7.

1 The Logarithm Defined as an Integral

What are logarithms?

loga b = x ax = b
What are logarithms?

loga b = x ax = b

a = ln x ea = x
What are logarithms?

loga b = x ax = b

a = ln x ea = x

Z x
1
ln x = dt, x > 0
1 t
What are logarithms?

loga b = x ax = b

a = ln x ea = x

Z x
1
ln x = dt, x > 0
1 t

What this last one means is that we can get the value for ln x by
finding the area under the curve 1 to x.
The logarithm as an integral

Notice that the definition starts at 1. If you want ln x for

0 < x < 1 then the area is negative since ln x is negative there.
The logarithm as an integral

Notice that the definition starts at 1. If you want ln x for

0 < x < 1 then the area is negative since ln x is negative there.

In this way we can define the number e.

Z e
1
ln e = dt
1 t
The Graph

ln x crosses the x-axis at

The Graph

ln x crosses the x-axis at (1, 0).

The Graph

ln x crosses the x-axis at (1, 0).

The domain is
The Graph

ln x crosses the x-axis at (1, 0).

The domain is (0, ).
The Graph

ln x crosses the x-axis at (1, 0).

The domain is (0, ).
lim ln x =
x 0+
The Graph

ln x crosses the x-axis at (1, 0).

The domain is (0, ).
lim ln x =
x 0+
The Graph

ln x crosses the x-axis at (1, 0).

The domain is (0, ).
lim ln x =
x 0+
lim ln x =
x
The Graph

ln x crosses the x-axis at (1, 0).

The domain is (0, ).
lim ln x =
x 0+
lim ln x =
x
The Graph

ln x crosses the x-axis at (1, 0).

The domain is (0, ).
lim ln x =
x 0+
lim ln x =
x
1
x >0 ln x is increasing.
The Graph

ln x crosses the x-axis at (1, 0).

The domain is (0, ).
lim ln x =
x 0+
lim ln x =
x
1
x > 0 ln x is increasing.
x12 < 0 ln x is concave down.
The Graph
How this relates to the FTC

Remember, from the second part of the Fundamental Theorem

of Calculus,
d x1 1
Z
dt =
dx 1 t x
How this relates to the FTC

Remember, from the second part of the Fundamental Theorem

of Calculus,
d x1 1
Z
dt =
dx 1 t x
d 1
So, dx ln x= x for x 6= 0.
How this relates to the FTC

Remember, from the second part of the Fundamental Theorem

of Calculus,
d x1 1
Z
dt =
dx 1 t x
d 1
So, dx ln x= x for x 6= 0.

We can generalize this:

d 1 dy
ln u =
dx u dx
Justification

d
Where does dx ln x come from? Consider

d ln x d
elnx = x e = x
dx dx
Justification

d
Where does dx ln x come from? Consider

d ln x d
elnx = x e = x
dx dx
By applying the chain rule we get

d ln x d
e = x
dx dx
Justification

d
Where does dx ln x come from? Consider

d ln x d
elnx = x e = x
dx dx
By applying the chain rule we get

d ln x d d
e = x eln x ln x = 1
dx dx dx
Justification

d
Where does dx ln x come from? Consider

d ln x d
elnx = x e = x
dx dx
By applying the chain rule we get

d ln x d d
e = x eln x ln x = 1
dx dx dx
d 1 1
ln x = ln x =
dx e x
Generalization

And, in general, we have

d
logb x =
dx
Generalization

And, in general, we have

d 1
logb x =
dx x ln b
Generalization

And, in general, we have

d 1
logb x =
dx x ln b
And if we have a composite function u, wed get

d
logb u =
dx
Generalization

And, in general, we have

d 1
logb x =
dx x ln b
And if we have a composite function u, wed get

d 1 1
logb u =
dx ln b u
Generalization

And, in general, we have

d 1
logb x =
dx x ln b
And if we have a composite function u, wed get

d 1 1 du
logb u =
dx ln b u dx
Properties

Other logarithm properties:

1 ln bx = ln b + ln x
Properties

Other logarithm properties:

1 ln bx = ln b + ln x
2 ln xb = ln b ln x
Properties

Other logarithm properties:

1 ln bx = ln b + ln x
2 ln xb = ln b ln x
3 ln x1 = ln x
Properties

Other logarithm properties:

1 ln bx = ln b + ln x
2 ln xb = ln b ln x
3 ln x1 = ln x
4 ln xr = rln x, r Q
Properties

Other logarithm properties:

1 ln bx = ln b + ln x
2 ln xb = ln b ln x
3 ln x1 = ln x
4 ln xr = rln x, r Q

All of these properties can be generalized for logb x.

Examples

1
R
What is x dx?
Examples

1
R
What is x dx?ln |x| + c
Examples

1
R
What is x dx?ln |x| + c
Example
Evaluate Z 1
x
dx
1 x2 + 1
Examples

1
R
What is x dx?ln |x| + c
Example
Evaluate Z 1
x
dx
1 x2 + 1

u=
Examples

1
R
What is x dx?ln |x| + c
Example
Evaluate Z 1
x
dx
1 x2 + 1

u = x2 + 1
Examples

1
R
What is x dx?ln |x| + c
Example
Evaluate Z 1
x
dx
1 x2 + 1

u = x2 + 1
du =
Examples

1
R
What is x dx?ln |x| + c
Example
Evaluate Z 1
x
dx
1 x2 + 1

u = x2 + 1
du = 2x dx
Examples

1
R
What is x dx?ln |x| + c
Example
Evaluate Z 1
x
dx
1 x2 + 1

Z x=1
1 du
u = x2 + 1 2 x=1 u
du = 2x dx
1
du = x dx
2
Examples

1
R
What is x dx?ln |x| + c
Example
Evaluate Z 1
x
dx
1 x2 + 1

1 x=1 du
Z

u = x2 + 1 2 x=1 u
1  x=1
du = 2x dx = ln |u|

1 2 x=1
du = x dx
2
Examples

1
R
What is x dx?ln |x| + c
Example
Evaluate Z 1
x
dx
1 x2 + 1

1 x=1 du
Z

u = x2 + 1 2 x=1 u
1  x=1
du = 2x dx = ln |u|

1 2 x=1
du = x dx 1 1
2 = ln |x2 + 1| =

2 1
Examples

1
R
What is x dx?ln |x| + c
Example
Evaluate Z 1
x
dx
1 x2 + 1

1 x=1 du
Z

u = x2 + 1 2 x=1 u
1  x=1
du = 2x dx = ln |u|

1 2 x=1
du = x dx 1 1
2 = ln |x2 + 1| = 0

2 1
Note

Note: the fact that we have a symmetric interval and we get 0

for the value of the integral tells us what?
Note

Note: the fact that we have a symmetric interval and we get 0

for the value of the integral tells us what?

The function is odd.

Exponentials

Lets turn our attention to exponentials. If we consider

f (x) = ex , what does the graph look like?
Exponentials

Lets turn our attention to exponentials. If we consider

f (x) = ex , what does the graph look like?
Exponentials

Lets turn our attention to exponentials. If we consider

f (x) = ex , what does the graph look like?

We know lim ex = and lim ex = 0.

x x
Exponentials

d x
What is dx e ?
Exponentials

d x x
What is dx e ? e
Exponentials

d x x
What is dx e ? e

ex > 0 x R, so the function is

Exponentials

d x x
What is dx e ? e

ex > 0 x R, so the function is increasing everywhere.

