UNIT 4 UPS AND DOWNS

IN THIS UNIT YOU

learn language to talk about mood
and life satisfaction
listen to a lecture about wealth
and happiness
write a thank-you note
LISTENING
understanding
read about research on happiness
discourse markers
talk about having a positive What are some phrases
attitude you might hear that signal
learn about being a positive team a change of topic or the
member conclusion of a topic?

watch a video about the concept

of Gross National Happiness

WRITING
a thank-you note
In what situations do
you need to write a
thank-you note? Would
different situations require
a different style? Why?

LIFE being a positive team member When you

are working on a team, it is important to be
SKILLS positive. What are some characteristics of a
positive team member?
WORK
& CAREER

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 A Work in pairs. Do you agree with these definitions
of happiness? Explain why or why not.

1 2

Happiness is having good Happiness is feeling

friends you can talk to. youve done your best.

3 4

Happiness is feeling
Happiness is helping other people. peaceful and safe.

5 6

Happiness is having enough

money to buy whatever you want. Happiness is being independent.

B Work in pairs. First, complete the definition in your own words.

Then explain your definition to your partner.
Happiness is

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 1 LISTENING: understanding discourse markers page 22
Discourse markers often act as signposts, giving a listener clues about what they
might hear next. They might introduce additional points, contrasting ideas,
or aconclusion.

A 1.16 Listen to the introduction to a lecture. What is

the lecture going to be about?

B 1.17 Listen to the full lecture. As you

listen, write one word to complete the
phrases. Thenwrite each phrase in the
correct place in the table.
general the other hand
a result addition

Phrases used to Phrases used to

Phrases used to talk Phrases used to
introduce a contrasting introduce an additional
generally introduce a result
point point
(1) (2) (3) (4)
On the whole That said As a consequence Whats more
To a great extent Nevertheless Consequently Furthermore

C Listen to the lecture again and answer the questions. Work in pairs
and discussyour answers.
1 What did the first study find out?
2 How did the second study contradict the first study?
3 What is the difference between satisfaction and happiness?
4 Why do you think wealthier people enjoy everyday pleasures less?

D VOCABULARY: LIFE SATISFACTION Complete the tables with the

correct form of each word.

Adjective Noun Verb Noun

happy appreciation
wealthy enjoy
pleasure satisfaction
contentment

E VOCABULARY: LIFE SATISFACTION

Workin pairs. Complete the sentences with the
correct form of the word in parentheses. Then
discuss the sentences with your partner and use
your own ideas.
1 I feel with my life when I (satisfaction)
2 People usually happiness more when they
(appreciation)
3 I think people are generally more when
they (contentment)
4 Material can sometimes cause
unhappiness because (wealthy)
5 of life depends on as well as (enjoy)

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 2 GRAMMAR: noun clauses as objects
A 1.18 Language in context Read the notice. Then listen to the
conversation below. According to Michelle, how does laughter therapy work?
Rita: Look at this! Laughter therapy!
Michelle: Yeah, Ive read about that. Apparently, our one-d
laughing can help people feel happier and in

ay
Jo
less stressed, so now theyre using it as a Laughter
Therapy
therapy!
Rita: That sounds really interesting. Do you
know what it involves?
Michelle: Im not sure exactly, but I think they
Workshop
explain how laughter could help you
deal with a problem. I think you learn
techniques to see the positive side of a
situation.
Rita: That sounds useful! I wonder when theyre
holding the workshop. Does it say where Laughter can change your life!
we can get more information? Venue: Main Hall
Michelle: Im sure theres more information on the Time: 95 Register today!
Limited to 40 participants.
website. Ithink we need to register online,
http://laughtertherapy.campusworkshops.net
and we might need to explain why we want
to attend thecourse.
Rita: So, do you want to try it?

B ANALYZE Read the conversation in

Notice!
Underline all the examples of what, where,
Exercise A again. when, why, and how in the conversation.
What do you notice about the word order
Form Complete the table with examples from the text. in the clauses that follow each one?
Noun clause

Do you know (= the thing(s)) (1) it involves?

They explain (= the way) (2) laughter could help you deal with a situation.

I wonder (= the time) (3) theyre holding the workshop.

Does it say (= the place) (4) we can get more information?

We might need to explain (= the reason) (5) we want to attend the course.

C Practice Complete the sentences with what, where, when, why,

or how. More than one answer may be possible. Watch out!
1 I think youll be interested in they have to say about happiness. I agree with what
2 I dont understand laughter therapy works. you said.
3 The presenters will demonstrate laughter can help you be positive. I agree with what
did you say.
4 I sometimes wonder people at work are so stressed.
5 They told us the workshop will take place, but Ive forgotten which
office exactly.
6 Do you know the next workshop will be held? Is it next month?

