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R 22000088

3550 NORTH CENTRAL AVENUE, SUITE #200

PHOENIX, ARIZONA 85012-2105

PHONE: 602-771-8500
1-800-352-8488

FAX: 602-771-8691

WEB SITE: HTTP://WWW.AZWATER.GOV

 September 2008

Janet Napolitano, Governor

State of Arizona

Herbert R. Guenther, Director

Arizona Department of Water Resources

Arizona Department of Water Resources

3550 North Central Avenue, Suite #200
Phoenix, Arizona 85012-2105
(602) 771-8500
(800) 352-8488

www.azwater.gov

Permission to quote from or reproduce materials from this publication

is granted when due acknowledgement is made.
 Well Abandonment Handbook

Table of Contents

I. Introduction 1
II. Overview of the Well Abandonment Process 2
III. Surface Seal Requirements Applicable to the Upper 20 Feet of All Wells to be Abandoned
and Special Requirements for Debris-Filled or Obstructed Wells 5
A. Surface Seal Requirements 5
Surface Casing Removal Option 5
Surface Casing Non-Removal Option 5
B. Special Requirements for Debris Filled or Obstructed Wells 5
IV. Abandonment Methods 5
A. Standard Abandonment Method 5
B. Alternative Abandonment Methods 6
Alternative 1 Applies to wells that do not penetrate aquifers, including wells that have
gone dry, and no vadose zone contamination issues exist 6
Alternative 2 Applies to wells that do not penetrate aquifers, including wells that have
gone dry, and vadose zone contamination issues exist 6
Alternative 3 Applies to wells that penetrate single or multiple aquifers, and water
quality contamination issues exist 6
Alternative 4 Applies to wells that penetrate a single aquifer only without vertical
flow components, and no water quality contamination issues exist 8
Alternative 4 (Variance Option) 8
Alternative 5 Applies to wells that penetrate single or multiple aquifers with vertical
flow components, and no water quality 9
Alternative 5 (Variance Option 1) 9
Alternative 5 (Variance Option 2) 9
References 12
APPENDIX A A.A.C. R12-15-816, The ADWR Well Abandonment Rule 13
APPENDIX B Definitions 15
APPENDIX C Questions and Answers about the Abandonment Handbook 19

Figure 1 Well Abandonment Process 4

Figure 2 Alternative Abandonment Methods Applicable to Five Commonly Occurring
Vadose Zone and Aquifer Conditions 7
Table 1 Acceptable Well Abandonment Materials and Mixtures 11

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 Well Abandonment Handbook

I. Introduction described for five different vadose zone and

aquifer conditions. In most cases, the
The Arizona Department of Water alternative abandonment method will be less
Resources (ADWR) regulates the expensive than the standard method.
abandonment of wells in Arizona. ADWR However, a well owner may need to
adopted a rule setting forth requirements for demonstrate to ADWR that the well to be
well abandonment in 1984 and amended the abandoned falls within the condition to
rule in 1990. The amended rule is published which the alternative method applies before
in the Arizona Administrative Code that method may be used. For that reason,
(A.A.C.) as Rule R12-15-816. A copy of the abandonment process may take longer if
the rule is attached to this Handbook as an alternative abandonment method is
Appendix A. requested.

ADWRs well abandonment rule requires The well abandonment methods described in
that well abandonment be accomplished this Handbook are presented in much greater
through filling or sealing the well so as to detail than in ADWRs well abandonment
prevent the well, including the annular space rule. However, the Handbook is not
outside the casing, from being a channel intended to change any of the requirements
allowing the vertical movement of water. in the rule or to impose any additional
A.A.C. R12-15-816(G). The rule prescribes requirements. The purpose of including the
the fill materials that must be used in certain abandonment methods in the Handbook is to
aquifer conditions. A.A.C. R12-15-816(H). assist well owners and well drillers in
The rule also requires the filing of a pre- complying with A.A.C. R12-15-816(G) by
abandonment notice with ADWR (unless the informing them of fill materials and
well is a new well being abandoned in the emplacement methods ADWR considers to
course of drilling the well) and the filing of be adequate to seal a well in a manner that
post-abandonment reports. A.A.C. R12-15- will prevent the well from being a channel
816(B), (E) and (F). allowing the vertical movement of water. A
person who abandons a well in accordance
The purpose of this Handbook is to provide with the applicable well abandonment
a step-by-step guide to the abandonment of a method described in this Handbook will be
well in a manner that complies with assured of complying with A.A.C. R12-15-
ADWRs well abandonment rule. The 816(G).
Handbook describes the abandonment
process from the filing of a Notice of The next section presents an overview of the
Intention to Abandon with ADWR prior to abandonment process. Section III describes
commencing abandonment, to the filing of surface seal requirements for the upper 20
post-abandonment reports by the well owner feet of all wells and special requirements for
and well driller. Most importantly, the debris-filled or obstructed wells. Section IV
Handbook describes procedures that may be describes the standard abandonment method
used to adequately abandon a well, and the five alternative methods. Appendix
including fill materials and emplacement B contains definitions of terms used in this
methods. Handbook and Appendix C contains
questions and answers regarding this
A standard abandonment method is Handbook.
described that may be used for any well,
regardless of the aquifer and vadose zone
conditions applicable to the well. Five
alternative abandonment methods are also

Arizona Department of Water Resources 1

 Well Abandonment Handbook

A description of the method of

II. Overview of the Well emplacing the sealing or fill materials
Abandonment Process (such as tremie pumped or pressure
Legal authorization from the ADWR is grouting, etc.).
required to abandon most types of wells in
the State of Arizona. The types of wells for
The specific type and estimated amount
which abandonment authority from ADWR of grout material to be used, and the
is required are described in the question and ratios of water, cement, and/or other
answer section of this Handbook (Appendix grout materials.
C).
If the well owner or well driller has any
The process that must be followed to obtain questions during the abandonment planning
well abandonment authority starts with the stages prior to submittal of the NOIA, it is
filing of a notice of intention to abandon a recommended that they contact the ADWR
well (NOIA) (see Figure 1). NOIA forms Hydrology Division. ADWR will gladly
may be obtained from the ADWR work with the well owner or well driller to
Groundwater Management Support Section answer any questions and conduct a
office in Phoenix, or at local ADWR offices preliminary review of the proposed
located in Prescott, Casa Grande, Tucson abandonment plan. ADWR may be
and Nogales. The NOIA form must be contacted at:
signed and filed by the well owner.
However, the licensed well driller or a 602-771-8500
consultant may assist the well owner in (Phoenix metro area)
filling out and filing the NOIA.
1-800-352-8488
Information that must be submitted in the (outside metro Phoenix)
NOIA form includes the following:
After the NOIA is filed, ADWR performs a

