In This Issue: Brake System Service Toyota's Hybrid Vehicle Continuously Variable Transmission Power Steering Service
In This Issue: Brake System Service Toyota's Hybrid Vehicle Continuously Variable Transmission Power Steering Service
In this issue:
Brake system service
Toyota’s hybrid
vehicle continuously
variable transmission
Power steering
service
STAR Service News Issue 118
Toyota’s Support to Automotive Repair
Editor: Roberta Ritter, Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc.
Content: Birchwood Automotive Group, Creston, Ohio
Source: Toyota Service Manuals
Design: Bobit Business Media, Uniontown, Ohio
STAR departments
Dealer listings — 33
BRAKE SYSTEM
SERVICE
Taking a look at basic
brake system mechanical
service as well as brake
sysem-related sensor
circuits for vehicles TOYOTA’S HYBRID
equipped with ABS with VEHICLE CVT
TRAC & VSC sysems — 4 An in-depth look at the
Continuously Variable
Transmission (CVT)
technology featured in
the 2004 Prius and 2006
POWER STEERING
Highlander HV — 17
SERVICE
From problem symptoms to
inspection to servicing the
2004 4Runner power steering
rack assembly — 27
STAR Service News is a quarterly publication of Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc. Editorial and circulation offices: Toyota Customer Services, STAR Program WC21, 19001 South Western Avenue,
Torrance, CA 90509. Fax (310) 468-0913.
STAR Service News is available through Toyota STAR Dealers and is also available by subscription. Toyota makes no warranty, expressed or implied, regarding the contents of this publication, nor should any be construed. All procedures, specifi-
cations and part numbers were in effect at the time of printing. Toyota reserves the right to change procedures and/or specifications at any time, without prior notice and without incurring any obligation. Articles and technical data contained in
this publication are based in whole or in part on prior communications by Toyota to its dealers. FOR COMPLETE SPECIFICATIONS AND PROCEDURAL INFORMATION, PLEASE REFER TO THE APPROPRIATE REPAIR MANUAL. For part number
changes, please contact your Toyota dealer.
Copyright 2007 Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc. Contents of this publication may not be reprinted without written permission. The Toyota name and logo and Toyota STAR name and logo are registered trademarks of Toyota Motor Corporation and
may not be used in any manner without the prior written consent of Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc.
Caution: Vehicle servicing performed by untrained persons could result in serious injury to those persons or others.
I
’ve been on the run! I’ve recently been spotted dashing
through airport security and making last minute calls
before takeoff. In just two months my agenda was all
over the map — literally. My stops included Scottsdale, Ariz.;
Sacramento, Calif.; Las Vegas, Nev.; Pittsburg, Pa., and Japan.
The good news is that I’m earning all kinds of mileage — and
the better news is that a good portion of the travel is the
result of our growing Toyota STAR program.
Our dealers have never been more enthusiastic or supportive of the Toyota
STAR program — that’s great news for every independent shop. More dealers
are participating with enrollment up to 485 dealers nationwide — which means
more convenience for you. We’ve dedicated our resources to make sure your
experience with the program is positive. We realize that timely vehicle and
parts information is critical, so visit Toyota’s Wholesale Web site www.toyota-
partsandservice.com and Technical Information System (TIS) Web site
www.techinfo.toyota.com often. These resources give you some of the most
up-to-date parts and technical information in the industry.
Your success is our success. If our resources help make your shop more effi-
cient and profitable, we’ve done our job. And we’re open to your ideas and sug-
gestions — after all, you’re out there every day. If there’s something you need,
let me know by sending an e-mail to [email protected]. We’re here to
help.
Best regards,
Jerry Raskind
Wholesale Development Manager, Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc.
Inner pad
Clip
Outer pad
Anti-squeal shim
Anti-rattle
spring
Pin
28 mm
(1.10 in.)
Measuring rotor thickness must be done with a quality, properly cal- With the wood spacer in place,
ibrated micrometer. When measuring a used rotor, measure about inject compressed air through
10mm or so inboard from the outer edge. the brake fluid inlet port.
INSPECT PADS
If the existing pads are being con-
sidered for re-use, inspect the pads for
cracks, signs of uneven wear and pad
thickness. Pad standard thickness is
0.453 in. (11.5mm). Minimum pad
thickness is 0.039 in. (1.0mm). If
thickness is less than the minimum, or
if the pad(s) show signs of uneven
wear, cracking, glazing or other dam- A fixed-position caliper (as opposed to a sliding caliper that features
age, replace the pads as a complete a single piston) captures the pads using locating pins. Make sure
that the pin holes in the caliper and pad backing plates are clean and
set (never mix worn and new pads).
free of debris.
