ESO 203: Introduction to Electrical Engineering

Lecture 1

Dr. S. Chakrabarti
Dept. of EE
IIT Kanpur
Office: ACES 105 B
Extn: 6598
email: [email protected]

ESO 203, Lecture 1 1

Branches of electrical engineering

Fig.1: Electrical engineering disciplines

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 Brief history of electrical engineering
17501850 Coulombs law (1785)
Battery discovery by Volta
Amperes law (1825)
Ohms law (1827)
Faradays law of induction (1831)
18501900 Kirchhoffs circuit laws (1857)
Maxwells equations (1864)
Cathode rays: Hittorf and Crookes (1869)
Telephony: first telephone exchange in New Haven, Connecticut
Edison opens first electric utility in New York City (1882): dc power
First transmission lines installed in Germany (1882), 2400 V dc, 59km
Dc motor by Sprague (1884)
Commercially practical transformer by Stanley (1885)
First single-phase ac transmission line in United States (1889): Ac power
First three-phase ac transmission line in Germany (1891), 12 kV, 179 km
First three-phase ac transmission line in California (1893), 2.3 kV, 12 km
Generators installed at Niagara Falls, New York

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Brief history of electrical engineeringcontd.

19001920 Marconis wireless telegraph system: transatlantic communication (1901)
Vacuum-tube electronics: Fleming (1904), DeForest (1906)
First AM broadcasting station in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
19201940 Television: Farnsworth, Zworykin (1924)
Cathode-ray tubes by DuMont; experimental broadcasting
Boolean-algebra application to switching circuits by Shannon (1937)
19401950 Major advances in electronics (World War II)
Radar and microwave systems: Watson-Watts (1940)
FM communication systems for military applications
System theory papers by Bode, Shannon, and Wiener
Transistor electronics: Shockley, Bardeen, and Brattain of Bell Labs (1947)
19501960 Transistor radios in mass production
Solar cell: Pearson (1954)
Digital computers (UNIVAC I, IBM, Philco); Fortran programming
language
First commercial nuclear power plant at Shippingport, Pennsylvania (1957)
Integrated circuits by Kilby of Texas Instruments (1958)

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 Brief history of electrical engineeringcontd.
19601970 Microelectronics: transistor from Fairchild Semiconductors
Laser demonstrations by Maiman (1960)
First communications satellite Telstar I launched (1962)
MOS transistor: Hofstein and Heiman (1963)
Digital communications
765 kV AC power lines constructed (1969)
Microprocessor: Hoff (1969)
19701980 Microcomputers; MOS technology; Hewlett-Packard calculator
INTELs 8080 microprocessor chip; semiconductor devices for memory
Computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM)
Interactive computer graphics; software engineering
Personal computers; IBM PC
Artificial intelligence; robotics
Fiber optics; biomedical electronic instruments; power electronics
1980 Digital electronics; superconductors
Present Neural networks; expert systems
High-density memory chips; digital networks

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Contents of the present course

Introduction, Single-Phase Circuits, Power Calculations,
Analysis of Three-Phase Circuits, Mutually Coupled Circuits
Transformers: Magnetic Circuits, Equivalent Circuit and
Performance
Direct-Current Machines: Construction, Equivalent Circuit,
Torque-Speed Characteristics, Applications
Induction Machines: Construction, Equivalent Circuit, Torque-
speed characteristics, Speed Control, Starting, Applications
Synchronous Machines: Construction, Equivalent Circuit,
Generator & Motor Operation, Power Angle Characteristics,
Hunting, Pull-Out
Special Topics: Single-phase induction machines, Stepper
Motors

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 Text books
1. Electrical Engineering Fundamentals, V. Del Toro
2. Engineering Circuit Analysis: Hayt, Kemmerly, and Durbin
4. Basic Electrical Engineering, Nagrath & Kothari
5. Electric Machinery Fundamentals, S. J. Chapman
6. Any other suitable books

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Grading scheme

Quizzes 20%
Midsem 30%
Lab 15%
Final exam 35%
Total 100%

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 Laboratory sessions
Exp.1: Thevenin equivalent circuit
Exp.2: Measurement of energy
Exp.3: Power measurement in a 3-phase circuit
Exp.4: Determination of inductances of coils
Exp.5: Assembling a transformer
Exp.6: Equivalent circuit of a transformer
Exp.7: Characteristics of DC generators
Exp.8: Characteristics of DC motors
Exp.9: Characteristics of a single phase induction motor

