FETAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Suleik, Jasmine Diorka

Gestation Length Weig Nervous Senses Cardiovasc Respira Endocrin Digestive Muscul Reproduc Urinary Integumentar Immune
al Age ht System ular System tory e System oskelet tive System y System System
System System al System
System
2-3 weeks 2mm *Groove *Eyes: Beginning of Nasal Thyroid Formation of
C-R forms along optic cup blood pits tissue kidneys
middle back and lens circulation; forming appears beginning
as cells pit have
thicken formed; tubular heart
pigment in begins to
*neural tube eyes form during
forms from third week
closure of *Ears:
neural Auditory
groove pit is now
enclosed
structure
4 weeks 4-6mm 0.4g Anterior Tubular Mouth:form
C-R portion of heart beats ation of oral
neural tube at 28 days cavity
closes to
form brain primitive red primitive
blood cells jaws
closure of circulate present
posterior end through fetus
forms spinal and esophagotr
cord chorionic villi acheal
septum
begins
division of
esophagus
and trachea
Gestational Length Weig Nervous Senses Cardiovasc Respira Endocrin Digestive Musculoskele Repr Urinary Integumentar Immune
Age ht System ular System tory e System tal System oduct System y System System
System System ive
Syste
m
4 weeks Digestive
tract:
stomach
forms

Esophagus
and
intestine
become
tubular

Ducts of
pancreas
and liver
forming
5 weeks 8mm Only Brain has Atrial Developing
C-R 0.5% differentiated division has muscles have
of and cranial occurs innervations
total nerves are
body present
weig
ht is
fat
(to
20
wks)
6 weeks 12mm Ears:form Chambers Trachea, Oral and Bone Embr
C-R ation of present in bronchi, nasal fudiments yonic
external, heart and lung cavities and Primitive sex
middle buds are upper lip skeletal shape gland
and inner Groups of present formed forming s
ear blood cells Muscle mass appea
continues can be Liver forms develops; r
identified RBC ossification of
skulls and
jaws
Gestational Length Weig Nervous Senses Cardiovasc Respira Endocrin Digestive Musculoskele Reproduc Urinary Integu Immune
Age ht System ular System tory e System tal System tive System menta System
System System System ry
Syste
m
7 weeks 18mm Eyes: Fetal Diaphra Mouth:tong Separation of
C-R optic heartbeats gm ue bladder and
nerve can be separate separates; urethra from
formed detected s palate folds. rectum
abdomin Digestive
Eyelids al tract:n
appear; stomach
thickening attains final
of lens form
8 weeks 2.5-3cm 2g Ears: Developmen Mouth:com Digits formed Male and
C-R external, t of heart pletion of female
middle essentially mouth Differentiation external
and inner complete fusion of cells in genitals
ear primitive appear
assuming Fetal Digestive skeleton similar
final forms circulation tract: until end
follows two rotation in Cartilaginous of ninth
circuits-four midgut bones show week
extraembryo first signs of
nic and two Anal ossification
intraembyoni membrane
c has Development
perforated of muscles in
Heartbeat trunk,limbs &
cann be head
heard with
Doppler at 8- Some
12 weeks movement of
fetus now
possible
Gestational Length Weig Nervous Senses Cardiovasc Respira Endocrin Digestive Musculoskele Reproduc Urinar Integumenta Immune
Age ht System ular System tory e System tal System tive y ry System System
System System System Syste
m
10 weeks 5-6 cm 14g Neurons Eyes: Mouth: Fingers and Males: Bladder
C-H appear at eyelids Islets of separation toes begin nail production sac
caudal end fused Langerha of lips from growth of formed
of spinal closed n jaw testostero
cord differenta ne and
Developm ted Fusion of physical
Basic ent of palate folds characteri
divisions of lacrimal stics
brain present duct Digestive between 8
tract: and 12
developing wks
intestines
enclosed in
abdomen
12 weeks 8 cm 45g ` Lungs Hormonal Mouth: Clear outlining Skin: pink Appearance of
C-R acquire secretion completion of miniature and lymphoid tissue in
11.5cm definitive from of palate bones (12- delicate fetal thymus
C-H shape thyroid 20wks) gland
Digestive
Insulin tract:appear Process of
present ance of ossification is
in muscles in established
pancreas gut throughout the
fetal body
Bile
secretion Appearance of
begins involuntary
muscles in
Liver is viscera
major
producer of
RBC
Gestational Length Weig Nervous Senses Cardiovasc Respirator Endo Digestive Musculoskele Reproduc Urin Integumentar Immune
Age ht System ular System y System crine System tal System tive ary y System System
Syste System Syst
m em
16 weeks 13.5 cm 200g Eyes, Mouth: Teeth Sex Kidn Skin:
C-R ears, nose differentiatio beginning to determina eys Appearance of
15cm are n of hard form hard tion assu scalp hair
C-H formed and soft tissue that will possible me
palate become typic Lanugo
central incisors al present on the
Digestive shap body
tract: e
developmen and Transparent
t of gastric orga skin with
and nizati visible blood
intestinal on vessels
glands
Sweat glands
Intestines developing
begin to
collect
meconium
18 weeks `Fetal heart Teeth `
tones beginning to
audible with form hard
fetoscope at tissue(enamel
16-20 wks and dentine)
that will
become lateral
incisors