NOTE: Whenever pad replacement is
required, it is always advisable to Minimum thickness is 1.024 in. runout, so it’s important to isolate
replace both right and left side pads as (26.0mm). If disc thickness is at the the source of the runout problem
a complete axle set. minimum or less, the disc must be (this may involve the hub, the disc,
replaced. or both).
Using a dial indicator (on a stand It is possible that very small
that is rigidly mounted to the sus- runout variances in the hub and disc
pension upright), measure disc may result in a “stack-up” of toler-
runout. The indicator plunger should ance, and may be corrected by repo-
be placed about 0.39 in. (10mm) sitioning the disc onto the hub in a
from the disc’s outer edge, and different clock position. First, mark
should be positioned with about one hub stud and its corresponding
0.050 in. preload. Then zero the hole in the disc. Next, remove the
Measure brake pad thickness,
in addition to inspecting for gauge and slowly rotate the disc a hub nuts and disc, and re-locate the
uneven wear, cracking, glazing full 360 degrees, while monitoring disc onto the hub by aligning the
or other damage. the gauge. Maximum allowable marked bolt hole in the disc to the
Boot
Measure disc thickness using a Piston
quality micrometer. Be sure to
measure at a point inboard
from the disc edge, within the
pad contact area. Sliding pin
Washer
Boot
Torque plate
Plug
Union bolt
Bushing
Washer
Gasket
or eliminated by checking runout • Vehicle skid control computer equipped with a push button selec-
with the disc located at all possible • Steering angle sensor tor, place the transmission in neu-
bolt locations (following the same • Master cylinder pressure sensor tral, press the “L4” button and then
routine outlined for front discs). • Yaw rate sensor place the transmission in the “P”
• Deceleration sensor position. At this time, the VSC sys-
tem buzzer will sound for three sec-
Zero point calibration of the above onds indicating that registration is
components must also be performed complete. Now turn the ignition
when replacing or repairing steering- switch OFF and proceed to Step 2.
related parts and when changing the
vehicle’s straight-ahead condition via Step 2
toe adjustment. Perform master cylinder pressure,
yaw rate and deceleration sensor
REQUIRED SSTs zero point calibration.
Measure rear disc thickness
using a micrometer. Toyota Diagnostic Tester Kit — P/N
TOY220036 a. Connect the Toyota Diagnostic
All components in this kit are tester to the DLC3.
required. 12 megabyte diagnostic b. Move the shift lever to the “P”
tester program card (P/N 01002593) position.
with version 13.3a software (or c. Turn the ignition switch to the
later) is required. “ON” position.
d. Place the Diagnostic Tester into
CAN Interface Module Kit — P/N Signal Check mode under the
01002744 ABS/VSC menu.
e. Keep the vehicle in a stationary
Inspect the disc for runout
using a dial indicator. Be sure to CAUTION: position on a level surface for four
place the indicator plunger at a While performing zero point cali- seconds or more.
position 10mm from the out- bration, do not tilt, move or shake f. For 2WD models, press the TRAC
side disc edge.
the vehicle. The vehicle must main- OFF switch three times within three
tain a stationary position. Do not seconds without pressing the brake
BRAKE SYSTEM RELATED start the engine. Be sure to perform pedal.
SENSOR CIRCUITS calibration on a level surface (within g. For 4WD models, press the cen-
While not a direct part of the brake an inclination of 1%). ter differential lock (TRAC OFF)
hydraulic system, there are several Whenever replacing the skid control switch three times within three sec-
ABS/TRAC VSC-related circuits that ECU, registration of the new ECU onds without pressing the brake
impact vehicle performance during must first be performed. pedal.
braking. It’s a good idea to become h. Check that the VSC buzzer
familiar with these circuits. Step 1 sounds for three seconds. If the VSC
For 2WD Sequoia models, registra- buzzer does not sound, repeat the
VSC-RELATED ZERO POINT tion is already complete. Proceed to zero point calibration procedures. If
CALIBRATION & SENSOR Step 2. the buzzer still does not sound,
CHECK For 4WD models with a transfer check the VSC buzzer circuit.
Zero point calibration must be per- lever, after turning the ignition i. Zero point of master cylinder
formed after replacing any of the fol- switch ON, with the shifter in the pressure, yaw rate and deceleration
lowing components on 2003 - 2006 “P” position, move the transfer lever sensor is complete. Proceed to Step
model year Sequoia vehicles: to the “L4” position. For vehicles 3.
