PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Is there a Phil PA?

By Brillantes & Fernandez.

What is Public Administration?
- consists of all those operations
having for their purpose the 2 phases of PA:
fulfilment or enforcement of 1. Classical/Traditional PA (1800s-
public policy. (White) 1950s)
- consists of getting the work of
2. Modern PA (1950-present)
government done by
- Development Administration
coordinating the efforts of people
so that they can work together to - New PA
accomplish their set tasks. - New Public Management
(Pfiffner) - Reinventing government
- is the action part of government,
the means by which the purposes
and goals of government are 1. Traditional/Classical PA
realized. (Corson & Harris)
- concerned with what and how - started during the industrial
of the government. The what is revolution where industries boom
the subject matter, the technical
- according to Caden, PAs
knowledge of a field, which
arrangement that time existed in all
enables the administrator to
perform his tasks. The how is the societies, and is devoted to advancing
technique of management, the the general welfare of public interest.
principles according to which co- -the idea of PA was administration
operative programs are carried FOR the public and not OF the public.
through to success. Each is
(Client oriented)
indispensable, together they form
the synthesis called -In the 1800s to 1950s, Wilson
administration. (Dimmock) claimed that PA should be politics
free and that it is a field of business.

Public Administration vs. Private From Classical, Neoclassical to

Administration Integrative/Modern Organization of
theories
Public Private
-governmental - other hand is, A. Frederick Taylor, dubbed as the
administration concerned with Father of Scientific management
concerned with administration of is best known from his best way
achieving state private business. approach in accomplishing task,
purposes, determined -non-political which caused the notion for
by the state. -refers to the evolution of PA.
-political management of private
-piece-rate system arise which
-relates to the business enterprises.
activities carried out caused the existence of surplus
by government, during the industrial revolution
Taylors principles of scientific be controlled by the level of
management theory: management above it in the
hierarchy and they should control
1. Division of labor: the lower management below
- This principle divides the role of them to help the organization
planning and executing among proceed in a single direction.
the employer and the employee. 2. Formal rules and norms/
The employer should be given the Management by rules.
role of only planning and the - This principle of bureaucracy
employees should focus on only management implies the need of
operating to execute the plans. By strict rules and regulations to be
this there will be no confusion followed by the various level of
regarding their roles and there management in an organization.
will be a smooth operation of By this principle, the company
action. maintain a level of discipline keep
the labors in check and to bring
2. Unity of command and the best out of them.
centralization of decision making
- there must be a unified command 3. Organization by specialization
at the top of the organization. - The organizations can be divided
into many departments and units
3. One-way authority based on their function. These
- Authority flows down from the departments are led by experts
top to the bottom. and specialists. So there is a high
degree of job specialization in the
4. Narrow span of control employees and the management
- there is a limit to the number of and will help the organization
immediate subordinates that an achieve high efficiency in their
individual can effectively operation.
supervise. There must only be 9-
12 people/individual an 4. Equality
individual should supervise. - This principle focuses on the
equality of all the employees who
B. Max Weber are judged by the rules,
presented a descriptive analysis regulations, and rights of the
of bureaucratic organizations employees set by the
which is as the same as Taylors: organization. So there is no unfair
biasness and favoritism in the
1. Formal hierarchy structure: organization. This will provide a
- There should be centralization of sense of fair judgment and
power in terms of planning and uniform treatment to all.
decision making in the
organization. The rules and 5. Recruitment based on abilities and
regulations must be strictly qualification
followed. There must be a well- - This principle defines that a
defined hierarchy of authority manager is fairly recruited on the
with clear lines of authority and basis of the skills and technical
control concentrated at the top. ability to lead the employees
Each level of management should and handle the position. There is
 no preferential treatment to any
candidate due to personal F. Henry Maslow
relations or links. -focused on the hierarchical
C. Luther Gulicks POSDCORB needs of the individual. His theory
methodologies integrated a of motivation states that human
comprehensive theory of beings has five sets of needs:
administration. physiological, safety, love or
- Herein, they believed that a affiliation, esteem and self-
single science of administration actualization.
which exceeds the boundaries of
the private and the public sector *When the concepts of psychology
entered, the concept of PA has changed.
exists.