A well construction diagram showing all completeness review of the notice (See
existing well construction features and Figure 1). The completeness review entails
the proposed abandonment the examination of the NOIA to determine if
specifications. all required information has been properly
submitted. After the ADWR determines that

A description of the type and condition the NOIA is complete, a substantive review
of the casing. Although this information is performed to determine whether the
may not be completely known prior to proposed abandonment methods and
abandonment, this description should be materials meet the requirements of the
a best estimate of the conditions. ADWR well abandonment rule (See Figure
1). If the standard method of abandonment

A description of the proposed method of described on page 5 of this Handbook is
abandonment. The casing removal selected, which may be used for any well
techniques (such as pulling by hydraulic regardless of the aquifer and vadose zone
jacks, overdrilling, etc.), or casing non- conditions applicable to the well, the NOIA
removal techniques (such as casing will be approved without further review.
perforations, brushing, sonar jetting,
etc.) must be described. If the casing is
to be perforated, the perforation method, If an alternative abandonment method is
size, and intervals to be perforated must selected, the NOIA will receive additional
be described. substantive review to determine whether the

2 Arizona Department of Water Resources

 Well Abandonment Handbook

well falls within the condition to which the
The latitude, longitude and well
alternative method applies and whether elevation of the abandoned well, and the
appropriate fill materials were chosen. method used to determine these data.
During the review process ADWR may Latitude and longitude coordinates
contact the well owner to request additional determined from readily available
information or discuss modifications to the Global Positioning System (GPS)
proposed abandonment plan, if necessary. equipment are preferred because of the
high level of accuracy and comparative
ease of measurement. If GPS equipment
Once the proposed well abandonment is used to determine these coordinates,
methods and materials meet the the general grade of equipment should
requirements of the abandonment rule, a be specified (for example: survey grade
well abandonment authorization card is or hand-held). Latitude, longitude and
mailed to the designated well driller and well elevation coordinates may also be
well abandonment operations may begin obtained from conventional surveying
(See Figure 1). methods or through estimation from a
topographic map.

Within 30 days after a well is abandoned,

the well owner is required to file a Well
Owners Notification of Abandonment; and
the well drilling contractor is required to file
a Well Abandonment Completion Report
with ADWR which describes the actual
methods and materials used to abandon the
well (See Figure 1). Information that must
be submitted in the Well Abandonment
Completion Report includes the following:

The specific type and amount of grout

and/or fill materials used as well as the
mixing ratio of water, cement and/or
other grout materials used.

A description of the type and condition
of the casing.

A description of the actual method of
abandonment. The casing removal
techniques (such as pulling by hydraulic
jacks, overdrilling, etc.), or casing non-
removal techniques (such as casing
perforations, brushing, sonar jetting,
etc.) must be described. If the casing
was perforated, the perforation method,
size, and intervals must be described.

A description of the method of
emplacing the sealing or fill materials
(such as tremie pumped or pressure
grouting, etc.).

Arizona Department of Water Resources 3

 Well Abandonment Handbook

Figure 1
Well Abandonment Process

Well owner files a Notice of Intent to Abandon (NOIA) a well

with the ADWR
Well owner supplies additional
information or makes
corrections to NOIA as
requested

Request is made to well

owner to supply required No Completeness review of NOIA
information or to make (Has all required information been provided?)
corrections to NOIA if needed

Yes

Substantive review of NOIA

(Was the standard abandonment method selected?)
Yes
Well owner supplies additional
information or makes
corrections to NOIA as
requested
No

Request for additional Substantive review of NOIA

information or to modify (Are the selected alternative abandonment methods and
No materials appropriate for the applicable aquifer and
abandonment plan if needed
vadose zone conditions?)

Yes

Well Abandonment Card issued?

Well Abandoned

Well Owner Files Well Driller Files

Notification of Abandonment Well Abandonment Completion Report
(within 30 days) (within 30 days)

4 Arizona Department of Water Resources

 Well Abandonment Handbook

III. Surface Seal Requirements specific conditions will determine the actual
Applicable to the Upper 20 Feet method of abandonment.
of All Wells to be Abandoned and
Special Requirements for Debris- IV. Abandonment Methods
Filled or Obstructed Wells
In addition to the well sealing and A. Standard Abandonment
abandonment methods and materials that are Method
discussed in the following section, ADWRs The ADWR standard abandonment method
well abandonment rule requires a cement meets the requirements of ADWRs well
grout surface seal (plug) to be installed in abandonment rule under any given
the upper 20 feet of any well that is combination of aquifer and vadose zone
abandoned. Special requirements may also conditions. The standard abandonment
be necessary if casing obstructions and/or method may be followed to obtain expedited
debris hamper the abandonment of a well. processing of an NOIA and issuance of a
These requirements are described below: well abandonment authority.

A. Surface Seal Requirements Under the standard abandonment method,

the entire length of well casing must be
Surface Casing Removal Option removed or the entire length of the casing
must be reperforated (from 20 feet above the
If the casing is removed from the top 20 feet highest historic water level to the total depth
of the well, a cement grout plug must be set of the well) with a minimum of two cuts per
extending from two feet below the land foot. If it is determined that the disturbance
surface to a minimum of twenty feet below of the casing and/or gravel packed zones
the land surface, and the well must be would negatively influence the sealing of the
backfilled above the top of the cement grout well, then an appropriate alternative
plug to the original land surface. abandonment method must be used (see
Figure 2 for examples).
Surface Casing Non-Removal Option
The well must be completely filled with neat
If the casing is not removed from the top 20 cement, cement-bentonite grout or, except
feet of the well, a cement grout plug must be where free-product contamination is present,
set extending from the top of the casing to a high-solids bentonite grout (granular or
minimum of twenty feet below the land powder mixtures) with a minimum of 25%
surface, and the annular space outside the solids by weight. Materials or mixtures
casing must be filled with cement from the must be emplaced under sufficient pressure
land surface to a minimum of twenty feet to fill all voids, including all annular
below the land surface. space(s), and displace water from the well.
A tremie pipe must be used to emplace the
B. Special Requirements for grout from the bottom up. The end of the
Debris Filled or Obstructed Wells tremie pipe must remain in close proximity
to the rising grout surface, as the grout is
In situations where casing obstructions pumped into the well.
and/or debris hamper well abandonment, the
problems should be indicated on the NOIA In order to receive expedited processing, the
form. In most instances a reasonable NOIA should be filled out completely, and
attempt to clear debris and obstructions from the Standard method should be selected in
the well will be required. However, site- the proposed well abandonment method
section of the NOIA form. The specific type