Step 3
Perform steering angle
sensor zero point cali-
bration.
a. Disconnect the
Diagnostic Tester.
b. Calibrate the steer-
ing angle sensor by driv-
ing the vehicle above 28
mph.
Step 4
a. Stop the vehicle.
b. Place the shifter
into the “P” position.
c. Connect the Toyota
Diagnostic Tester to the
DLC3.
d. View the ABS/VSC
Illustration of Diagnostic
Data List to confirm that
Tester screen during
Step 2, sub-steps A the steering angle value
through D. changes when the steer-
ing wheel is turned.
Disconnect the
Diagnostic Tester and
turn the ignition switch
OFF.
DELTA S SENSOR
CIRCUIT
The Delta S sensor is
also known as the pedal
stroke speed sensor.
When DTC C1247/47 is
output, this indicates
that output turns 4.7V
or more or 0.2V or less
per 100msec; or when
output does not return
to 2.5V even when
500msec or more elaps-
es, in spite of no change
in brake operation. The
Illustration of Diagnostic Tester screen during
Step 4, sub-steps A through D. problem lays with the
brake booster, the Delta
S sensor circuit, the skid con- the yaw rate sensor and the output
Voltage (1) Brake pedal
trol ECU or any combination of depressed value calculated from the other sen-
these areas. (2) Brake pedal sors’ output continues to be large. In
released
In order to check the output either case, the trouble lies with the
value of the Delta S sensor, yaw rate sensor or its circuit.
connect the Toyota Diagnostic The first step in inspecting the yaw
Tester to the DLC3. Turn the rate/deceleration sensor is to check
ignition switch to the ON posi- its installation. The sensor should be
Time
tion, and run the engine until tight (bolt mounting torque value is
engine speed reaches 3,000 Delta S sensor value should change as 3.7 ft-lbf (5 N-m), and check to make
rpm, and then return engine the brake pedal is depressed and sure that the sensor is not tilted.
released. Voltage should not fall below
speed back to idle (HINT: Rev 0.2V when the pedal is depressed, nor Next, check the output value of the
the engine to ensure sufficient should it exceed 4.5V when the pedal yaw rate sensor. Remove the two
vacuum). is released. bolts and the yaw rate sensor assem-
Select the DATA LIST mode on bly, with the harness still connected.
the hand-held tester. The pedal fied, check for an open or short cir- Connect the hand-held tester to the
stroke sensor should show a mini- cuit in the harness and connector DLC3. Turn the ignition switch ON
mum of 0V and a maximum of 5.1V. between the Delta S sensor and the and turn the hand-held tester main
Normal condition is about 2.0V with- skid control ECU. If no open or short switch on. Select the DATA LIST
out the brake pedal depressed. is found, inspect the Delta S sensor mode on the hand-held tester and
NOTE: The result appears on the terminal voltage at the VCP terminal. check that the value of the YAW RATE
tester after a brief delay because a With the Delta S sensor disconnected,
time lag occurs during this measure- turn the ignition switch ON and Torque: 5 N-m (10 kgf-cm, 3.7 ft-lbs)
ment with the hand-held tester. If a measure voltage between the VCP ter-
signal from the Delta S sensor is minal and body ground. Voltage
being sent between sampling, the should read 5V. If not, replace the
result does not appear on the tester, skid control ECU. If this voltage check
so be sure to perform this measure- is OK, replace the brake booster.
ment two or three times.
Check that the brake pedal acceler- Delta S sensor
brake stroke
ation value of the Delta S sensor dis- speed sensor Check the yaw rate sensor for
played on the hand-held tester correct installation.
changes, alternatively increasing the
brake pedal stroke. The value should
change as the brake pedal is
depressed and released. With the VCP
displayed on the tester changes. value of the DECELERAT SENS dis- are still present, check and replace
Place the yaw rate sensor vertically played on the tester changes. Place the skid control ECU. If the sensor
and turn the sensor to the right and the sensor vertical to the ground and value change is not correct, check
left a minimum of -128 degrees and then tilt the sensor frontward and for an open or short circuit in the
a maximum of 128 degrees. rearward. Check that the value of the harness and connector between the
Check for an open or short circuit DECELERAT SENS2 displayed on the steering angle sensor, translate ECU
in the harness and connector hand-held tester changes. Normal and the skid control ECU.