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Labs and tutorials

Six sections.
Labs and tutorials are to be attended in the allotted section only.
Lab instruction booklet will be sent by email.
Section details will be given soon.
At the end of each lab, please get your experiment results signed
by the instructor or the TA.
Report for each experiment is to be submitted on the day of the
next experiment (submission day for the last experiment will be
announced later).
Surprise quizzes will be conducted in most of the tutorial
session. Marks in quizzes will contribute to the final aggregated
marks.

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 Introduction to electrical circuits
An electric circuit is an interconnection of electrical elements.

Fig.2: A simple electrical

circuit

Electric charge is measured in coulombs (C).

charge on an electron is negative and equal in magnitude to
1.6021019 C, while a proton carries a positive charge of the
same magnitude as the electron.

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Electric current
It is conventional to take the current flow as the movement of
positive charges, i.e., opposite to the flow of negative charges.

Fig.3: Direction of electric current

The rate of movement of net positive charge per unit time

through a cross-section of conductor is called electric current,
measured in amperes (A).
dq Here i is the current, q is the charge,
i (1) and t is the time
dt

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 Notes on symbols

Scalar variables are denoted by script (small italics) letters.

v 10sin t (2)
Capitalized italic letters denote r.m.s. values of periodic
variables.
v 2V sin t
(3)
Bold capital letters (not italic), or letters with a hat or tilde
represent phasors.
V V V (4)
Bold script letter (non italic) denotes vectors.
v v1i v2 j v3k (5)

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AC and DC
A direct current (dc) is a current that remains constant with
time.
An alternating current (ac) is a current that varies sinusoidally
with time.

Fig.4: DC and AC

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 Voltage
Voltage (or potential difference) is the energy required to move
a unit charge through an element, measured in volts (V).
Mathematically,
dw
vab (6)
dq
where w is energy in joules (J),
measuring the work done in
moving a charge q coulombs (C) Fig.5: Voltage
from b to a. polarity

Voltage is associated with a polarity.

vab vba (7)

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Power and energy

Power is the rate of change of energy, measured in watts (W).
dw
p (8)
dt
Using (1) and (6) in (8), power can be expressed as,
dw dw dq (9)
p vi
dt dq dt

Energy over a time interval is found by integrating power.

T
w pdt (10)
0

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 Sources and loads
A node is a point at which two or more
components or devices are connected
together.
A part of a circuit containing only one
component, source, or device between two
nodes is known as a branch.
Fig.6: A source-load
When DC (we will discuss later, why we combination
mention DC) current flows out of the positive
terminal, power is supplied.
When DC current flows into a positive
terminal, power is taken to be consumed.

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Ideal sources
An ideal voltage source is one whose terminal voltage v is a
specified function of time, regardless of the current i through
the source.

Fig.7: Ideal sources: (a)Ideal DC voltage source, (b)

Ideal sinusoidal voltage source.

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 Ideal sources contd
An ideal current source, is defined as the one whose current i is
a specified function of time, regardless of the voltage across its
terminals.

Fig.8: Circuit symbols and i-v curves of ideal DC

voltage and current sources

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Independent and dependent sources

An independent source is an element that provides a specified
voltage or current that is completely independent of other circuit
variables.

Fig.9: Symbols used for independent voltage and current sources

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 Independent and dependent sourcescontd.
A dependent (or controlled) source is an element in which the
source quantity is controlled by another voltage or current.
Four possible types of dependent sources:
o Voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS).
o Current-controlled voltage source (CCVS).
o Voltage-controlled current source (VCCS).
o Current-controlled current source (CCCS).

Fig.10: Symbols for (a) dependent voltage

source, (b) dependent current source

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Phasor Notation
Phasor Notation:
A sinusoidal current or voltage at a given frequency is characterized
by only two parameters: the amplitude and the phase angle.
Instantaneous values:
v(t ) Vm cos(t v )
i (t ) I m cos(t i )

Phasors:
Vm Im
V v I i Fig. 11: A simple 2-port network
2 2

Note: i(t), v(t) are time-domain representations;

I, V are frequency-domain representations.

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