20 weeks 19cm 435g Myelination Blood Fetus Teeth Skin: Lanugo Detectable
C-R (6% is of spinal formation: actively beginning to covers entire Levels of
25cm fat) cord begins iron is stored sucks and form hard body Antibodies
C-H and bone swallows tissue that will
marrow is amniotic become Brown fat
increasingly fluids canine and begins to form
important first molar.
Peristaltic Lower limbs Vernix
movements are of final caseosa
begin relative begins to form
proportions
`Gestational Length Weig Nervous Senses Cardiovasc Respirator Endo Digestive Musculoskele Reproduc Urin Integumentar Immune
Age ht System ular System y System crine System tal System tive ary y System System
Gestational Length Weigh Nervous Senses Cardiova Respiratory Endo Digestive Musculoskelet Reproduct Uri Integumentary Immune
Age t System scular System crine System al System ive nar System System
System Syste System y
m Sys
tem
32 weeks 31cm 2000g More
C-R reflexes
38- present
43cm
C-H

36 weeks 35cm 2500- Ears: Distal femoral Males: Skin:Pale `

C-R 2750g earlobes ossification scrotum Body rounded
42- soft with centers small and Lanugo
48cm little present few rugae disappearing
C-H cartilage present Hair fuzzy or woolly
Descent Few sole creases
of testes Sebaceous glands
into upper active and helping
scrotum to to produce vernix
stay (36- caseosa (36-
40wks) 40wks)
Females:
labia
majora
and
minora
equally
prominent

38 to 40 wks 40cm 3200+ Ears: At 38wks, Fetus Teeth Males:rug Skin: smooth and Detectable
C-R g Earlobes lecithin- actively beginning to ous pink Levels of
48- firmer due sphingomyelin sucks and form hard scrotum Vernix present in Antibodies
52cm to (L/S) ratio swallows tissue that will Females: skin folds
C-H increased approaches 2:1 amniotic become labia Moderate to
cartilage (indicates fluids canine and majora profuse silky hair
decreased risk first molar. developed Lanugo on
of resp. distress Peristaltic Lower limbs and shoulders and
from inadequate movements are of final minora upper back
surfactant begin relative small or Nails extend over
production if proportions completel tips or digits
born now) y covered Creases cover sole
Neonatal hypothermia and associated risk factors among newborns of southern Nepal
Abstract

Background

Neonatal hypothermia is associated with an increased mortality risk for 28 days. There are few community-based data on specific risk factors for neonatal hypothermia. Estimates of association between
neonatal hypothermia in the community and risk factors are needed to guide the design of interventions to reduce exposure.

Methods

A cohort of 23,240 babies in rural southern Nepal was visited at home by field workers who measured axillary temperatures for 28 days (213,316 temperature measurements). The cumulative incidence of
hypothermia (defined as < 35.0°C based on an analysis of the hypothermia-mortality risk relationship) was examined for any association with infant characteristics, care practices and parental, household,
socioeconomic and demographic factors. Estimates were adjusted for age and ambient temperature.

Results

Ten percent of the babies (n = 2342) were observed with temperatures of < 35.0°C. Adjusted prevalence ratios (Adj PR) were increased among those who weighed < 2000 g [Adj PR = 4.32 (3.73, 5.00)] or
< 1500 g [Adj PR = 11.63 (8.10, 16.70)] compared to those of normal weight (> 2500 g). Risk varied inversely along the entire weight spectrum: for every 100 g decrement hypothermia risk increased by
7.4%, 13.5% and 31.3%% for babies between 3000 g and 2500 g, 2500 g and 2000 g and < 2000 g, respectively. Preterm babies (< 34 weeks), females, those who had been first breastfed after 24 h and
those with hypothermic mothers were at an increased risk. In the hot season the risk disparity between smaller and larger babies increased. Hypothermia was not associated with delayed bathing, hat
wearing, room warming or skin-to-skin contact: they may have been practiced reactively and thereby obscured any potential benefit.

Conclusions

In addition to season in which the babies were born, weight is an important risk factor for hypothermia. Smaller babies are at higher relative risk of hypothermia during the warm period and do not receive
the protective seasonal benefit apparent among larger babies. The need for year-round thermal care, early breastfeeding and maternal thermal care should be emphasized. Further work is needed to quantify
the benefits of other simple neonatal thermal care practices.