between the yaw rate sensor and the condition is approximately 0 +/- 0.13
skid control ECU. G while stationary. INSPECTING THE BRAKE
Check for voltage between termi- INHIBIT RELAY
Check (a)
nals VYS and GYAW of the yaw rate This will involve checking voltage
sensor. Disconnect the yaw rate sen- between terminal 1 and 3 of the
sor from its connector. Turn the igni- brake inhibit relay and body ground.
tion switch ON. Measure voltage Remove the brake inhibit relay from
between terminals VYS and GYAW of the connector. Turn the ignition
the yaw rate sensor harness-side switch ON. Measure the voltage
Check (b)
connector. Voltage should be 10 to between terminal 1 of the brake
14V. If voltage is not within this inhibit relay harness side connector
range, replace the skid control ECU. and body ground. Voltage should be
10 - 14V. Next, measure the voltage
Yaw rate between terminal 3 of the brake
(deceleration) sensor
inhibit relay harness side connector
VYS
and body ground while the brake
When checking for value
pedal is depressed. Voltage should be
changes in the deceleration
sensor, tilt the sensor rearward 8 - 14V.
and forward (with sensor dis-
GYAW mounted but still connected to
ON
its harness).
A voltage check between yaw
rate sensor connector terminals
VYS and GYAW should show 10 STEERING ANGLE SENSOR
to 14V.
Check the output of the steering
angle sensor. Connect the Toyota
DECELERATION CIRCUIT Diagnostic Tester to the vehicle’s
Yaw rate and deceleration is moni- DLC3. Turn the ignition ON and turn
tored by the same sensor. In order to the tester’s main switch on. Select
check the deceleration circuit, verify the DATA LIST mode on the hand-
that the sensor is correctly mounted held tester and select STEERING ANG.
(bolts tight to value and sensor not Check that the steering wheel turn-
tilted). Next, remove the two mount- ing angle value of the steering angle
ing bolts and with the sensor still sensor displayed on the hand-held
connected to its harness, connect the tester changes as the steering wheel
Toyota Diagnostic Tester to the DLC3. is turned. NOTE: Turning the steering
Turn the ignition switch ON and turn wheel to the left increases value; When checking voltage be-
the hand-held tester main switch on. turning the steering wheel to the tween body ground and termi-
nal 3 of the brake inhibit relay
Select the DATA LIST mode on the right decreases value. harness side connector, the
hand-held tester. Check that the If DTC codes C1231/31 or C1235/35 brake pedal must be depressed.
Check the brake inhibit relay for and the brake booster. If OK, check Pad(s) cracked or distorted
continuity between terminals 1 and and replace the skid control ECU. Pad(s) glazed
2, and between terminals 3 and 4. Disc scored
Continuity should be present in both Vacuum leaks in booster system
cases (a reference value for continu-
ity between terminal 1 and 2 should NOISE FROM BRAKES
be about 62 ohms). Cracked or distorted pad(s)
Apply battery positive voltage Loose installation bolts
between terminals 1 and 2, and Scored disc
check continuity between terminals 3 Loose pad support plate
and 4. Continuity should be open. Check resistance between ter- Worn caliper sliding pin
minals 3 and 4 of the brake Pads glazed or dirty
booster. Faulty tension or return spring
Damaged anti-squeal shim
TROUBLESHOOTING Damaged shoe hold-down spring
LOW OR SPONGY PEDAL
Fluid leaks PROBLEM SYMPTOMS
Air in brake system TABLE
Piston seals worn or damaged ABS DOES NOT OPERATE
Faulty master cylinder Check the DTC, reconfirming that the
normal code is output
BRAKE DRAG IG power source circuit
Brake pedal freeplay under minimum Speed sensor circuit
Parking brake pedal travel out of Check hydraulic circuit for leaks
adjustment (When all of above are normal and
Parking brake cable sticking the problem still occurs, replace the
Parking brake shoe clearance out of skid control ECU.)
adjustment
Pad(s) cracked or distorted ABS DOES NOT OPERATE EFFICIENTLY
Piston stuck or frozen Check DTCs to confirm that the nor-
Tension or return spring faulty mal code is output
Check the brake inhibit relay for Vacuum leaks in booster system Speed sensor circuit
continuity between terminals 1
and 2, and between terminals 3 Faulty master cylinder Stop light switch control
and 4. Check hydraulic circuit for leaks
BRAKE PULLS (When all of the above are normal
INSPECTING THE ACTIVE Stuck piston but the problem remains, replace the
BRAKE BOOSTER Cracked or distorted pad(s) skid control ECU.)