D Now you do it Work in pairs. Complete the sentences in your

own words. Then compare with your partner. How similar or different
are your ideas?
Id like to learn about what Im happier if I know why I often wonder how

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 3 READING: a magazine article
A Read the magazine article. What are two ways to be happier,
according to research mentioned in the article?

What is happiness? 5
By far, the greatest influence on our happiness
Happiness
1
Is it being in a good mood? Is it a state of is our choice about how we feel and think. We
contentment, or is it a feeling of excitement or can make a decision to be optimistic about life, or
pleasure? It seems that happiness is all of these choose to focus on the negative side and be more
things. Psychologists have defined it as a state of pessimistic. Some recent research has found that
well-beinga combination of life satisfaction practicing positive emotions such as gratitude, joy,
and experiencing more positive than negative hope, and kindness can have a positive effect on
emotions. our general state of well-being. In other words, we
can control how happy we are.
What makes us happy?
How can we measure
2
Happiness is a very subjective state and can
mean different things to different people. happiness?
However, researchers have identified some basic 6
One simple method is just to ask people how they
components of happiness. are feeling. A recent research project used a cell
3
One component is our physical condition, such phone app to track how happy people were. From
as our level of income and state of health. There is time to time, the app sent a message asking the
no doubt that financial stress and illness can have person to report how happy he or she was feeling
a negative impact on our level of happiness. But as well as what activity the person was doing. The
wealth on its own isnt enough; you can be very study found that people who are less focused on
wealthy and also very unhappy. what theyre doing tend to feel less happy. When
they get distracted, they start to worry or think
4
Another component is genetic; it seems that
about negative things, which makes them unhappy.
some of us may be born to be cheerful. Some of
our character traits are inherited and may include Why do scientists research
a tendency to either be more optimistic or to get
depressed moreeasily. happiness?
7
Researchers believe that researching happiness
is very useful. The more we understand about
the causes of happiness, the more we can learn
about developing social or psychological traits that
contribute to our general state of well-being and
help us lead fullerlives.

B Read the statements and choose T (true), F (false), or NM (not mentioned).

1 It is not possible to measure happiness. T / F / NM
2 Scientists disagree about the causes of happiness. T / F / NM
3 Our personality influences our level of happiness. T / F / NM
4 It is possible to learn how to be happier. T / F / NM
5 Asking people about their state of mind is unreliable. T / F / NM
6 Lack of concentration can cause negative emotions. T / F / NM

C VOCABULARY: MOOD Match the definitions (ah) with the words in bold in the text.
a) having a generally positive attitude e) feelings

b) preoccupied, thinking about something else f) unhappy

c) feeling of general happiness g) concentrated on what youre doing

d) having a generally negative attitude h) cheerful

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 D VOCABULARY: MOOD Work in pairs and answer the questions.
1 What is your mood right now?
2 Do you consider yourself to be generally optimistic or pessimistic? Why?
3 Do you ever get depressed? If so, what do you do?

4 GRAMMAR: review of conditional forms

A 1.19 Language in context
Listen to the conversation. What
advice does Toms uncle give?
Tom: Do you think I should take a year off
before going to college? I think that
if people take a year off, theyre more
mature when they start school, and they
get more out of it. What do you think?
Uncle: Thats a good question. If I had taken a
year off, I would have traveled around
the world. I think it can be a very good
idea if you plan it properly and do
something useful with it.
Tom: I know! But Mom thinks that if I travel
for a year, I wont want to go to
college when I come back. Notice!
Uncle: Yes, that is a risk, but if I were you, Id go for it. Just make sure Underline sentences in the text that
you keep your main goal in mind and dont get distracted! use conditional forms. How many
types of conditionals can you find?
B Analyze Read the conversation in Exercise A again.

Form & Function Complete the table with examples from the text.

Type of conditional Form Function and Examples

third If + past perfect, would(nt) To talk about unreal situations in the past.
have + past participle (1)

second If + simple past, would(nt) To talk about things the speaker feels are unreal or
+ base form unlikely in the present or future.
(2)

first If + simple present, will To talk about things that the speaker thinks are likely
(wont) + base form or possible in the future.
(3)

zero If + simple present, To talk about things that are generally true.
simple present (4)
(5)

C Practice Match the two parts to make complete

sentences.
1 You would have studied harder a) if you were more outgoing.
Watch out!
If you had said you were sick,
2 Youll always succeed b) if youd had more time.
Iwould have called a doctor.
3 People are generally friendly c) if youre polite to them.
If you would have said you
4 You would have more friends d) if you work hard enough.
were sick, Ihad called a doctor.
D Now you do it Work in pairs. Complete the
sentences and tell your partner. Askquestions to get more information. Find three things
you have in common.
If I had studied , I would have If I hadnt , I wouldnt have If I were richer, I would

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 5 WRITING: a thank-you note
Writing a thank-you note for a gift or a favor is an important way to make people
feel appreciated. In a thank-you note, be sure to say what you are giving the
person thanks for, and explain what effect it has had, if relevant.