*From organization-focused, it shifted to
- POSDCoRB gives unity, a man-centered concept.
certainty, and definiteness and *Human-relations model states that
makes the study more systematic, A satisfied employee=good productivity
but according to its critics,
overlooks the fact that deferent
agencies are faced with different 2. Modern Public Administration
administrative problems, which
are peculiar to the nature of the A. Development administration
services, they render and the - Third world countries are the
functions they performed. Also, it focal point of in this era.
takes into consideration only the - Riggs and Weidnerr coined the
common techniques of the term DA to refer to the
administration and ignores the developing countries which are
study of the subject matter with largely found in Asia, Latin
which the agency is concerned. America, and Africa. These
developing countries endeavored
D. Elton Mayos Hawthorne studies to make concerted efforts in order
- to be recognized as emerging
nations and resurrect themselves
after WWII.
- In this context, Landau described
DA as the engineering of social
change. Ilchman likewise said
that these countries are
concerned with increasing their
capacity to produce goods and
services to meet and induce
E. Chester Bernard changing demands.
-in the contemporary time, he - These developing countries are in
argued that for the excutives to urgent need to implement
become more effective, he should fundamental reforms in their
maintain an equilibrium between politico-administrative
the needs of the employees and machinery.
the organization. - Khator, however argued that DA
-(Accdng to Maam V, if you want was built on the following critical
your people to remain, give assumptions; development needs
priority first to his needs) are most important to developing
 countries; development of needs - NPA proponents likewise
of these countries are inherently advocated that public
different; development can be administrators should not be
administered; and the political, neutral; they should be
social and cultural contexts od committed to both good
devnt can be easily altered. management and social equity as
- Basing from situations above, DA values to be achieved.
may be considered as a - NPA called for client-oriented,
management of innovation non-bureaucratic structures,
because it was aimed at helping participatory decision-making,
countries undergo reconstruction and decentralized admin.
and social transformation. - NPA created the need to stimulate
- Corpuz, closely associated DA to change: meeting the needs of the
foreign aid and western models of society through the govnts
development since these western development programs and
countries provides grants and projects addressing social equity
aids to the developing countries and justice.
for the purpose of nation-building
and economic development, etc. Jest:
-Cruz also argued that in
PA should not only focus more on the
reforming the administrative, 2 economy and efficiency of execution but
core values must be noted: also on social purposes or the values and
reforming the structure of the policies of the govnt.
bureaucracy, and the behavior of
those in it.
C. New Public Management and
B. New Public Administration Reinventing government
- Resulted from a conference in - According to Politt, is a shift into
Minnow brook which created a a managerialist movement. He
hullabaloo. then identified 5 core beliefs of
- Herein, the classical theories of managerialism: main route of
PA were rejected and instead new social progress lies in the
principles were offered. achievement of continuing
- For instance, Frederickson added increases in economically defined
social equity to the classic productivity; such productivity
definition of PA. He claimed that increase will mainly come from
conventional PA sought only to the application of ever more
answer inquiries on efficiency sophisticated techs; application of
and effectiveness like: how can these techs can only be achieved
the govnt offer better services with with a labor force discipling in
available resources or how can we accordance with the productivity
maintain our level of services while ideal; management is a separate
spending money? and distinct organizational
- Frederickson also argued that function and one plays the crucial
disparities occur because PA are role in planning, implementing &
focused less on social purposes or measuring the necessary
the values and policies of the improvements in productivity;
govnt, and more on the economy and to perform this, managers
and efficiency of execution.