SOLENOID Brake disc scored
Disconnect the connector from the Vacuum leak in booster system ABS WARNING LIGHT ABNORMAL
brake booster and check resistance Faulty master cylinder ABS warning light circuit
between terminals 3 and 4 of the Skid control ECU
brake booster. Resistance should be HARD PEDAL AND INEFFICIENT
1.1 - 1.7 ohms. If not, replace the BRAKING BRAKE WARNING LIGHT ABNORMAL
brake booster. If OK, check for an Fluid leaks Brake warning light circuit
open or short in the harness and con- Air in brake system Skid control ECU
nector between the skid control ECU Worn pads Translate ECU
(ABS & VSC solenoid relay, ABS & VSC DTC C1223/43 DTC C1361/62
solenoid relay circuit, ABS & VSC motor Malfunction in ABS control system Abnormal battery voltage of VSC sensor
relay, ABS & VSC motor relay circuit)
(ABS control system.) (Battery, charging system, power source
DTC C1241/41 circuit, deceleration sensor, yaw rate
Low battery positive voltage or abnormally DTC C1231/31 sensor, master cylinder pressure sensor.)
high battery positive voltage Malfunction in steering angle sensor
DTC C1362/36
(Battery, charging system, power source (Steering angle sensor, steering angle Malfunction in sensor set value (VSC
circuit.) sensor circuit.) sensor system)
For informational purposes, this article dis- system, only Toyota-trained and certified
cusses the CVT (Continuously Variable hybrid technicians are permitted to service
Transmission) technology featured in two this engine/transmission system. This article
specific Toyota vehicles. Here we use the serves only to provide a technical overview
2004 Prius and 2006 Highlander HV as our of the continuously variable transmission
examples. The 2004 Prius features the P112 that is featured in specific Toyota hybrid
hybrid transaxle, while the 2006 Highlander vehicles. This article is not intended to pro-
HV features the P310 hybrid transaxle. vide service guidelines and is offered for
informational purposes only.
NOTE: Due to the complexity and potential One very important aspect relates to cable
hazards of servicing a high-voltage hybrid color. All high-voltage cables utilized on
Toyota hybrid vehicles are orange in drives the wheels with the electric when the car runs in the higher
color. Gauges will vary, but the criti- motors and the gas/petrol engine, speed range. In other words, the sys-
cal point to remember is that if you yielding electricity via the generator tem can control the dual sources of
encounter an orange cable, do not to self-charge the battery. power for optimum energy-efficient
touch or tamper with it. Serious With the Series Parallel Hybrid operation under any driving condi-
injury can result when untrained per- System, it is possible to drive the tions.
sonnel attempt to handle these wheels using the dual sources of
cables. If it’s orange, keep your power (electric motors and/or THE HYBRID TRANSAXLE
hands off! gas/petrol engine), as well as to Commonly referred to as a CVT
generate electricity while running on (Continuously Variable Transmission),
The THS-II (Toyota Hybrid System the electric motors. the Toyota hybrid transmission
II) is a type of powertrain that fea- The system runs the car on power essentially provides the driver with
tures a combination of two types of from the electric motors only, or by the experience of smooth accelera-
motive forces, such as an internal using both the gas/petrol engine and tion and deceleration, without notic-
combustion engine and an electric the electric motors together, depend- ing specific shift points.
Motor Generator. This system is char- ing on driving conditions. Since the While this system efficiently com-
acterized by skillful use of two types generator is integrated into the sys- bines and operates the two types of
of motive forces according to driving tem, the battery can be charged motive forces (engine and MG2), the
conditions. It maximizes the while the car is running. basic motive force is provided by the
strengths of each of the motive This system takes advantage of the engine. The motive force of the
forces and complements their weak- energy-efficient electric motors when engine is divided into two areas: the
nesses. This provides a seamless the car runs in the low speed range, motive force applied to the wheels
blend of acceleration and decelera- and calls on the gas/petrol engine by the planetary gear unit in the
tion without noticeable shift points. hybrid transaxle, and the motive
As a result, it can achieve a highly Battery force used to operate the MG1 as a
responsive level of performance as generator.
well as a dramatic reduction in fuel Inverter The hybrid transaxle, which con-
consumption and exhaust gas emis- Engine
tains the MG1, MG2 and the plane-
sions. The THS-II can be broadly tary gear unit, uses these compo-
divided into two systems: the series nents to achieve a smooth drive real-
Generator Electric
hybrid system and the parallel hybrid motor ized through seamless shifting.