A Read the thank-you note and answer

the questions.
1 Identify two things the writer is saying thank
youfor. Dear Lucinda,
2 What positive changes does the writer report Thank you so much for your inspiring workshop at
since the event? our annual professional development day last week.
3 Is this a formal or informal thank-you note? How It was fascinating to hear your advice on
can you tell? maintaining a positive attitude in the workplace. We
4 What three words in the note increase the have tried out some of your ideas and it has already
positive tone? had a beneficial effect on our office environment.
Were all smiling more than we used to, thanks to
a) i
you! And thank you so much for explaining how our
b) f
work environment affects our mood. If you hadnt,
c) b
we wouldnt have thought of changing things. Its a
much more attractive and pleasant place to work
B Choose one of the situations and write a
now. We are planning to use many of your ideas in
thank-you note. Write your note using the our office over the coming months.
prompts to help you. We hope to attend one of your workshops again
You received some money as a birthday gift verysoon.
from your aunt. Many thanks again from all of us here.
You attended a job interview with a computer Sincerely,
company. Kate Dansworth
You received a goodbye gift from your Human Resources Manager
co-workers when you left your job.
You attended a dinner at your professors home.

Starting expression:
I am writing to thank you for
I would like to express my gratitude/appreciation for
Thank you for your wonderful hospitality/generosity/kindness.
Your gift was so thoughtful/inspiring/helpful.
Beneficial effect (if any):
Ending expression:

C Work in pairs and take turns showing your notes. Suggest ways
to improve your partners notes.

6 PRONUNCIATION: reduced forms of would you and did you

A 1.20 Listen to the questions. Notice the reduced forms of
would you /w-/ and did you /d-/.
1 a) What would you do? b) What did you do?
2 a) Why would you go? b) Why did you go?
3 a) When would you leave? b) When did you leave?
4 a) How would you find out? b) How did you find out?

B 1.21 Listen and choose which question you hear from each pair
in Exercise A.

C Work in pairs and practice. Say one question from each pair in
Exercise A. Your partner will identify which one they hear.
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 7 SPEAKING: talking about having a positive attitude
A Work in groups. Discuss what you think each of these sayings
means. Does each one express a positive or negative attitude?

B 1.22 Listen to the person talking about a workshop he attended.

Check the things that helped him.
talking about a problem learning techniques for relaxation
thinking positively remembering a similar experience
talking to an expert

C Think of a time when you experienced a difficult situation at school

or at work. Complete the notes.

What was the difficult situation?

How did it make you feel?

What did you do about it?

If things had been different, what might

have happened?

D i Independent Speaking
Work in pairs. Tell each other
about the situation you made
notes on in Exercise C. Then ask
your partner to tell your problem
back to you. Try to offer positive
advice and suggestions on what
you could have done differently.

How to say it

Id like to tell you about what
happened when
It was difficult for me because
If I hadnt , he/she/they wouldnt
have

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 lifeSkills
BEING A POSITIVE TEAM MEMBER
Focus on finding solutions rather than blaming people for problems.
Listen to other team members with a positive attitude.
Present your point of view in a positive way.

A Read about the following situation. What is the problem? Underline the issues.

Sportsense is a company which produces sports

and fitness equipment. Their latest project,
developing a new range of fitness equipment,
has run into serious problems. Its very behind
schedule, and the costs seem to be increasing.
There also seem to be personal problems among
some of the team members. If something isnt
done very soon, the project may fail.

B Look at pairs of sentences. For each pair, write P next to the one that
focuses on the problems, and S next to the one that focuses on solutions.
1 a)  The project is behind schedule because we had a lot of problems the
manager didnt expect.
b)  The project faced some unexpected challenges, but Id like to suggest
something.
2 a)  It may be possible to work with the supplier to control the increasing costs.
b)  Someone chose the wrong supplier, so costs are increasing.
3 a)  Some of the team members dont get along with the others and there are
constant arguments.
b)  We should arrange team-building exercises to improve relationships within
the team.
4 a)  The design is very creative, but maybe we need to simplify it so that we
can finish this project on schedule.
b)  If the designers hadnt made such a complicated design, we would have
finished this project by now.

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 Self and Society
Work and Career
Study and Learning
C Work in groups. Choose one of the following
roles for each member of the group. Prepare for a meeting to discuss
the project. Make notes of positive ways to present your problems,
together with possible solutions.