Exponentials

d x x
What is dx e ? e

ex > 0 x R, so the function is increasing everywhere.

d2 x
And, since dx2
e =
Exponentials

d x x
What is dx e ? e

ex > 0 x R, so the function is increasing everywhere.

d2 x
And, since dx2
e = ex , we know that the function is concave up.
Exponentials

By this same logic, we have the following:

Z
ex dx = ex + c
Exponentials

By this same logic, we have the following:

Z
ex dx = ex + c

and in general, Z
eu du = eu + c

with the difference being that u is a function of x and would

require substitution to integrate.
Derivative of ex

Who can tell me why the derivative of ex is ex ?

Derivative of ex

Who can tell me why the derivative of ex is ex ?

When in doubt, we can go back to the limit of the difference

quotient.

d x ex + h ex
e = lim
dx h0 h
Derivative of ex

Who can tell me why the derivative of ex is ex ?

When in doubt, we can go back to the limit of the difference

quotient.

d x ex + h ex
e = lim
dx h0 h
eh 1
= ex lim
h0 h
Derivative of ex
Now, we expect the expression we are taking the limit of to
equal 1 so that we end up with just ex .
Derivative of ex
Now, we expect the expression we are taking the limit of to
equal 1 so that we end up with just ex .
So lets pull this part out for the moment.

eh 1
=1
h
Derivative of ex
Now, we expect the expression we are taking the limit of to
equal 1 so that we end up with just ex .
So lets pull this part out for the moment.

eh 1
=1
h
h = eh 1
Derivative of ex
Now, we expect the expression we are taking the limit of to
equal 1 so that we end up with just ex .
So lets pull this part out for the moment.

eh 1
=1
h
h = eh 1
h + 1 = eh
Derivative of ex
Now, we expect the expression we are taking the limit of to
equal 1 so that we end up with just ex .
So lets pull this part out for the moment.

eh 1
=1
h
h = eh 1
h + 1 = eh
Now we will bring the limit back in.
h i
lim h + 1 = eh
h0
Derivative of ex
Now, we expect the expression we are taking the limit of to
equal 1 so that we end up with just ex .
So lets pull this part out for the moment.

eh 1
=1
h
h = eh 1
h + 1 = eh
Now we will bring the limit back in.
h i
lim h + 1 = eh
h0
1 = e0 1 = 1
This gives us that the expression we wanted to be 1 is 1 and we
get the desired result.
Derivative of Exponentials

d x
In general, dx a =
Derivative of Exponentials

d x
In general, dx a = ax ln a. Where does this come from?
Derivative of Exponentials

d x
In general, dx a = ax ln a. Where does this come from?

y = ax
ln y = ln ax
Derivative of Exponentials

d x
In general, dx a = ax ln a. Where does this come from?

y = ax
ln y = ln ax
ln y = x ln a
Derivative of Exponentials

d x
In general, dx a = ax ln a. Where does this come from?

y = ax
ln y = ln ax
ln y = x ln a
1 dy
= ln a
y dx
Derivative of Exponentials

d x
In general, dx a = ax ln a. Where does this come from?

y = ax
ln y = ln ax
ln y = x ln a
1 dy
= ln a
y dx
dy
= y ln a
dx
Derivative of Exponentials

d x
In general, dx a = ax ln a. Where does this come from?

y = ax
ln y = ln ax
ln y = x ln a
1 dy
= ln a
y dx
dy
= y ln a
dx
= ax ln a
Derivative of Exponentials

d x
In general, dx a = ax ln a. Where does this come from?

y = ax
ln y = ln ax
ln y = x ln a
1 dy
= ln a
y dx
dy
= y ln a
dx
= ax ln a
d u au
= au (ln a) du au du =
R
This leads us to dx a dx and ln a + c.
Properties

Some properties of exponential:

1 ex1 +x2 = ex1 ex2
Properties

Some properties of exponential:

1 ex1 +x2 = ex1 ex2
2 ex = 1
ex
Properties

Some properties of exponential:

1 ex1 +x2 = ex1 ex2
2 ex = 1
ex
ex1
3
ex2 = ex1 x2
Properties

Some properties of exponential:

1 ex1 +x2 = ex1 ex2
2 ex = 1
ex
ex1
3
ex2 = ex1 x2
4 (ex1 )r = erx1 , for r Q
Properties

Some properties of exponential:

1 ex1 +x2 = ex1 ex2
2 ex = 1
ex
ex1
3
ex2 = ex1 x2
4 (ex1 )r = erx1 , for r Q
5 x = elnx
Properties

Some properties of exponential:

1 ex1 +x2 = ex1 ex2
2 ex = 1
ex
ex1
3
ex2 = ex1 x2
4 (ex1 )r = erx1 , for r Q
5 x = elnx
6 x = ln ex
Derivatives
Find the derivative of the following:

Example
f (x) = ax + xa
Derivatives
Find the derivative of the following:

Example
f (x) = ax + xa f 0 (x) = ln a ax + axa1
Derivatives
Find the derivative of the following:

Example
f (x) = ax + xa f 0 (x) = ln a ax + axa1

Example
g(x) = sin(ex )
Derivatives
Find the derivative of the following:

Example
f (x) = ax + xa f 0 (x) = ln a ax + axa1

Example
g(x) = sin(ex ) g0 (x) = ex cos(ex )
Derivatives
Find the derivative of the following:

Example
f (x) = ax + xa f 0 (x) = ln a ax + axa1

Example
g(x) = sin(ex ) g0 (x) = ex cos(ex )

Example
log x
y= 1+log x
Derivatives
Find the derivative of the following:

Example
f (x) = ax + xa f 0 (x) = ln a ax + axa1

Example
g(x) = sin(ex ) g0 (x) = ex cos(ex )

Example
   
1 1
log x (1+log x) log x
y= 1+log x y0 = xln(10)
(1+log x)2
xln(10)
Derivatives
Find the derivative of the following:

Example
f (x) = ax + xa f 0 (x) = ln a ax + axa1

Example
g(x) = sin(ex ) g0 (x) = ex cos(ex )

Example
   
1 1
log x (1+log x) log x
y= 1+log x y0 = xln(10)
(1+log x)2
xln(10)
= 1
x ln(10)(1+log x)2
Derivatives
Find the derivative of the following:

Example
f (x) = ax + xa f 0 (x) = ln a ax + axa1

Example
g(x) = sin(ex ) g0 (x) = ex cos(ex )

Example
   
1 1
log x (1+log x) log x
y= 1+log x y0 = xln(10)
(1+log x)2
xln(10)
= 1
x ln(10)(1+log x)2

Example
y = log (x2 + 1)
Derivatives
Find the derivative of the following:

Example
f (x) = ax + xa f 0 (x) = ln a ax + axa1

Example
g(x) = sin(ex ) g0 (x) = ex cos(ex )

Example
   
1 1
log x (1+log x) log x
y= 1+log x y0 = xln(10)
(1+log x)2
xln(10)
= 1
x ln(10)(1+log x)2

Example
y = log (x2 + 1) y0 = 2x
(ln 10)(x2 +1)
Another Example

Example
R log x
x dx
Another Example

Example
R log x
x dx

We first want to apply the change of base rule.

ln x
log x =
ln 10
and the reason is because we know how to take the
antiderivative when we rewrite.
Another Example

Example
R log x
x dx

We first want to apply the change of base rule.

ln x
log x =
ln 10
and the reason is because we know how to take the
antiderivative when we rewrite.

log x 1 ln x
Z Z
dx = dx
x ln 10 x
Another Example

We now apply the substitution rule.

1
u = ln x du = dx
x
Another Example

We now apply the substitution rule.

1
u = ln x du = dx
x
So now we have
1
Z
u du
ln 10
Another Example

We now apply the substitution rule.

1
u = ln x du = dx
x
So now we have
1
Z
u du
ln 10

(ln x)2
= +c
2ln 10