Chapter 3 continued ve- ve a Fa braking displacement ___ (0.0 mis)? ~ (20.0 mis)? (2-7. mis?) =29m total displacement is d, + dy =16 m +29 m= 45m Level 3 92. Airplane Determine the displacement of a plane that experiences uniform acceleration from 66 m/s to 88 m/s in 12s. a= ven te mis + 66 m/s)(12 8) 2 = 9.210? m 93. How far does a plane fly in 15 s while its velocity is changing from 145 m/s to 75 m/s at a uniform rate of acceleration? +wt 2 = (75 mis + 145 mls) 15 mls) 2 d=v = 1.6x103 m 94. Police Car A speeding car is traveling at a constant speed of 30.0 m/s when it passes a stopped police car. The police car acceler- ates at 7.0 m/s2, How fast will it be going ‘when it catches up with the speeding car? Fepecder Vepeedert Ayouce = Mi potcet + 3A p0ee! Vepeadert= Mi poe! + 34potze!™ SINCE V; police = 0 then 1 Vepeedert = 2%paticet” 2Apatice!” — Vepeedert 1{apotet ~ Vpeeder) 50 Solutions Manual therefore t= 0.and S2poucet ~ Vepeeder After t = 8.6 s, the police car's velocity was ya ytat = 0.0 mis + (7.0 m/s?\8.6 5) = 6.0x10! mis Road Barrier The driver of a car going 90.0 km/h suddenly sees the lights of a bar- rier 40.0 m ahead. It takes the driver 0.75 s to apply the brakes, and the average acceler- ation during braking is ~ 10.0 m/s”. a. Determine whether the car hits the barrier. ‘The car will travel vt= (25.0 m/s)(0.75 s) 18.8 m (Round off at the end.) before the driver applies the brakes. Convert km/h to m/s. (90.0 km 1000 mien) “ "3600 s/h 25.0 mis ve + 2a(d,— 4) yaw a= Pat +4 0 mis)? — (25.0 mis)? (2X-10.0 mis?) sp = 5.0x10! m, yes it hits the barrier Physics: Principles and Problemse t i a i \ z 3 i Chapter 3 continued b. What is the maximum speed at which the car could be moving and not bit the barrier 40.0 m ahead? Assume that the acceleration doesn't change. otal = Teonstant + decelerating = 40.0 m d, = vt= (0.75 8)v v v2 + (15 m/s)v — 800 m/s? = 0 Using the quadratic equation: v= 22 mis (The sense of the prob- Jem excludes the negative value.) 3.3 Free Fall page 82 Level 1 96. A student drops a penny from the top of a tower and decides that she will establish a ‘coordinate system in which the direction of the penny’s motion is positive. What is the sign of the acceleration of the penny? ‘The direction of the velocity is positive, and velocity is increasing. Therefore, the acceleration is also positive. 97. Suppose an astronaut drops a feather from 1.2 m above the surface of the Moon. If the acceleration due to gravity on the Moon is 1.62 m/s? downward, how long does it take ‘the feather to hit the Moon's surface? d= vit + Lat? = (0 misyt, + Sat? m2 any (1.62 mis?) ~ 12S 98. A stone that starts at rest isin free fall for 8.0's a. Calculate the stone's velocity after 8.0 s. Physics: Principles and Problems = V+ at, where a= —9 i ~ o .0 mis — (9.80 mis?\(8.0 s) 78 mls (downward) b. What is the stone's displacement during this time? Choose the coordinate system to hhave the origin where the stone is. at rest and positive to be upward. y= vit+ Jat? where a= —9 =ut-toy? = 0.0 m— (39.80 mis?¥8.0 5)? = -3.1x10? m 99, A bag is dropped from a hovering helicopter. ‘The bag has fallen for 2.0 s. What is the bag's velocity? How far has the bag fallen? Velocity: v;= yj + at, where a= —g y- ot = 0.0 m/s — (9.80 m/s?)(2.0 s) 20x10! m/s Displacement: 4, = vit, + Jat? where a=—g = vi go" = 0.0 m—($),9.80 mis?