Arizona Department of Water Resources 5

 Well Abandonment Handbook

and estimated volume of grout material The materials or mixtures are recommended
should be specified on the NOIA form. Any to exceed the casing volume by
discrepancies between the estimated volume approximately 30 percent.
of grout to be used, and the actual amount of
grout that was used for abandonment should In the course of drilling a new well, the well
be reported and explained on the Well may be abandoned using drill cuttings from
Abandonment Completion Report. the well being drilled if the well does not
penetrate an aquifer, and no vadose zone
B. Alternative Abandonment contamination issues exist.
Methods
Alternative 2 Applies to wells that do
There are five alternatives to the standard not penetrate aquifers, including wells
abandonment method described above. that have gone dry, and vadose zone
Each alternative method is designed for a contamination issues exist.
different vadose zone or aquifer condition,
If the well does not penetrate an aquifer or
and only one alternative method is
has gone dry, and vadose zone
appropriate for a specific well. The
contamination issues exist, but there is no
conditions described at the beginning of
free-product contamination, the well must be
each alternative and the depictions in Figure
filled with one or more of the following
2 should be carefully reviewed to determine
materials or mixtures: cement grout
the appropriate alternative method if the
(including neat cement grout, cement-
standard abandonment method is not
bentonite grout and sand-cement grout),
selected. If an alternative method is
concrete grout, sand-bentonite grout, high-
selected, the method must be identified by
solids bentonite grout (granular or powder
number in the NOIA and the well owner
mixtures) with a minimum of 15% solids by
may be required to submit information
weight, high-solids bentonite chips or high-
demonstrating that the applicable vadose
solids bentonite pellets. See Table 1 for
zone or aquifer conditions exist for the well.
mixing ratios. High-solids bentonite chips
and high-solids bentonite pellets must be
Alternative 1 Applies to wells that
hydrated to manufacturers specifications.
do not penetrate aquifers, including
The materials or mixtures are recommended
wells that have gone dry, and no
to exceed the casing volume by
vadose zone contamination issues
approximately 30 percent.
exist.
If the well does not penetrate an aquifer or If free-product contamination issues exist,
has gone dry, and vadose zone the entire well must be sealed with neat
contamination issues do not exist, the well cement grout.
must be filled with one or more of the
following materials or mixtures: clean fine Alternative 3 Applies to wells that
sand, cement grout (including neat cement penetrate single or multiple aquifers,
grout, cement-bentonite grout and sand- and water quality contamination issues
cement grout), concrete grout, sand- exist.
bentonite grout, high-solids bentonite grout If the well penetrates a single or multiple
(granular or powder mixtures) with a aquifer system and water quality
minimum of 15% solids by weight, high- contamination issues exist, then site-specific
solids bentonite chips or high-solids conditions will determine the appropriate
bentonite pellets. See Table 1 for mixing seal material and emplacement method. The
ratios. High-solids bentonite chips and seal material must be no more permeable
high-solids bentonite pellets must be than the formation being sealed. A target
hydrated to manufacturers specifications.

6 Arizona Department of Water Resources

 Well Abandonment Handbook

Figure 2
Alternative Abandonment Methods Applicable to
Five Commonly Occurring Vadose Zone
and Aquifer Conditions

Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3 Alternative 4 Alternative 5

Wells That Do Not Wells That Do Not Wells That Penetrate Wells That Penetrate Wells That Penetrate
Penetrate Aquifers Penetrate Aquifers Single or Multiple A Single Aquifer With Single or Multiple
Including Wells That Including Wells That Aquifers No Vertical Flow Aquifers With
Have Gone Dry Have Gone Dry Components Vertical Flow

(No Vadose Zone (Vadose Zone (Water Quality (No Water Quality (No Water Quality
Contamination Issues Contamination Issues Contamination Issues Contamination Issues Contamination Issues
Exist) Exist) Exist) Exist) Exist)

-7
hydraulic conductivity of 10 cm/s may be well may be sealed with the same material
used for sealant materials. The types of that is used to seal the well below the water
acceptable materials or mixtures are: cement level. High-solids bentonite chips and high-
grout (including neat cement grout and solids bentonite pellets must be hydrated to
cement bentonite grout), high-solids manufacturers specifications if used in the
bentonite grout (granular or powder vadose zone. If free-product contamination
mixtures) with a minimum of 15% solids by issues exist, the vadose zone portion of the
weight, high-solids bentonite chips or high- well must be sealed with neat cement grout.
solids bentonite pellets. See Table 1 for
mixing ratios. A minimum of 15% Materials or mixtures must be emplaced
bentonite solids will be acceptable in most under sufficient pressure to fill all voids,
cases. However, a higher minimum of including all annular space(s), and displace
bentonite solids may be required in areas of water from the well. A tremie pipe must be
high water quality contamination. Acid used to emplace the grout from the bottom
resistant cement (see definitions) may be up. The end of the tremie pipe shall remain
required in certain areas where corrosive in close proximity to the rising grout surface
(low pH) groundwater conditions are as the grout is pumped into the well.
encountered. The materials or mixtures are
recommended to exceed the casing volume Except as provided below for recently
by approximately 30 percent. constructed monitor wells, if the casing is
not removed, either the entire length of the
If there is no free-product contamination at casing must be reperforated (from 20 feet
the well site, the vadose zone portion of the

