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Chapter 1 Combustion Theory (1) NCKU

The document introduces fundamental concepts in combustion including: 1) Definitions of chemical reactions, mole number, mass and molar fractions, gas state equations, and combustion types such as premixed and nonpremixed flames. 2) Descriptions of laminar premixed flames, turbulent premixed flames, laminar nonpremixed flames, and turbulent nonpremixed flames. 3) Explanations of key terms including laminar burning velocity, equivalence ratios, flamelet concept, and hybrid premixed-nonpremixed flames.

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Jamir Escalante
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100 views

Chapter 1 Combustion Theory (1) NCKU

The document introduces fundamental concepts in combustion including: 1) Definitions of chemical reactions, mole number, mass and molar fractions, gas state equations, and combustion types such as premixed and nonpremixed flames. 2) Descriptions of laminar premixed flames, turbulent premixed flames, laminar nonpremixed flames, and turbulent nonpremixed flames. 3) Explanations of key terms including laminar burning velocity, equivalence ratios, flamelet concept, and hybrid premixed-nonpremixed flames.

Uploaded by

Jamir Escalante
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2000/9/20

Chapter 1
Introduction, Fundamental Definition and Phenomena

1.1 Introduction

l Combustion: Oldest technology of mankind; provide 90% of energy support.

l Old view: Fluid Mechanics +Chemical Reaction +Heat (release) Transfer.


Fluid mechanics that included global heat release by chemical
reaction-thermodynamics with simple infinitely fast chemistry.
l Good for: designing stationary combustion processes
l Not good for: transient processes (e.g., ignition and quenching) and
pollution formation (-> central topic in the future)

l New view: Fluid mechanics and chemical reaction coupling; chemistry


topics: large reaction mechanisms, simplification of reaction mechanisms;
fluid topics: turbulent flow and generation of turbulence.

l Not treated in this course: theory & experiments determining chemical


reaction rate; details of turbulence theory.

1.2 Fundamental Definitions

l Chemical reaction: exchange and/or rearrangement of atoms-> atoms are


conserved and molecules are not.
l Table 1.1 (page 3 of W.M.D.) -> reactant molecules (fuels, oxidizers) are
rearranged to product molecules (CO2, H2O, CO, UHC, NOx etc.) ->heat of
reaction is the primary interest-> different from chemical engineering.
l Mole number: Avogadros constant. -> mole fraction: xI= nI /( ni ) .
l Mass fraction: wi = mi /( mi )
l molar mass: molecular weight. -> mean molar mass of a mixture M = xi M i
l Eqs. 1.1, 1.2 (of W.M.D.), of the definitions of percentage mass fraction and
molar fraction. Eq. 1.3 (of W.M.D.) of mass density and concentration (molar
density) and / c = m / n = M

M i Ni M i xi
wi = s
= s
(1.1)

=1
j
M jn j M j xj
j =1
wi wi M i
xi = M= s
(1.2)

Mi
wj Mj
j =1

l Perfect gas equation of state, eqs 1.4 and 1.5 ( of W.M.D.)

pV = nRT (1.4)
p pM p
c= and = = s
(1.5)
w
RT i
RT RT
i =1 M i

1.3 Basic Flame Types

l Premixed and nonpremixed (diffusion): mixed (fuel and oxidizer) and then
burn; simultaneously mixing and combustion. Why make such
catagorization?
l laminar and turbulent: different effects on flames?
l Laminar premixed flames: flat flames and Bunsen flames. Stoichiometric,
(fuel) rich and (fuel) lean. x fuel,stoi. = 1 /(1 + ) where is the mole number of
O2., or ' = 4.762 for air as a oxidizer. Fuel equivalence ratio = 1 / , the
air equivalence ratio. Laminar burning velocity, vL (or SL).
vL >vu , vL = vu sin .
= (xair x fuel ) / (xair , stoich. x fuel,stoich. ) = (wair w fuel ) / (wair ,stoich. w fuel, stoich. )

l Turbulent premixed flames: if turbulence intensity is not too high, curved


laminar premixed flame fronts are formed -> an ensemble of many premixed
laminar flames, flamelet concept. Lean combustion -> lower temperature,
lower NO, lower soot ( produced in rich flames).

l Laminar nonpremixed flames: more complex chemistry, large variation of


equivalence ratio. Rich combustion on the fuel side, lean combustion on the
air side and intense luminescent flame front near stoichiometric -> the triple
(tribrachial) flame. Nonpremixed flames do not propagate and can not be
characterized by laminar flame speed.

l Turbulent nonpremixed flames: flamelet concept can be used. Mostly used in


industrial furnances and burners. -> yellow luminescence of glowing soot
particles.

l Hybrid premixed-nonpremixed laminar flames: home heater or water heater


premixed slightly rich at = 1.4 , then burn as nonpremixed flame to
suppress soot.

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