BUILDING TECNOLOGY STUDIO I

RES 201
Project Title:

Group 2
Name IC No. Matric No.
LIEW KIAN HONG 961129-08-5213 132648
AHMAD AKMAL BIN
960712-06-5389 140034
MOHAMAD
NUR AANAA FARHANA
961216-14-5560 132690
BINTI ZURIN HAMIDI

Supervisor:
Ir. Dr. Mohd Zaid bin Hj. Yusof
 Acknowledgement

We, who are from Group 2, would like to stress our greatest appreciation to our
lecturer, En Ir. Dr. Mohd Zaid bin Hj Yusof, as he gave guidance to our assignments progress and
lectured on the knowledge and theory about the Portable Ultrasonic Non-Destructive Digital Indicate
Test (PUNDIT).
Indeed the contribution from our group members deserve a credit during the presentation of
this PUNDIT Test report as we practise synergy in doing the measurement of the PUNDIT Test.
Everyone of us have played their own roles well. Advice and ideas are cordially welcomed, specially
from lecturers and group mates.
Last but not least, we would like to thank the person in charge of the soil laboratory in School
of Housing, Building and Planning, as he taught us on the methods of using the PUNDIT Testing
device.
We appreciate and grateful to those who have willingly put support to us while carrying out
the PUNDIT test successfully, along with the report be submitted timely.
 CONTENT
No. Topic Page Number

Content
Introduction
Experiment Report
Conclusion
Reference
 INTRODUCTION
PUNDIT (Portable Ultrasonic Non-Destructive Digital Indicating Tester) is one of the Non-
Destructive Testing techniques, which is developed to identify cracks that are potentially
dangerous. Practically, it is used to measure the propagation speed of a pulse of ultrasonic
longitudinal stress waves, which then evaluate the concretes properties (whether it is easily
cracked or else). The ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) that is determined from the test can be
used for the following applications:
- Evaluating the uniformity of concrete within a structural member
- Locating internal voids and cracks
- Estimating severity of deterioration
- Estimating depth of fire damaged concrete
- Evaluating effectiveness of crack repairs Identifying anomalous regions for invasive
sampling with drilled cores
- Estimating early-age strength (with correlation)

PUNDIT test

With this ultrasonic test on concrete, following can be assessed:

1. Qualitative assessment of strength of concrete, its gradation in different locations of structural
members and plotting the same.
2. Any discontinuity in cross section like cracks, cover concrete delamination etc.
3. Depth of surface cracks.

The location that we choose is the rooftop of School of Housing, Building and Planning
(E08). The core reason that we choose this site is that it is seldom visited by the students of
HBP. Plus, it is immensely exposed to rain and ultraviolet rays all year long, therein lays the
high potential of cracking of the infrastructure located at the rooftop. Portable Ultrasonic
Non-Destructive Digital Indicate Test (PUNDIT) is carried out for the purpose of measuring
the propagation of a pulse of ultrasonic longitudinal stress waves. The ultrasonic pulse
velocity could be applied on determining the quality and strength of concrete. The type of
element that we choose to investigate is the slab of the building.
EXPERIMENT REPORT

Date: 29/9/2017
Nature of Test: Portable Ultrasonic Non-Destructive Indicate Test (PUNDIT)
Purpose: To investigate cracks and voids in concrete slab
Location: Rooftop of the main building of School of Housing, Building an Planning (E08)

Apparatus and Materials:

PUNDIT Test Monitor

Transducer

Grease oil
Figure 1: E08 Building of School Housing, Building and Planning.

Figure 2: The view of rooftop

Figure 4: The Slab Crack

Procedure:
1. Area of the testing for the cracking of the concrete slab is opted.
2. The area concerned is marked and measured using a marker pen.
3. A smear of grease oil is applied on surfaces of transducer before placing the two ends
of the reference bar. The reference bar is used to recalibrate the PUNDIT Test
Monitor.
4. The path length, b is set as 100mm. The transducer is then placed hard onto the
concrete surface until a consistent reading is displayed on the PUNDIT Test Monitor.
5. The time taken for the wave travel, is measured and shown on the Pundit Test
Monitor. The reading is recorded.
6. The steps 2 to 5 are repeated by doubling up the path length, 2b (200mm).
7. The time taken for the wave travel, t2 is recorded.
8. Length of the crack depth is then shown on the PUNDIT Test Monitor, and is
recorded.
9. The readings are tabulated.