}2.0 5? = -2.0x10! m Level 2 100, You throw a ball downward from a window at a speed of 2.0 m/s. How fast will it be moving when it hits the sidewalk 2.5 below? Choose a coordinate system with the positive direction downward and the origin at the point where the ball Teaves your hand. Solutions Manual 51 ee6D — as Chapter 3 continued | v2 = v2 + 2ad, where a= g y= Vor + 20¢, V2.0 mis)? + (2)(9.80 mi/sV(2.5 m) 3 mis 101. If you throw the ball in the previous problem up instead of down, how fast will it be moving when it hits the sidewalk? Choose the same coordinate system. v2 = v2 + 2ad, where a= g = V2.0 mis)? + (249.80 mis%}2.5 m) =7.3 ms (qj is the displacement, not the total distance traveled.) Level 3 102. Beanbag You throw a beanbag in the air and catch it 2.2 s later. a. How high did it go? Choose a coordinate system with the upward direction positive and the origin at the point where the beanbag left your hand, Assume that you catch the beanbag at the same place where you threw it. Therefore, the time to reach the maximum height is half of the time in the air. Choose {to be the time when the beanbag left your hand and t; to be the time at the maximum height. Each formula that you know includes v, so you will have to calculate that Y= yt at 9 Now you can use an equation that includes the displacement. 4, = d+ Vi + Jat? where a= —g i = d+ vy Fal? = 0.0 m+ (11 misy(1.1 8) — (3)e.20 mvs?)1.1 5)? Seem OY ba bb. What was its initial velocity? y= tt mis 52. Solutions Manual Physics: Principles and ProblemsChapter 3 continued Mixed Review pages 82-84 Level 1 103. A spaceship far from any star or planet experiences uniform acceleration from 65.0 m/s to 162.0 m/s in 10.0 s. How far does it move? Choosing a coordinate system with the origin at the point where the speed is 65.0 m/s and given y, = 65.0 mis, V, = 162.0 m/s, and f, = 10.0 s and needing d,, we use the formula with the average velocity. = b+ 2+ Wh = 0 + 3(65.0 mis + 162.0 m/s)(10.0 s) = 1.14109 m 104, Figure 3-20 is a strobe photo of a horizontally moving ball, What information about the photo would you need and what measurements would you make to estimate the acceleration? = Figure 3-20 You need to know the time between flashes and the distance between the first two images and the distance between the last two. From these, you get two velocities. Between these two velocities, a time interval of t seconds occurred. Divide the difference between the two velocities by f. 105. Bicycle A bicycle accelerates from 0.0 m/s to 4.0 m/s in 4.0 s, What distance does it travel? Physics: Principles and Problems MEM v= oh = (02m 80m 49.5 =8.0m 106. A weather balloon is floating at a constant height above Earth when it releases a pack of instruments. If the pack hits the ground with a velocity of —73.5 m/s, how far did the ‘pack fall? WP =v? + ad on a = (785 mis)? - (0.00 mis)? (2)(-9.80 mis?) =-276m b. How long did it take for the pack to fall? = ¥,+ at; where Level 2 107, Baseball A baseball pitcher throws a fast- ball at a speed of 44 m/s. The acceleration ‘occurs as the pitcher holds the ball in his hand and moves it through an almost straight-line distance of 3.5 m. Calculate the acceleration, assuming that it is constant and uniform. Compare this accel- eration to the acceleration due to gravity = 2.8x10? mis? (2)(3.5 m) 2.8x102 mis? 9.80 m/s = 29, or 29 times g Solutions Manual 53Chapter 3 continued 108. The total distance a steel ball rolls down an incline at vatious times is given in Table 3-5. 