1: Direct current
system. 2: Alternating current A computer-controlled planetary
gear unit has been adopted to
Series Parallel Hybrid System
NOTE: MG1 is Motor Generator No. mechanically link the front wheels
on the Highlander HV.
1. This starts the engine and then is and MG2 via gears and a chain. To
driven by the engine, generating disengage the motive force in the
Battery
electricity to drive the MG2, or neutral position, the shift position
charge the HV battery, depending on sensor outputs an N position signal
Inverter
vehicle status. to turn off all the power transistors
Engine
MG2 is Motor Generator No. 2. This in the inverter (which connects the
uses electricity or generates electric- MG1 and MG2). As a result, the oper-
ity by reversing the current through Transmission Motor/ ation of MG1 and MG2 shut down,
generator
the motor generators. 1: Direct current rendering the motive forces at the
2: Alternating current wheels to zero. In this condition,
Series Parallel Hybrid System: Parallel Hybrid System on the even if the MG1 is rotated by the
The Series Parallel Hybrid System 2004 Prius. engine or MG2 is rotated by the
MG1 Inverter
The 2004 Prius P112 Hybrid transaxle. The transaxle unit consists
primarily of a transaxle damper, MG1, MG2, planetary gear unit and Planetary HV battery
gear
a reduction unit (containing a silent chain, counter drive gear,
counter driven gear, final drive pinion gear and a final drive ring Engine MG2
gear). The planetary gear unit, MG1, MG2, transaxle damper and
the chain drive sprocket are located coaxially (in-line), and the force Wheel
is transmitted from the chain drive sprocket to the reduction unit
via a silent chain. Operating mode 1, where elec-
trical power from the HV bat-
tery to MG2 provides force to
drive wheels, no generation of elec- drive the wheels.
Flywheel
tricity occurs because both MG1 and portion
(via the planetary gears), in order to kinetic energy from the wheels is
Operating mode 3, where MG1
supply the generated electricity to recovered and converted into electri- is rotated by the engine in order
MG2 and the battery. cal energy, which is used to recharge to charge the HV battery.
HV battery
Planetary
gear
Engine MG2
Wheel
REGENERATIVE BRAKE
The regenerative brake function operates MG2 as a gen-
erator while the vehicle is decelerating or braking, and
stores this energy in the HV battery. At the same time, it
utilizes the operating resistance which the MG2 exerts
during the generation of electricity as a braking force.
As on the 2003 Prius, the 2004 Prius utilizes shift-by-
wire technology. This is a “link-less” type that does not
use a shift cable. Instead, a shift position sensor in the
transmission detects the shift position and sends a sig-
nal to the HV ECU. Upon receiving this signal, the HV
ECU produces the respective shift positions. When the
driver presses the parking switch (located on top of the
shifter), the “P” position control actuates the shift con-
trol actuator located in the hybrid transaxle in order to
mechanically lock the counter-driven gear, which
engages the parking lock.
The 2004 Prius also features a link-less accelerator
pedal system called ETCS-I (Electronic Throttle Control
System-Intelligent). This features an accelerator pedal
position sensor and a throttle position sensor to detect
Throttle control
motor
Throttle
HV ECU ECM valve
Accelerator
pedal position
sensor Throttle position sensor
Fall 2007
the accelerator pedal position and the throttle posi-
tion. The HV ECU calculates the target engine speed
and required engine motive force in accordance with
the signals provided by the accelerator pedal position
sensor, vehicle driving conditions and the SOC of the
battery, and sends a control signal to the ECM, which
optimally controls the throttle valve.
The 2006 Highlander HV also features shift-by-wire
and link-less accelerator pedal systems.
HV BATTERY
This special HV battery supplies electric power to the
MG2 during start-off, acceleration, and uphill driving.
The battery is recharged during braking or when the
accelerator pedal is not depressed.
INVERTER ASSEMBLY
The inverter assembly is a device that converts the
high-voltage DC HV battery power into AC (MG1 and
MG2) and vice versa (converts AC into DC).
A Boost Converter boosts or lowers the maximum
high-voltage of the HV battery.
A DC-DC Converter drops the maximum high-voltage
in order to supply electricity to body electrical compo-
nents, as well as to recharge the auxiliary battery.