Figure 1 shows the placement of the transducers for PUNDIT test

Precaution:
1) Surface of the test location must be clean, smooth and dry.
2) There is no impurities on the surface of the specimen.
3) The instrument must be calibrated.
4) To minimise the error of measuring, transmitter and receiver must tightly in contact
with surface of concrete when taking the measurement.
5) The surface area of concrete should be smooth and grease should be applied on the
surface of transmitter and receiver.
6) The transducers is placed collinearly, in a path length which is perpendicular to the
line of the cracks. This is to ensure the accuracy of the readings to be taken.
 Results

X1 = 100 mm X2 = 200 mm
Number of Readings Velocity of the
t1 t2
taken transmission
1
2
3
Average time taken

*X2 is equal to 2X1

Calculation:

According to the British Standard Method, the velocity of two successive Ultrasonic Pulse
Velocity, where transducers in the first reading are placed in half the distance used in the second
one, was equalized. For both reading, the transmitter ans the oscillator were placed equally
from the crack. Hence, the formula for calculating the cracking depth has been derived as,

4t12 - t22
C = x 2 2
t2 - t1

Where, C is the crack depth

x is the distance between the edge of any transducers and the crack center
t1 is the average time taken for the longitudinal wave travel with 100 mm from the crack
centre
t2 is the average time taken for the longitudinal wave travel with 200 mm from the crack
centre
Given that x = 100 mm, t1 =, t2 =
4 ()2 - ()2
C = (100) 2 2
() - ()

C = mm
C mm

For X2 = 200 mm,

4 ()2 - ()2
C = (100)
()2 - ()2

C = mm
C mm
Discussion

UPV to monitor the quality of the concrete during construction. Ultrasonic pulse velocity is
an ideal tool and suitable for establishing whether concrete is uniform.
It can be used on both existing structures and those under construction.
High pulse velocity readings are generally deemed as indicating a good quality concrete.

Longitudinal Pulse (km/s) Concrete Quality

>4.5 Excellent
3.5-4.5 Good
3.0-3.5 Doubtful
<3.0 Poor

There are some of features that can be assessed by doing PUNDIT test on concrete. Firstly,
qualitative assessment of strength of concrete. Its gradation in different locations of structural
members and plotting the same. Any discontinuity in cross section like cracks, cover concrete
delamination et cetera could be discovered. Lastly, the depth of surface cracks could be
finally be determined.

In fact, there are three methods (direct transmission, semi direct transmission and indirect
transmission) are applied to deduce the velocity of longitudinal pulse. For PUNDIT test,
indirect transmission method is used to determine the crack depth of the concrete slab at the
rooftop, which apply both transducers on the same concrete surface. A thin layer of the grease
oil is applied onto the surfaces of the transducers and the marked position of the transducers,
so as to assure effective transfer of the wave between the concrete and transducers. The
transducers are being held during the test carried out.
The pulse velocity in a material depends on its density and its elastic properties which in turn
related to the quality and the compressive strength of the concrete. Thus, it is possible to obtain
information about the properties of components by sonic investigations, whereby PUNDIT test
is one of the example.
Optimized pulse shaping gives greater transmission range at lower voltage levels. This, coupled
with automated combination of the transmitter voltage and the receiver gain, ensures an
optimum received signal level, guaranteeing accurate and stable measurements. An integrated
waveform display allows manual triggering of the received waveform.
The quality of the concrete incorporating the strength of the concrete, homogeneity, trapped
air, internal flaws, honeycombing, compaction, workmanship, and the durability can be tested
from this experiment.
Hence, it can be said that this sort of test is used for the evaluation the effectiveness of crack
repair.
For the velocity we get from the readings shown on the PUNDIT equipment, the results are
approximately the same, due to the homogeneous properties of the concrete.

The cracks of the concrete for the rooftop has been detected and the result of the depth of the
crack in the particular concrete is mm and then followed by mm, mm and mm. It shows that
there might be some error occurred for the second time since the result is not consistent to the
rest. It might be the parallax error occurred while taking the reading of the distance away from
the first line or the perpendicular distance from the cracking depth.
 Conclusion

Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) test is one of the non-destructive test. It detects
cracks and thus determining the strength of the concrete.

The crack depth measured is

 Reference

1) https://theconstructor.org/concrete/ultrasonic-test-on-concrete/2847/
2) GERMANN INSTRUMENTS A/S
http://www.germann.org/TestSystems/PUNDIT/PUNDIT.pdf
3)