10 20 20 80 30 180 40 s20 50 500 ‘a. Draw a position-time graph of the motion of the ball. When setting up the axes, use five divisions for each 10 m of travel on the d-axis, Use five divisions for 1 s of time on the t-axis. 50.0 40.0 300 20.0 Position (rm) 10.0 Top of —= Iwine 00 10° 20 30 40 50 Time (6) bb. Calculate the distance the ball has rolled at the end of 2.2. After 2.2 seconds the ball has rolled approximately 10 m. 109, ‘Engineers are developing new types of guns that might someday be used to launch satellites as if they were bullets. (One such gun can give a small object a velocity of 3.5 km/s while moving it through a distance of only 2.0 cm, ‘a. What acceleration does the gun give this object? 54 Solutions Manual ve= ve-+ 2aq, or vj = 2ad, t a= Mf. (85x10° mis? 2d, ~ (2X0.020 m) 1 x108 mis? b. Over what time interval does the acceleration take place? wt wt gn at WOt 24, (20.020 m) W FH” EXIG" mis + 0.0 mie = 11x08 s. = 11 microseconds 110. Sleds Rocket-powered sleds are used to test the responses of humans to accelera- tion. Starting from rest, one sled can reach a speed of 444 m/s in 1.80 s and can be brought to a stop again in 2.15 s. a. Calculate the acceleration of the sled when starting, and compare it to the ( magnitude of the acceleration due to gravity, 9.80 m/s2 Av eM at” at 444 mis ~ 0.00 mis 1.808 = 247 mis? 247 mist 9.80 mis? b. Find the acceleration of the sled as itis, raking and compare it to the magni- ude of the acceleration due to gravity. = 25 times g Av 4 at" at 0.00 mis ~ 444 m/s 2188 = -207 mis? Physics: Principles and ProblemsChapter 3 continued 111. The velocity of a car changes over an 8.0-8 time period, as shown in Table 3-6. Table 3-6 Velocity v. Time Time (8) _| Velocity (m/s) 00 00 10 40 20 80 30 120 40 160 50 209 60 200 70 200 80 200 a. Plot the velocity-time graph of the motion. Velocity (rvs) 00 1.0 2.0 30 40 50 6.0 7.0 80 Time(s) b, Determine the displacement of the car during the first 2.0 s. Find the area under the v-t curve. - 0.0 mis) =8.0m ©, What displacement does the car have during the first 4.0 s? Find the area under the v-t curve. = (ao s)(16.0 mis — 0.0 m/s) =32m dd, What is the displacement of the car during the entire 8.0 s? Find the area under the v-f curve. Physics: Principles and Problems = (3)6.0'5(20.0 mis — 0.0 mis) + (8.0 s — 5.0 8)(20.0 mis) =110m e. Find the slope of the line between t= 0.0 s and t= 4.0 s, What does this slope represent? Av _ 16.0 mls ~ 0.00 m/s a="at 408 .0 m/s, acceleration {. Find thé slope of the line between t= 5.0 sand t= 7.0 s, What does this slope indicate? Av _ 20.0 mis ~ 20.0 m/s f 08 — 61 .0 m/s, constant velocity Level 3 112. A truck is stopped ata stoplight. When the light tums green, the truck accelerates at 2.5 m/s2. At the same instant, a car passes the truck going 15 m/s. Where and when does the truck catch up with the car? a= 4+ vy oar = + Vous = Veart =0+(15 mis)t, ‘Truck: d= d+ t+ Sate Ghever = FA evel? = 040+ (3) 2.5 mis%q2 When the truck catches up, the displacements are equal. Year = 3c 0= Sa ruext? — ed {54 rucxd = ear) Solutions Manual 55Chapter 3 continued therefore 1 =O and 2 aruckt— Year 2Vear 4 ee = (15 mis) 25 m/s =12s8 d= (15 mis)t, = (15 m/s)(12 8) 180 m 118. Safety Barriers Highway safety engineers build soft barriers, such as the one shown in Figure 3-21, so that cars hitting them will slow down at a safe rate. A person. ‘wearing a safety belt can withstand an acceleration of -3.0X10? m/s*. How thick should barriers be to safely stop a car that hits a barrier at 110 km/ht w Figure 3-21 __ (110 krwhy(1000 mk) “= 3600 s/h oe v2 + 2ad, with v; = 0 mis, v2 = —2ad, or SH ___-@i msg? 12a (2(-3.0x10? mis?) 1.6 m thick 114, Karate The position-time and velocity- time graphs of George's fist breaking a ‘wooden board during karate practice are shown in Figure 3-22. 