Fall 2007
TOYOTA TECHNICAL
2004 Prius Planetary Distributes the engine’s drive force as SHIFT POSITION SENSOR
gear unit appropriate to directly drive the vehicle as The shift position sensor converts
well as the generator.
the shift position into an electrical
signal and outputs this to the HV
2006 Highlander HV Compound Power split Distributes the engine’s drive force as ECU.
gear unit planetary appropriate to directly drive the vehicle as
gear well as the generator. On the 4WD-1 system (2006
Highlander HV, as an example), an
Motor speed Located between the motor and the power
MGR (Motor Generator Rear) is provid-
reduction split planetary gear, the motor speed
planetary reduction planetary gear reduces the rota- ed in the rear drive unit. MGR, which
gear tional speed of the motor in accordance is powered by the electricity from
with the characteristics of the planetary
gear, in order to increase torque. MG1 or the HV battery, drives the rear
wheels in accordance with driving
An A/C Inverter converts the nomi- speed and the required engine motive conditions. During deceleration, MGR
nal DC high-voltage of the HV bat- force received from the HV ECU. functions as a generator and charges
tery to AC and supplies power to the HV battery as needed.
operate the electric inverter com- BATTERY ECU The MG1, MG2 and MGR are com-
pressor of the A/C (air conditioning) The battery ECU monitors the pact, lightweight and highly efficient
system. charging condition of the HV battery alternating current permanent mag-
Both Toyota models (2004 Prius (slightly different on the Highlander net synchronous type motors.
and 2006 Highlander HV) feature air HV, which features an analog-to-digi- An independent cooling system is
conditioning compressors with inte- tal “smart unit”). featured for cooling the MG1, MG2
gral high-voltage alternating current and the inverter. This cooling system
motors. This allows powering the air SKID CONTROL ECU activates when the power supply sta-
conditioning compressor with a high- The skid control ECU controls the
voltage electric motor for further regenerative brake that is affected
MG1
improvements in vehicle efficiency. by the MG2 and the hydraulic brake MG2
Stator
so that the total braking force equals
HV ECU that of a conventional vehicle that is
(The HV ECU is also known as the equipped with hydraulic brakes only.
THS-ECU on the Highlander HV). Also, the skid control ECU performs
The Hybrid Vehicle ECU receives brake system control (ABS with EBD,
information from each sensor, as well Brake Assist, and Enhanced VSC; or
as from the ECM, battery ECU, skid VDIM on the Highlander HV). The
control ECU and EPS ECU. Based on VDIM, or vehicle Dynamic Integrated
this information, the required torque Management unit, bundles the logic
Rotor
and output power is calculated. The for better control during acceleration
HV ECU sends the calculated result and deceleration to avoid any poten-
to the ECM, inverter assembly, bat- tial hesitation issues.
tery ECU and skid control ECU.
ACCELERATOR PEDAL POSITION
ECM SENSOR
Front transaxle
The ECM activates the ETCSi in The accelerator pedal position sen-
accordance with the target engine sor converts the accelerator angle Front transaxle cutaway view.
tus is switched to READY ON state. FEATURES OF to the THS ECU. Upon receiving
The radiator for this cooling system is 4WD-I SYSTEM these signals, the THS ECU appropri-
separate from the engine’s radiator. On a slippery road surface, the skid ately drives the front and rear wheels
NOTE: Toyota specifies special ATF control ECU calculates the required in order to achieve traction perform-
for these transmissions, as well as total motive force and the torque ance while ensuring driving stability.
special coolant for the inverter distribution between the front and As a rule, the system deactivates the
assembly. rear wheels, and transmits this signal driving of the rear wheels during nor-
Stator
Rotor
Inverter
assembly
3MZ-FE
engine
Rear drive
unit
RH front wheel
speed sensor
Cutaway view of the rear drive The 2006 Highlander HV 4Wdi system features the P310 transaxle
unit featured on 4WD-I systems. and an additional MGR (Motor Generator Rear).
HIGHLANDER HV P310 NOTE: The Prius gearset features speed reduction planetary gear unit
TRANSAXLE one planetary gearset, while the to the system.
This hybrid transaxle consists pri- Highlander HV features two planetary
marily of MG1, MG2, a compound gearsets (one for reducing speed and HV BATTERY
gear unit (which consists of a motor torque needed for MG2, allowing a The 2006 Highlander HV battery is
speed reduction planetary gear unit downsizing of the MG2). This com- a sealed nickel metal hydride (Ni-
MH) assembly. This HV battery has a
Compound gear high power density, is lightweight
Ring gear for Ring gear for
motor speed power split
and offers longevity to match the
reduction planetary gear
planetary gear characteristics of the THS-II system.