Arizona Department of Water Resources 7

 Well Abandonment Handbook

above the highest historic water level to the level of confidence to determine that no
total depth of the well), or the condition of aquifer boundaries and no vertical flow
the casing perforations must be determined components exist within the length of the
by running a video log that must be well, and if water quality contamination
submitted to the ADWR for review. If a issues do not exist, the well must be filled
video log demonstrates that the existing with one or more of the following materials
perforations are sufficiently open for grout or mixtures: cement grout (including neat
to enter the annular space outside the casing, cement grout, cement-bentonite grout and
no additional perforations or casing sand-cement grout), concrete, high-solids
treatments will be required. If the video log bentonite grout (granular or powder
demonstrates that the existing perforations mixtures) with a minimum of 15% solids by
are not sufficiently open for grout to enter weight, high-solids bentonite chips, high-
the annular space outside the casing, solids bentonite pellets, and sand-bentonite
additional perforations and/or casing grout. See Table 1 for mixing ratios.
treatments such as mechanical brushing,
scraping or sonic cleaning will be required, In the course of drilling a new well, the well
unless it is determined that disturbance of may be abandoned using drill cuttings from
the casing and/or gravel packed zones would the well being drilled if the well does not
negatively influence the sealing of the well. penetrate an aquifer, and no vadose zone
Casing perforation and/or casing cleaning contamination issues exist.
requirements for wells with water quality
contamination issues will be made by
ADWR on a case-by-case basis. The vadose zone portion of these types of
wells may be filled with any of the mixtures
or materials described above or allowed in
Wells requiring additional perforations must Alternative 1. High-solids bentonite chips
be perforated a minimum of two cuts per and high-solids bentonite pellets must be
foot and sealed by pressure grouting. The hydrated to manufacturers specifications if
intervals to be perforated must be used in the vadose zone. The materials or
determined based on site-specific mixtures are recommended to exceed the
information. However, if no vadose zone casing volume by approximately 30 percent.
contamination issues exist, the perforations
need only extend 20 feet above the static
water level in the well. Materials or mixtures must be emplaced
under sufficient pressure to fill all voids,
including all annular space(s), and displace
Video logging and/or casing re-perforation water from the well. A tremie pipe must be
may not be required in the case of the used to emplace the grout from the bottom
abandonment of recently constructed up. The end of the tremie pipe shall remain
monitor wells. However, that determination in close proximity to the rising grout surface
must be made by ADWR on a case-by-case as the grout is pumped into the well.
basis.
Alternative 4 (Variance Option)
Alternative 4 Applies to wells that
penetrate a single aquifer only A variance option is available to abandon
without vertical flow components, wells that are 8 inches or greater in diameter
and no water quality contamination and that fall under Alternative 4 aquifer
issues exist. conditions. Alternative 4 (Variance Option)
allows the use of clean fine sand to fill the
If the well penetrates an aquifer and well.
hydrogeologic and stratigraphic information
is available for the well at an acceptable

8 Arizona Department of Water Resources

 Well Abandonment Handbook

Please note that anyone wishing to use this video log demonstrates that the existing
alternative abandonment method must first perforations are sufficiently open for grout
apply to ADWR for a variance from the well to enter the annular space between the
abandonment rule. casing and the well bore, no additional
perforations or casing treatments are
Alternative 5 Applies to wells that necessary. If the video log demonstrates
penetrate single or multiple aquifers that the existing perforations are not
with vertical flow components, and sufficiently open for grout to enter the
no water quality contamination annular space outside the casing, additional
issues exist. perforations and/or casing treatments such
If the well penetrates a single or multiple as mechanical brushing, scraping or sonic
aquifer system with vertical flow cleaning are recommended, unless it is
components, and if water quality determined that disturbance of the casing
contamination issues do not exist, the well and/or gravel packed zones would
must be sealed to prevent the vertical negatively influence the sealing of the well.
migration of fluids with cement grout A well requiring additional perforations
(including neat cement grout, cement- should be perforated a minimum of two cuts
bentonite grout and sand-cement grout), per foot and sealed by pressure grouting.
high-solids bentonite grout (granular or
Alternative 5 (Variance Option 1)
powder mixtures) with a minimum of 15%
Alternative 5 (Variance Option 1) is
solids by weight, high-solids bentonite chips
available to abandon wells that are 8 inches
or high-solids bentonite pellets of sufficient
or greater in diameter and that fall under
volume, density, and viscosity to prevent
Alternative 5 aquifer conditions.
fluid communication between aquifers. See
Alternative 5 (Variance option 1) allows the
Table 1 for mixing ratios.
use of alternating layers of 50 feet of clean,
fine sand and 10 feet of one of the approved
The vadose zone portion of this type of well Alternative 5 materials or mixtures
may be filled with any of the mixtures or mentioned above.
materials described above or allowed in
Alternative 1. High-solids bentonite chips Please note that anyone wishing to use this
and high-solids bentonite pellets must be alternative abandonment method must first
hydrated to manufacturers specifications if apply to ADWR for a variance from
used in the vadose zone. The materials or ADWRs well abandonment rule.
mixtures are recommended to exceed the
casing volume by approximately 30 percent. Alternative 5 (Variance Option 2)
Alternative 5 (Variance Option 2) is
available to abandon wells that are 8 inches
Materials or mixtures must be emplaced
or greater in diameter and that fall under
under sufficient pressure to fill all voids,
Alternative 5 aquifer conditions.
including all annular space(s), and displace
Alternative 5 (Variance Option 2) allows
water from the well. A tremie pipe must be
the installation of seals at aquifer
used to emplace the grout from the bottom
boundaries if boundaries exist and if
up. The end of the tremie pipe shall remain
hydrogeologic and stratigraphic information
in close proximity to the rising grout surface
is available for the well at an acceptable
as the grout is pumped into the well.
level of confidence to determine the
depth(s) of aquifer boundaries. Aquifer
If the casing is not removed, it is boundary seals must be composed of one of
recommended, but not required, that the the approved Alternative 5 materials or
condition of the casing perforations be mixtures mentioned above.
determined by running a video log. If the

Arizona Department of Water Resources 9

 Well Abandonment Handbook

Aquifer boundary seals must extend at least

50 feet above and 50 feet below aquifer
boundaries to provide a reasonable level of
confidence that the boundaries will be
sealed. The intervals of the well above and
below the seals must be filled with clean,
fine sand or one of the approved Alternative
5 materials or mixtures mentioned above.

Please note that anyone wishing to use this

alternative abandonment method must first
apply to ADWR for a variance from
ADWRs well abandonment rule.