 must be granted reasonable room - Criticisms on this model was its
to maneuver. emphasis on people as customers
- Ideas of NPM was born out of the or clients rather than citizens.
continuous search for solutions to And that, customers were placed
economic problems and produce as end-products users of
a government that works better government rather than as mean
but costs less.
of policy making process
- Osborne and Gaebler sparked the
- Another similar movement from
use of business model
the reinventing organization is
prescriptions for government,
the reengineering organization
like using private sector
coined by Hammer. It offers an
innovation, resources, and org
approach for improving
ideas to improve public sector.
performance, effectiveness, and
- Reinventing government
efficiency of orgs regardless of the
provided 10 principles:
sector they operate.
a. Catalytic government:
- According to Hammer et.al,
- steering rather than rowing
reengineering is the fundamental
b. Community-owned
rethinking and radical redesign of
government:
business processes to achieve
-empowering rather than
dramatic improvements in
serving (includes civil society)
critical contemporary measures
c. Competitive government:
of performance, such as cost,
-injecting competition into
quality, service, and speed.
service delivery (to improve
- Reengineering or so-called
the quality of goods and
business process reengineering
services)
was essentially an innovation that
d. Mission drivev government:
sought to refurbish the operation
-transforming rule-driven
of an organizations operation,
orgs (mission is the one
management system and
driving them to work)
structure, to improve its
e. Results oriented government:
efficiency, effectiveness, and
funding outcomes, not inputs
competitive ability and ultimately
f. Customer-driven
improve service delivery.
government:
-meeting the needs of the
D. PA as Governance
customer and not their
- Governance entails a large scope
bureaucracy
and a wider meaning.
g. Enterprising government:
- It involve institutionalization of a
rather than spending
system through which the
(concentrate on earning
citizens, institutions, and
money than spending)
organizations in a society
h. Anticipatory government:
articulate their interests, exercise
prevention rather than cure
their rights, and mediate their
(thinking ahead of time)
differences in pursuit of collective
i. Decentralized government:
goods.
from hierarchy to
- Carnio acknowledge that
participation and teamwork
governance is not the sole
j. Market -oriented government
responsibility of the government
per se but the role of the market
 and civil society are of equal The first and foremost objective of
importance too and should also public administration is to efficiently
be recognized. deliver public services. -Woodrow
- Accordingly, there are actors and
factors that pushed for Felix Nigros Modern Public
governance and some of these Administration
are; the quest for growth and Administration is the organisation and use of men and
development, environmental materials to accomplish a purpose.
movement, globalization, and
consolidating peace. In this context we can reflect the
- An ADB document affirmed that definition offered by F.A. Nigro and
good governance is synonymous L.G. Nigro. According to them Public
with sound development Administration:
management. They then - is co-operative group effort in a public
identified key principles of setting;
development which may be - covers all three branches. The
considered as elements of good executive, legislative, and judicial, and
governance. These are: their inter relationships;
a. Accountability - has an important role in the
-means making public officials formulation of public policy and is thus a
answerable for govnt part of the political process;
behavior and responsive to - is different in significant ways from
the entity from which they private administration;
derive authority. - is closely associated with numerous
b. Participation private groups and individuals in
-refers to enhancing peoples providing services to the community.
access to and influence on
public policy processes In sum, public administration:
c. Predictability - is the non-political public bureaucracy
-refers to the existence of operating in a political system;
laws, regulations, and policies deals with the ends of the State, the
to regulate society and the fair sovereign will, the public interests and
consistent application of laws;
these. - is the business side of government and
d. Transparency as such concerned with policy execution,
-refers to the availability of but it is also concerned with policy-
information to the general making;
public and clear government - covers all three branches of
rules, regulations and government, although it tends to be
decisions. concentrated in the executive branch;
- provides regulatory and service
functions to the people in order to attain
good life;
- differs significantly from private
administration, especially in its
emphasis on the public; and
- is interdisciplinary in nature as it
draws upon other social sciences like
political science, economics and Characteristics of Philippine Bureaucracy
sociology.