Project Research and Logistics Manager

Leader Development You are responsible for supplies. Itis
You are Manager your job to make sure everyone has
responsible for You are responsible the materials they need at the right cost.
the whole project. It is for the designs of the You feel that the design department is being
your jobto make sure equipment. It is your too ambitious and should try to cut costs. You
everything is done on job to make sure they also think that everyone needs to stick to the
timeand within budget. are safe and develop schedule more because delays increasecosts.
You are worried that fitness. You have fallen
the project is behind behind schedule because
schedule,costs are there arent enough
increasing, and there people working in your
are personal problems department. You feel that
between some members the marketing department
of the team. You think hasnt given you a clear
there are communication idea of what they want and
problems among the that they should have done
teammembers. more market research.

Sales and Marketing Manager

You are responsible for selling the equipment. It is
your job to make sure the company sells as many
pieces of equipment as possible. You feel that the
current designs wont appeal to enough people. You would
like to have new designs as soon as possible so that you
cando more market research. How to say it
Thats a good suggestion, and we
could
Thats a good point. Id like to add
D Work in your groups and role-play the meeting. that
Listen to others carefully and make positive comments I take your point. From my point of
when appropriate. Youshould finish the meeting with an view,
action plan, whichis alist of ways to make Thanks for bringing that up.
the project more successful.

E Report your ideas to the class. Reflect How can the skill of being
Explainhow you are now planning to a positive team member be useful to you in
dealwith the problems. Study & Learning and Self & Society?

F Work in groups and discuss

the questions. Research
1 Do you feel you now have a better What else makes someone a good member of a
understanding of what it means to be a team? Look at a few websites that discuss this idea.
positive team member? Inwhat ways? Make a note of what you discover and report back
2 Which aspects of being a positive to the class. Do all the websites you have looked
team member come naturally to you? atagree?
Whichaspects do you think you need
towork on?
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 Language wrap-up
1 Vocabulary
Complete the paragraph with the words from the box. (12 points)

appreciatecontent
depressed distracted
emotions enjoyment
mood optimistic
pessimisticpleasureswealth
well-being

Do you sometimes feel sad or (1) ? Do you often experience negative

(2) ? Do you have a generally (3) outlook on life? If you
answered yes, then this workshop is for you. Thought Power is a new technique that
helps put in you in a good (4) and recover your (5) of life.
Happiness doesnt depend on material (6) . We can all become more
(7) with our lives by focusing on the positive and not being (8)
by negative thoughts. Learn to be more (9) and improve your state of
(10) . Its easy to (11) the simple everyday (12) of life
by using this simple technique. Try it and see!

1012 correct: I can use words for describing life satisfaction and mood.
09 correct: Look again at Sections 1 and 3 on pages 46, 48, and 49. SCORE:/12

2 Grammar
A Complete the sentences with noun clauses as objects using the
prompts and the question words in parentheses. (4 points)
1 I went to a laughter workshop last year. (when)
I want to tell you about .
2 Something happened at work the other day. (what)
Did I tell you about ?
3 You arent happy. (why)
I cant understand .
4 Stress can affect our state of well-being in many ways. (how)
The instructor explained .

B Choose the correct options to complete the text. (8 points)

Did you hear about Megan? I saw her by chance. I was in a store, and if I (1) had / hadnt
turned around when I did, I (2) wont / wouldnt have seen her. She told me she was
looking for a new job. She got fired because she was two hours late one morning! Just
imagine that! If she (3) were/ would be more punctual, she (4) would / wouldnt still have
her job. I cant understand it!
Well, she was really depressed, so I encouraged her to be more optimistic. If you
(5)have/ will have a positive attitude, it usually (6) helps / will help you find a solution
to a problem. She seemed happy to hear that. Anyway, if I (7) will have / have time
this weekend, I (8) will invite / invited her over for dinner. Im sure with a little support,
shellbe able to find something else very soon.

1012 correct: I can use noun clauses as objects and use a variety of conditional structures.
09 correct: Look again at Sections 2 and 4 on pages 47 and 49. SCORE:/12

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 Expressing personal
Speaking Workshop preference

A 1.23 Read the question and listen to one

mans response. Make notes under the headings
below. Compare your notes with apartner.

Some people think that money is the key to happiness. Others

think that family and friends are more important. What do you
think? Explain why and give an example to support your answer.

Which option does the speaker select?

Reason 1:

Example:

Reason 2:

Example:

Conclusion:

B Listen again and match the two parts to make correct phrases.
1 Although a) of all
2 There are b) give you an example
3 First c) what Ive been saying
4 Let me d) two main reasons
5 To sum up e) many people believe that

C Read the question. Prepare your response. Complete the notes. Some people think that
Use the expressions in Exercise B. happiness is a matter of
good luck. Others think
it is something you can
Which option do you select?
create and control. What
Reason 1: do you think? Explain why.
Example:
Reason 2:
Example:
Conclusion:

D Work in pairs. Speak to

your partner. Make sure to cover HOW ARE YOU DOING?
all the points in youroutline. I stated my opinion clearly.
I supported my opinion with at least two reasons and examples.
I used a variety of discourse markers.

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