10 Arizona Department of Water Resources

 Well Abandonment Handbook

Table 1
Acceptable Well Abandonment Materials and Mixtures

Abandonment
Permeability

Applicable
Mixing Ratio
Category

Methods
(cm/sec)
Specific Material Special Considerations

Solids Water

Neat Cement 10 5 Standard

One 94 pound sack of Not more than six Must be pumped with tremie pipe.
or To Method and
cement (6) gallons water Not for use in low pH environments.
Neat Cement Grout 10 7 Alts. 1-5
Cement, sand and
Not more than
Concrete aggregate with no less
Cement, Sand, Concrete & Bentonite Mixtures 1

seven (7) gallons Cannot be used under Alternative 2 if free-

or than seven (7) 94 lb. Alts. 1,2,4,5
water per sack of product contamination issues exist.
Concrete Grout sacks of cement per
cement
cubic yard of concrete
One part cement and 2x10 5
Not more than six Cannot be used under Alternative 2 if free-
Sand-Cement Grout no more than one part to Alts. 1,2,4,5
(6) gallons water product contamination issues exist.
sand by volume 5x10 8
Cannot be used under Alternative 2 if free-
One sack of cement Not more than six 10 5 Standard product contamination issues exist. Also
Cement-Bentonite
(94 lb.) & 3-5 lbs. and one-half (6.5) to Method and cannot be used in vadose zone portion of an
Grout
bentonite gallons water 10 11 Alts. 1-5 Alternative 3 well if free-product contamination
issues exist.
May be difficult to pump; the sand may be
Slightly more than
dumped into place while the bentonite slurry is
Equal parts sand and one (1) gallon
Sand-Bentonite Grout Alts. 1,2,4 pumped via tremie pipe. Cannot be used
bentonite by volume water per pound of
under Alternative 2 if free-product
sand
contamination issues exist.
One sack of cement
(94 lb.) and seventy- Typically used in areas where low pH
Not more than ten
Acid Resistant four (74) lbs. pozzolans groundwater is encountered. If perlites are
(10) gallons of See special
Cement (fly-ash, perlites, etc.) used bentonite is needed to keep perlites from
water per sack of considerations
(Pozzolanic Cement) 2% to 6% of bentonite floating. Chemical admixtures and plastizers
cement
by weight is needed if may be used to reduce viscosity.
perlites are used
Only permissible for wells that do not
Cuttings

Clean cuttings from penetrate aquifers or wells that only penetrate

Well

the well being drilled NA NA Alts. 1,4 a single aquifer with no vertical flow
and abandoned components. No vadose zone and no water
quality contamination issues may exist.
A minimum of 15% solids bentonite will be
High-Solids Bentonite Fifty (50) lbs. dry acceptable in most cases. However, a higher
Thirtyfour (34)
Grout (powder or bentonite powder minimum of bentonite solids may be required
gallons (powder
granular mixture) with (powder mixture) in areas of high water quality contamination.
mixture) 10 7
a minimum 15% or Cannot be used under Alternative 2 if free-
or to Alts. 1-5
solids by weight One hundred fifty (150) product contamination issues exist. Also
One hundred 10 8
Minimum grout lbs. granular bentonite cannot be used in vadose zone portion of an
(100) gallons
density = 9.2 & 1 qt. Polymer Alternative 3 well if free-product contamination
(granular mixture)
lbs./gallon (granular mixture) issues exist. Granular mixtures generally
Forms of Bentonite1,2

require the addition of polymers.

High-Solids Bentonite Fifty (50) lbs. dry
Eighteen (18)
Grout (powder or bentonite powder
gallons (powder
granular mixture) with (powder mixture)
mixture) 10 8 Cannot be used if free-product contamination
a minimum 25% or Standard
or to issues exist. Granular mixtures generally
solids by weight One hundred fifty (150) Method
Fifty-four (54) 10 9 require the addition of polymers.
Minimum grout lbs. granular bentonite
gallons (granular
density = 10.0 & 1 qt. Polymer
mixture)
lbs./gallon (granular mixture)
Rate of pour should not exceed 50 lbs. / 5
minutes. Must be hydrated to manufacturers
specifications if used in vadose zone. Cannot
High-Solids Bentonite be used under Alternative 2 if free-product
NA NA Alts. 1-5
Chips and Pellets contamination issues exist. Also cannot be
used in vadose zone portion of an Alternative
3 well if free-product contamination issues
exist.
Notes: 1) Additives will be considered on a case by case basis (i.e., fly ash, CaCl, etc.).
2) Manufacturers specifications should be followed to achieve a minimum 15% and 25% solids mixturesmixing ratios listed in this table are
approximate.
Arizona Department of Water Resources 11
 Well Abandonment Handbook

References 10. Lamb, B. and T. Kinney, 1989,

Decommissioning Wells - Techniques
1. Alsay-Pippin Corporation, 1980, and Pitfalls in Proceedings of the Third
Handbook of Industrial Drilling National Outdoor Action Conference on
Procedures and Techniques, 40 pp. Aquifer Restoration, Ground Water
Monitoring and Geophysical Methods,
2. American Water Works Association, National Water Well Association,
1998, AWWA Standard for Water Dublin, Ohio, p.217 - 228.
Wells, ANSI/AWWA A100-97, 73 pp.
11. Lutenegger, A. J., and DeGroot, D. J.,
3. Arizona Department of Water 994, Hydraulic Conductivity of
Resources, 2001, Statutes and Rules Borehole Sealants in D.E. Daniel and
Governing Minimum Well Construction S.J. Trautwein (eds.), Hydraulic
Standards and the Licensing of Well Conductivity and Waste Contaminant
Drillers, 32 pp. Transport in Soils, ASTM STP 1142,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, p. 439-460.
4. American Society for Testing and
Materials (ASTM) Standard D5299-92, 12. Michigan Department of Public Health,
1993, Standard Guide for Michigan Water Well Grouting Manual,
Decommissioning of Ground Water 1988, 83 pp.
Wells, Vadose Zone Monitoring
Devices, Boreholes, and Other Devices 13. Portland Cement Association, 1988.
for Environmental Activities, ASTM Design and Control of Concrete
1993 Annual Book of Standards, vol. 04- Mixtures. 205 pp.
08, p. 1318-1333.
14. Smith, S.A., 1994. Well and Borehole
5. Baroid Drilling Fluids, Inc., 1999, Sealing: Importance, Materials,
Industrial Drilling Products Brochures, Methods, and Recommendations for
Houston, Texas. Decommissioning. EPA - 542/K94/005.
Wisconsin Water Well Association. 69
6. Burgin, M. J., et. al., 1988, Grouting pp.
and Plugging of Domestic Water Wells
in Georgia, Department of Natural 15. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Resources, Circular #13, 14 pp. 1975, Manual of Water Well
Construction Practices, EPA - 570/9-75-
7. Driscoll, F.G., 1986, Groundwater and 001. 156 pp.
Wells. 2nd edition, Johnson Filtration
Systems, St. Paul, Minnesota. 16. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
March 1991, Handbook of Suggested
8. Eversoll, D.A., Hay, D. L., and Practices for the Design and Installation
Tremblay, R. J, September 15, 1995, of Ground-Water Monitoring Wells,
Guidelines for Decommissioning Water EPA- 600/4-89/034. 221 pp.
Wells, How to Plug Water Wells,
Nebraska Department of Health, Misc. 17. Wyo-Ben Inc., 1999, Groundwater &
Publ #37, 22 pp. Mineral Exploration Products Brochure.
Billings, Montana.
9. Kurt, C.E. and Johnson, R.C., Jr., 1982,
Permeability of Grout Seals Surrounding
Thermoplastic Well Casing: Ground
Water, Vol. 20, no. 4, p. 415 - 419.