1. Vulnerability to nepotism
2. Perpetuation of spoils system
Jose Leverizas Public Administration: -supporters of the political party
The Business of the Government who won are given position.
3. Apathetic public reaction to
Bureaucracy bureaucratic misconduct
-is a type of organization designed to 4. Availability of external peaceful
accomplish large-scale administration means of correcting bureaucratic
tasks by systematically coordinating the weakness
work of many individuals. 5. Survival of historical experience
-type of hierarchical organization which 6. Nonspecial typing of bureaucrats
is designed to rationally coordinated the 7. Lack of independence from
work of many individuals in pursuit of politics
large-scale administrative tasks. 8. Essential instrument of social
-most efficient form of organization change
arising out of the needs of an
industrialized society for the effective Nature and development of
administration of its large and complex Organization
organizations. (Weber)
-not necessarily confined to political Organization
organizations; they tend to develop - mechanism by which administration
wherever it is necessary to coordinate directs, coordinates, and controls its
the activities of many people. (Espiritu) business.
- seeks to know WHO IS TO DO, and
Characteristics of Bureaucracy by WHAT IS TO BE DONE
Weber: - structure filled by humans (Toffler)
1. Positions and offices are clearly
defined Characteristics (Weiss):
2. The hierarchical arrangement of 1. A set of individuals in an office
authority, rights, and obligations 2. Individual responsibility for
is specifically drawn definite tasks
3. The personnel are selected on the 3. Organization goal to which the
basis of technical/professional activities of the staff contribute
qualifications 4. A stable system of coordinative
4. There are defined rules governing relationships/structure
official behavior
5. Security of tenure and the pursuit Different theories of organization:
of a career with a promotion in During the classical era
the hierarchy assured.
Taylors Theory of Scientific Management:

A. Division of labor and

Ideal type of bureaucracy by Weber: specialization
1. There is division of labor -functions are separated and
2. There is centralization of differentiated
authority B. Unity of command and
centralization of decision making
 -there must be a unified meaningful way, the environment
command at the top of the org within which the task is to be
C. One-way authority performed.
-Authority flows down from the 5. The organization should not be
top to the bottom the sole and final arbiter of
D. Narrow span of control behavior. Both the organization
-there is a limit to the number of and the individual must be
immediate subordinates that an subject to an external moral
individual can effectively order.
supervise (9-12
people/individual) On the other hand, humanists like Warren
G. Bennis, believe that DEMOCRACY is an
Webers theory of Bureaucracy: inevitable element in modern
organizations and thus contends the
1. Division of labor following values:
2. Hierarchical arrangement of
offices 1. Full and free communication
3. Rules for carrying out the work regardless of rank and power
4. Impersonality 2. A reliance on consensus rather
-an official is subject to an than on the more customary
impersonal order and established forms of coercion or compromise
norms of conduct and he acts to manage conflict
objectively in his contacts with 3. The idea that influence is based
individuals inside and outside of on technical competence and
the organization. knowledge rather than personal
5. Officials are selected on the basis whims or prerogatives
of competence. 4. An atmosphere that permits and
even encourages emotional
During the modern public expression as well as task
administration, concepts of psychology oriented tasks.
were borrowed which caused the 5. A basically human bias which
following: accepts the inevitability of
conflict between the organization
Robert T. Golombiewski, exponent of and the individual but which is
man-centered organization, believes willing to cope up with and
that moral sensitivity can be associated mediate this conflict on rational
with satisfactory output and employees grounds.
satisfaction. According to him:
(The written above are all from the book
1. Work must be psychologically of Leveriza except where Felix Nigros
acceptable to the individual to the work is concerned)
point of not threatening them.
2. Work must allow man to
use/enhance his faculties.
3. The work task must allow the
individual considerable room for
self-determination
4. The worker must have the
possibility of controlling, in a