (eg for biopsy or discharge). Typically using handheld probe which is placed on
the patient and driven: aqueous gel ensure harmonization between the patient and the probe.

In the case of pregnancy, ultrasonography (USG) used by obstetricians (DSOG) to estimate

gestational age and estimated day of delivery. In medicine widely, ultrasound
(ultrasonography) is used as a tool for diagnosing upper part of the body made up of fluids.

Medical ultrasonography is used in :

Cardiology; see echocardiography

Endocrinology
Gastroenterology
Gynecology; see gynecologic ultrasonography
Obstetrics; see obstetric ultrasonography
Ophthalmology; see A-scan ultrasonography, B-scan ultrasonography
Urology
Intravascular ultrasound
Contrast enhanced ultrasound

(Lestari, 2011)

6. Angiography

Angiography is imaging of the blood vessels using a water-soluble ionic or nonionic

X-ray contrast media injected into the arterial blood flow (arteriography) or venous
(Venography). For lymph vessels, oily contrast media used.

Angiography / Cath Lab is an invasive procedure with an X-ray examination (X-Ray),

which aims to describe the blood vessels in various parts of the body. Want to know more?
The following explanation.
Function

Angiography is used to investigate normal and pathological state of the system,

especially vessel lumen narrowing and blockage or aneurysmal dilation. In addition to the
condition of tumors, arteriovenous malformations (AVM) and arteriovenous fistula (aVF) or
the source of bleeding investigated by angiography.

(Lestari, 2011)

7. Laparoscopy

Laparoscopy is a type of surgical procedure in which a small incision is made, usually

in the navel, and a viewing tube (laparoscope) is inserted through it. Laroskop is a slender
instrument which is basically a mini telescope with a fiber optic system that can illuminate
the parts in the stomach. This viewing tube has a tiny camera as an eye. This allows the
doctor to examine the organs of the abdomen and pelvis on the monitor screen connected to
the tube. Other small incisions may be made to insert instruments to perform the procedure.

Laparoscopy can be done to diagnose the condition or to perform some type of

operation. This procedure is less invasive than open abdominal surgery ordinary (laparotomy)

. While the laparoscope for the purpose of the operation, performed by two to four functions,
so that surgery can be performed.

Laparoscope surgery include:

Appointment of ectopic pregnancy.

Removing the attachment at barren couple of the wife.
Adopting a network to ensure disorders and diseases of the feminine tool.
Removal of the ovaries and uterus tumors.

(Lestari, 2011)

8. Lithotripsy

ESWL (Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy) is the act of breaking stones urinary
tract (kidneys, urinary ureter.kandung) with shock wave (shock wave) without any surgery at
all. Urinary tract stones will break into small fragments that can come out spontaneously with
urine.
 ESWL is a non invasive action by using the combined technology of x-ray,
ultrasound, and acoustic shock wave in the diagnosis / determining the location and breaking
stones.

ESWL using an energy source called a lithotriptor to produce high-energy shock

waves in the electromagnetic pulse to break stones into sand-like grains are refined and come
out naturally with urine. As the wave focusing precisely, there is minimal damage to the
kidneys or surrounding organs.

(Lestari, 2011)

9. Mammography

Mammography is the process of human breast screening using low-dose X-rays

(usually around 0.7 mSv). Mammography is used to see several types of tumors and cysts,
and has been proven to reduce mortality from breast cancer. In addition to mammography,
breast self-examination and examination by a doctor on a regular basis is an effective way to
maintain breast health. Some countries have suggested routine mammography (1-5 years) for
women who have passed through midlife as a screening method to diagnose breast cancer as
early as possible.

Function

As an early detection examination / check-up of breast cancer are not yet showing
symptoms. According Amrican Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute
recommends a mammogram once a year for women over 40 years

As a breast cancer detection examination has shown symptoms:

A lump or thickening in the breast that does not hurt

Breast pain
Indentations occur in the breast skin (like the skin of an orange)
Changes in skin color or texture of the breast
Changes in breast shape
Nipples interested into
Abnormal nipple discharge.

(Astarina, 2010)