12 Arizona Department of Water Resources

 Well Abandonment Handbook

APPENDIX A A.A.C. R12-15-816, The ADWR Well Abandonment Rule

R12-15-816. Abandonment D. Except as described in subsection (F) of
this section, a well drilling contractor or
A. Well abandonment shall be performed
a single well licensee may commence
only by a licensed well drilling
abandoning a well only if the driller has
contractor or single well licensee.
possession of an abandonment card at
the well site, issued by the Director in
B. Except as provided in subsection (F) of
the name of the driller, authorizing the
this Section, the owner of a well shall
abandonment of that specific well or
file a notice of intent to abandon the well
wells in that specific location.
prior to abandonment, on a form
prescribed and furnished by the Director,
E. Within 30 days after a well is abandoned
which shall include:
pursuant to this Section, the well drilling
contractor or single well licensee shall
1. The name and mailing address of the
file with the Director a Well
person filing the notice.
Abandonment Completion Report on a
form prescribed and furnished by the
2. The legal description of the land upon Director which shall include the date the
which the proposed well to be abandonment of the well was completed
abandoned is located and the name and and such other information as the
mailing address of the owner of the land. Director may require.
3. The legal description of the location of F. In the course of drilling a new well, the
the well on the land. well may be abandoned without first
filing a notice of intent to abandon and
4. The depth, diameter and type of casing without an abandonment card. If the
of the well. well is abandoned pursuant to this
subsection without first filing a notice of
5. The well registration number. intent to abandon and without an
abandonment card, the well drilling
6. The materials and methods to be used to contractor or single well licensee shall
abandon the well. provide the following information in the
Well Abandonment Completion Report:
7. When abandonment is to begin.
1. The legal description of the land upon
8. The name and well drilling license of the which the well was abandoned and the
well drilling contractor or single well name and the mailing address of the
licensee who is to abandon the well. owner of the land.

9. The reason for abandonment. 2. The legal description of the location of

the well on the land.
10. Such other information as the Director
may require. 3. The depth, diameter and type of casing
prior to abandonment.
C. The Director shall, upon receipt of a
proper notice of intent to abandon, mail 4. The well registration number.
a well abandonment authorization card
to the designated well drilling contractor 5. The materials and methods used to
or single well licensee. abandon the well.

Arizona Department of Water Resources 13

 Well Abandonment Handbook

6. The name and well drilling license sand with bentonite, or cuttings from the
number of the well drilling contractor or well.
single well licensee who abandoned the
well. 2. A well penetrating a single or multiple
aquifer system with vertical flow
7. The date of completion of the components shall be sealed with cement
abandonment of the well. grout or a column of bentonite drilling
mud of sufficient volume, density, and
8. The reason for abandonment. viscosity to prevent fluid communication
between aquifers.
9. Such other information as the Director
may require. J. Materials containing organic or toxic
matter shall not be used in the
G. The abandonment of a well shall be abandonment of a well.
accomplished through filing or sealing
the well so as to prevent the well, K. The owner or operator of the well shall
including the annular space outside the notify the Director in writing no later
casing, from being a channel allowing than 30 days after abandonment has been
the vertical movement of water. completed. The notification shall
include the well owners name, the
H. A well not penetrating an aquifer shall location of the well, and the method of
include a surface seal which shall be abandonment.
accomplished as follows:

1. If the casing is removed from the top 20

feet of the well, a cement grout plug
shall be set extending from two feet
below the land surface to a minimum of
twenty feet below the land surface, and
the well shall be backfilled above the top
of the cement grout plug to the original
land surface.

2. If the casing is not removed from the top

ten feet of the well, a cement grout plug
shall be set extending from the top of the
casing to a minimum of twenty feet
below the land surface, and the annular
space outside the casing shall be filled
with cement from the land surface to a
minimum of twenty feet below the land
surface.

I. In addition to the surface seal required in

subsection (H):

1. A well penetrating a single aquifer

system shall be filled with cement grout,
concrete, bentonite drilling muds, clean