The HV battery consists of 240 cells
(eight cells x 30 modules) with a
nominal voltage of 288V (240 cells x
1.2V). The HV battery is mounted
under the rear seat and is split into
three sections, separated by the seat
rails.
As we mentioned earlier, this arti-
cle is intended to provide an infor-
Compound Parking gear mational overview of Toyota’s hybrid
gear unit
Counter drive gear system.
Toyota strongly emphasizes that
The compound gear unit consists of a motor speed reduction plan- only Toyota-trained and certified
etary gear and a power split planetary gear. Each planetary ring hybrid technicians should attempt
gear is integrated with the compound gear. The compound gear is
integrated with a counter drive gear and parking gear. service of this system.
NOTE: Proper recycling must be
and a power split planetary gear pound planetary gearset is a notable adhered to with regard to battery
unit), a counter gear unit and a dif- development, as this adds a motor disposal. ★
ferential gear unit.
The engine, MG1 and MG2 are
mechanically joined via the com- Rear seat
pound gear unit. The compound gear
unit contains a motor speed reduc-
tion planetary gear unit and a power
split planetary gear unit. The motor
speed reduction planetary gear unit, HV battery Floor board
module (seven-seat model)
whose purpose is to reduce motor
speed, is used to enable the high-
speed, high-output MG2 to adapt
optimally to the power split plane-
tary gear unit. The power split plane-
tary gear unit splits the motive force
of the engine in two ways: one to Seat rails
drive the wheels, and the other to
drive the MG1, allowing the MG1 to Citing the 2006 Highlander HV as an example, the HV battery is
act as a generator. located under the rear seat, split into three portions.
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Oil
reservoir
PS
gear Closed
PS vane
pump
SST
Oil
reservoir
Vacuum hose
PS Air cleaner assembly
gear Open
less. NOTE: Do not turn the steering the engine’s serpentine drive belt.
wheel during this check. If pump service is required, remove
With the engine idling and the the vane pump following the service
valve fully open, turn the steering manual procedures. With the vane
wheel to the full lock position (right pump secured in a vise, check that
or left). At this point, minimum fluid the pump rotates smoothly without
pressure should be 1,209 psi. Do not SST abnormal noise. Using a beam-type
maintain the lock position for more torque wrench, check rotating
Use the SST to hold the pulley
than 10 seconds. Once fluid pressure in place while loosening the torque, which should be 2.4 in.-lbf
has been checked, disconnect the SST pulley retaining nut. (0.28 N-m) or less.
and connect the pressure feed tube
assembly to the vane pump assembly,
Pressure port union
and bleed the power steering system.
Next, check steering effort. Center
O-ring
the steering wheel and remove the
Flow control valve
steering wheel pad. Start the engine
and run it at idle. Measure the steer-
Suction port union Spring Gasket
ing effort in both directions.
Steering effort should be 53 in.-lbf
or less. Torque the steering wheel set O-ring
O-ring
POWER STEERING VANE Straight pin Wave washer
PUMP ASSEMBLY
The 2004 4Runner features a vane- Vane pump
Cam ring
pression spring using outside Make sure that the oil seal is
calipers. Free length (uncompressed) installed correctly, with the lips fac-
minimum is 1.307 in. (33.2mm). If ing inboard into the housing.
the spring measures less than this Install the vane pump shaft. Using
minimum, replace the spring. a plastic hammer, tap the two new
pins to the vane pump housing front.
Compressed air Be careful not to damage the pins.
Install the vane pump cam ring Using the SST driver, press the
with the reference mark facing out- new oil seal into the housing,
ward. Align the holes of the cam ring making sure the seal is oriented
correctly.
with the straight pins.
Install the vane pump rotor (without new retaining nut to the pump shaft.
With one side hole blocked and its plates) into the cam ring. The rotor Using the SST pulley-holding tool,
compressed air injected into the
must be installed with the reference tighten the nut to 32 ft.-lbf (44 N-
op p o s i t e s i d e h o l e , n o a i r
should escape from either end mark facing outward. Install a new m). Using a torque wrench, verify
of the flow control valve. snap ring to the vane pump shaft. the pump’s rotation torque. A force
Next, install all 10 plates into the of 2.4 in.-lbf or less should be
rotor grooves, with the round end of required to rotate the pump.
the plates facing outward toward the
outer circumference of the rotor. Round end
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