56 Solutions Manual Displacement (cm) Fist Velocity (evs) T -50 + -100|f W150 30 100 150 208 350 300 Time (ms) wm Figure 5-22 @. Use the velocity-time graph to describe the motion of George's fist during the first 10 ms. The fist moves downward at about —13 m/s for about 4 ms. It then suddenly comes to a halt (accelerates). b. Estimate the slope of the velocity-time graph to determine the acceleration of his fist when it suddenly stops. Aw _ Ome ~ (—19 mis) ante ms: = 3.7x103 mis? Express the acceleration as a multiple of the gravitational acceleration, 8 = 9.80 m/s? 3.7102 mis? _ aad mee = 38X10? The acceleration is about 380g. Determine the area under the velocity. time curve to find the displacement of the fist in the first 6 ms. Compare this with the position-time graph. The area can be approximated by a rectangle: (-13 m/s)(0.006 s) = -8 em This Is in agreement with the Position-time graph where the hand moves from +8 cm to 0 em, for a net displacement of —8 cm. Physics: Principles and Problems ar taco mit anoon aL NOMA CMI gue——— era icine sh of The Meee opens a Se wo Chapter 3 continued 118. Cargo A helicopter is rising at 5.0 m/s ‘when a bag of its cargo is dropped. The bag falls for 2.0 8 ‘a. What is the bag’s velocity? W= 4+ at, where =~ 9% = 5.0 mis — (9.80 m/s?(2.0 s) = -15 m/s b. How far has the bag fallen? y= vi + pat? where a= —g g = vi pa? = (6.0 m/s)(2.0 s) — (G)e-20 misty2.0 5)? = -1.0x10! m ‘The bag has fallen 1.010! m ¢. How far below the helicopter is the bag? The helicopter has risen dy = Vity = (5.0 m/s?)(2.0 s) =1.0x101m ‘The bag is 1.0X10' m below the origin and 2,0x10' m below the helicopter. Thinking Critically page 84 116. Apply CBLs Design a lab to measure the distance an accelerated object moves over time. Use equal time intervals so that you can plot velocity over time as well as dis- tance. A pulley at the edge of a table with a ‘mass attached is a good way to achieve ‘uniform acceleration. Suggested materials include a motion detector, CBL, lab cart, string, pulley, C-clamp, and masses. Generate distance-time and velocity-time ‘graphs using different masses on the pulley. How does the change in mass affect ‘your graphs? Students’ labs will vary. Students should find that a change in the mass over the edge of the table will not Physics: Principles and Problems WW. 118. change the distance the cart moves, because the acceleration is always” the same: g. Analyze and Conclude Which has the greater acceleration: a car that increases its speed from 50 km/h to 60 km/h, or a bike that goes from 0 km/h to 10 km/h in the same time? Explain. The change in velocity is the same. ‘Analyze and Conclude An express tain, traveling at 36.0 m/s, is accidentally side. ‘racked onto a local train track. The express engineer spots a local train exacly 1.00% 10? m ahead on the same track and traveling in the same direction, The local engineer is unaware of the situation. The express engineer jams on the brakes and slowis the express train at a constant rate of 3.00 m/s Ifthe speed ofthe local train is 1,0 mys, will the express tain be able to stop in time, or will there be a collision? To solve this problem, take the position of the express train when the engineer first sights the local train as a point of origin, Nest, keeping in mind that the local train has exactly a 1.00% 10? m lead, calculate how far each ‘tain is from the origin atthe end ofthe 12.0 s it would take the express train to stop (accelerate at ~3.00 mjs? ftom 36 mjs to 0 m/s) a. On the basis of your calculations, would you conclude that a collision will occur? Express: y= vt al? Solutions Manual 5