14 Arizona Department of Water Resources

 Well Abandonment Handbook

APPENDIX B Definitions Bentonite means a colloidal clay

composed mainly of sodium
For the purposes of this Handbook, the montmorillonite, a hydrated aluminum
following terms have the following silicate. A.A.C. R12-15-801(5)
meanings:
Cement Grout or Grout: means cement
Acid Resistant Cement (also known as mixed with no more than 50 percent sand by
Pozzolanic cement) (generic mixture): volume, and containing no more than six
means a cement mixture that has improved gallons of water per 94 pound sack of
resistance to corrosive fluids. Acid resistant cement. A.A.C. R12-15-801(15)
cement is developed by adding silicious
materials, pozzolans, to Portland cement. Cement grout is sometimes referred to as
Pozzolans from both natural materials of sand-cement grout, when sand is in the
volcanic origin such as perlites (volcanic mixture.
ashes), heat treated clays, shales, tuffs,
opaline cherts and diatomaceous earth, and
Grout is often used as a synonym for slurry
artificial materials consisting of by-products
which is a generic term that means a thin
from glass factories, furnace slag, and fly
mixture of liquid, commonly water, and any
ash may be used. A common mixing ratio is
of several finely divided substances such as
74 pounds of pozzolans per 94 pound sack of
cement or clay particles.
cement and not more than ten (10) gallons of
water per sack of cement. If perlites are used,
Cement-Bentonite Grout (generic
2 to 6 percent of bentonite by weight is
mixture): means a mixture of cement,
needed to keep the perlite from floating.
bentonite and water at a ratio of 6.5 gallons
Acid resistant cement is typically
of water per each 94 pound sack of cement
recommended for well abandonment
with not more than 3 to 5 pounds of
material in areas where low pH groundwater
bentonite per sack of cement.
is encountered (such as near some mine
sites).
Concrete or Concrete Grout (generic
mixture): means a mixture of cement, sand,
Aggregate (generic mixture): means sand
coarse aggregate and water, with not less
or gravel with particle size up to inch.
than seven (7) 94 pound sacks of cement per
cubic yard of mixture and not more than
Annular Space: means the space between
seven (7) gallons of water per sack of
the outer well casing and the borehole wall.
cement.
An annular space also means the space
between an inner well casing and an outer
Exploration Well: means a well drilled in
well casing. A.A.C. R12-15-801(1)
search of geophysical, mineralogical, or
geotechnical data. A.A.C. R12-15-801(13)
Aquifer: means an underground formation
capable of yielding or transmitting usable
Free-Product Contamination: means any
quantities of water. A.A.C. R12-15-801(2)
known hazardous substance that is
essentially immiscible (non-soluble) in
Aquifer Boundary: means a vertical
water. Some typical examples of free-
change in aquifer properties indicated by a
product contamination are gasoline and
difference in hydraulic conductivity between
carbon tetrachloride.
aquifer layers that is at least greater than two
orders of magnitude (100 times greater).

Arizona Department of Water Resources 15

 Well Abandonment Handbook

Hazardous Substance: has the same dry bentonite powder and eighteen (18)
meaning prescribed by A.R.S. 49-201. gallons of water.

High-Solids Bentonite Grout (granular or High-Solids Bentonite Chips: means chips

powder mixture) with a minimum of 15% of coarse bentonite ranging in size from 0.25
solids by weight: means a mixture of to 0.75 inch.
granular bentonite or powder bentonite that
yields a grout that has a minimum 15% High-Solids Bentonite Pellets: means
bentonite solids by weight. pellets of fine compressed bentonite (200-
mesh) ranging in size from 0.25 to 0.50
High-solids bentonite grout with a minimum inch.
of 15% solids by weight can be prepared
from a mixture of granular bentonite Neat Cement or Neat Cement Grout
(nominal 8 to 20-mesh particle size), water (generic mixture): means a mixture of one
and polymer at a ratio of one hundred-fifty (1) 94 pound sack of cement with not more
(150) pounds of granular bentonite and one than six (6) gallons of clean water.
hundred (100) gallons of water premixed
with one (1) quart of polymer. Pressure Grouting means a process by
which a grout is confined within the
High-solids bentonite grout with a minimum borehole or casing of a well by the use of
of 15% solids by weight can also be retaining plugs, packers, or a displacing
prepared from a mixture of bentonite fluid by which sufficient pressure is applied
powder (nominal 200-mesh particle size) to drive the grout into and within the annular
and water at a ratio of fifty (50) pounds of space or interval to be grouted. A.A.C.
dry bentonite powder and thirty-four (34) R12-15-801(23)
gallons of water.
Sand-Bentonite Grout (generic mixture):
High-Solids Bentonite Grout (granular or means a mixture of equal parts sand and
powder mixture) with a minimum of 25% bentonite by volume with slightly more than
solids by weight: means a mixture of one (1) gallon of water per pound of sand.
granular bentonite or powder bentonite that
yields a grout that has a minimum 25% Sand-Cement Grout (generic mixture):
bentonite solids by weight. means a mixture of one 94 pound sack of
Portland cement, sand and water in the
High-solids bentonite grout with a minimum proportion of not more than one (1) part by
of 25% solids by weight can be prepared volume of sand to one (1) part of cement
from a mixture of granular bentonite with not more than six (6) gallons of water
(nominal 8 to 20-mesh particle size), water per 94 pound sack of cement.
and polymer at a ratio of one hundred-fifty
(150) pounds of granular bentonite and fifty- Sealing: means the conscious effort to
four (54) gallons of water premixed with construct a positive permanent barrier within
one (1) quart of polymer. a well that restricts or prohibits the vertical
movement of groundwater and/or any other
High-solids bentonite grout with a minimum fluids or materials.
of 25% solids by weight can also be
prepared from a mixture of bentonite Vadose Zone Well means a well
powder (nominal 200-mesh particle size) constructed in the interval between the land
and water at a ratio of fifty (50) pounds of surface and the top of the static water level.
A.A.C. R12-15-801(26)

16 Arizona Department of Water Resources

 Well Abandonment Handbook

Vadose Zone Contamination Issue: means

any hazardous substance that is found in the
vadose zone at or in the vicinity of the well
at concentrations that exceed established
state or federal standards.

Water Quality Contamination Issue:

means any known hazardous substance that
is found in groundwater at or in the vicinity
of the well at concentrations that exceed
established state or federal standards.

Well: means any man-made opening in the

earth through which water may be
withdrawn or obtained from beneath the
surface of the earth including: 1) all water
wells, monitor wells and piezometer wells;
2) geothermal wells for which the rules of
the Arizona Oil and Gas Commission do not
require the reinjection of all water associated
with the geothermal resource to the
producing strata; and 3) all exploration wells
and grounding or cathodic protection holes,
except those that are less than 100 feet in
depth and do not encounter groundwater.

The question and answer section of this

Handbook contains additional information
concerning the types of wells that are
subject to ADWRs well abandonment rule.

Well Abandonment means the

modification of the structure of a well by
filling or sealing the borehole so that water
may not be withdrawn or obtained from the
well. A.A.C. R12-15-801(28)

Arizona Department of Water Resources 17

 Well Abandonment Handbook

18 Arizona Department of Water Resources

 Well Abandonment Handbook

APPENDIX C Questions and Answers about the Abandonment

Handbook
Why was it necessary to provide a separate Q. What types of openings in the earth are
well abandonment Handbook when there is not subject to ADWRs well
an existing well abandonment rule? abandonment rule?

ADWR has become aware of some A. The well abandonment rule does not
misunderstanding among well owners and apply to:
well drillers concerning the requirements of
the well abandonment rule, A.C.C. R12-15- 1. man-made openings in the earth not
816. This Handbook is intended to provide commonly considered to be wells,
guidance to well owners and well drillers on such as construction and mining
what is required by the rule. blast holes, underground mines and
mine shafts, open pit mines, tunnels,
septic tank systems, caissons,
In addition, this Handbook describes the basements, and natural gas storage
procedures and materials that should be used cavities;
to abandon wells not detailed in the rule.
The well abandonment rule requires a
2. an injection well or vadose zone well
person abandoning a well to fill or seal the
that is subject to regulation by the
well in order to prevent the well, including
Arizona Department of
the annular space outside the casing, from
Environmental Quality (ADEQ),
being a channel allowing the vertical
provided that ADEQ has issued a
movement of water. Any well owner or
letter or other document asserting
well driller who abandons a well in
explicit regulatory authority over the
compliance with this Handbook will be
well;
deemed to be in compliance with this
requirement.
3. oil, gas, and helium wells drilled
pursuant to the provisions of Title
Q. What types of wells are subject to 27, Arizona Revised Statutes (wells
ADWRs well abandonment rule? regulated by the Arizona Oil and Gas
Commission); and
A. The well abandonment rule applies to
man-made openings in the earth 4. boreholes in the earth less than 100
through which water may be withdrawn feet in depth which are made for
or obtained from beneath the surface of purposes other than withdrawing or
the earth, including all water wells, encountering groundwater (such as
monitor wells and piezometer wells. exploration wells and grounding or
cathodic protection holes less than
100 feet in depth), except that if
The well abandonment rule also applies
to geothermal wells for which the rules
groundwater is encountered in the
and regulations of the Arizona Oil and drilling of the borehole, the well
Gas Commission do not require the abandonment rule will apply.
reinjection of all waters associated with
the geothermal resource to the producing Although the well abandonment rule
strata, as well as exploration wells and does not apply to these types of wells
grounding or cathodic protection holes and boreholes, it is nevertheless
greater than 100 feet in depth (regardless recommended that unused wells or
of whether they intercept groundwater).

Arizona Department of Water Resources 19

 Well Abandonment Handbook

boreholes that are not regulated under A. Because significant conduit flow can
ADWRs well abandonment rule be occur through the annular space outside
abandoned in a manner that will protect the casing, it is essential to seal this
the aquifer. pathway to prevent potential vertical
cross-contamination. Therefore, when
Q. What is the benefit of abandoning an water quality contamination issues exist,
unused well, as opposed to capping the unless the well casing is removed or the
well (which is also allowed under casing is re-perforated over its entire
ADWRs rules)? length from 20 feet above the highest
historic water level to the total depth of
A. Proper well abandonment is favored the well, the well owner must run a
over well capping for both video log to determine whether the grout
environmental and safety reasons. material can flow through the casing
perforations and seal the annular space
Unused and unabandoned wells constitute outside the casing.
actual or potential environmental
hazards because they can serve as Video logging and/or casing re-
vertical conduits for hazardous perforation may not be required in the
substances to cross-contaminate case of the abandonment of recently
aquifers. For example, during the last constructed monitor wells. However,
several decades, serious and costly that determination must be made on a
vertical cross-contamination of a case-by-case basis.
multiple aquifer system has occurred
through unabandoned conduit wells at In areas where water quality
the Indian Bend Wash Superfund site in contamination issues do not exist, if the
Scottsdale, Arizona. Owners of unused, casing is not ripped, a video log is
unabandoned wells should also realize recommended, although not required, to
that they may be held legally responsible determine perforation conditions. It is
for secondary contamination if it is important to make sure that the well and
demonstrated that their well served as a the annular space outside the casing are
conduit for vertical cross-contamination properly abandoned even when there are
of an aquifer system. no current water quality contamination
issues. This is because the water could
Public safety issues also favor well become contaminated in the future.
abandonment over well capping.
Capped wells are often tampered with, It should also be pointed out that
and once the well cap is removed there is additional benefits can be derived from
a real danger for humans or animals to running a video log. Those benefits may
fall into the well, or for the well to be include: the determination of the
used for the illegal disposal of hazardous structural integrity of the well casing, the
materials. presence of casing anomalies and
obstructions, the presence of perched or
Q. Why is it generally required to run a cascading water, etc. This information
video log to determine the condition of can be very important in developing an
the casing perforations in areas where effective abandonment design.
water quality contamination exists if
the casing is not ripped? Q. Under what circumstances is it
permissible to use drill cuttings to
abandon a well?

20 Arizona Department of Water Resources

 Well Abandonment Handbook

A. In the course of drilling a new well, the Q. What should I do if I have further
well may be abandoned using drill questions concerning a well
cuttings from the well being drilled only abandonment project?
if the well does not penetrate an aquifer
or the well penetrates a single aquifer A. Contact ADWR Hydrology Division at:
only, with no vertical flow components.
Drill cuttings may only be used to 602-771-8500
abandon the well from which they were (Phoenix metro area)
originally removed. Drill cuttings may
not be used to abandon wells or 1-800-352-8488
boreholes that have water quality and/or (outside metro Phoenix)
vadose zone contamination issues.

Q. How can it be determined whether

vertical flow components exist in an
aquifer or aquifer system?

A. The determination of vertical flow

conditions in an aquifer can be a
challenging task. However, vertical
flow conditions can be assessed by
evaluating water level data collected in
piezometers or monitor wells that are
completed at different depths within an
aquifer or aquifer system at the same
location. Vertical fluid movement can
also be evaluated in non-pumping wells
using various geophysical logging
techniques such as flowmeter logging,
spinner logging or tracer logging. The
observation of cascading water or water
seeping into a non-pumping well below
static level is a clear indication of
vertical flow conditions within the well.

Because unit-specific water level data

are typically unavailable, and
geophysical logging may be impractical
or too costly, it is best to assume that
most aquifers or aquifer systems have
some component of vertical flow, and
well abandonment methods and
materials should be chosen accordingly.

Arizona Department of Water Resources 21

S
S E
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C U
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R II N
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G A
A R
R II ZZ O
O N
N A
A S
S W
W A
A TT E
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R FF U
U TT U
U R
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E

3550 N CENTRAL AVENUE, SUITE 200

PHOENIX, ARIZONA
85012-2105

PHONE: 602-771-8500
1-800-352-8488

FAX: 602-771-8691

WEBSITE: http://www.azwater.gov