Adding Vectors

„ When adding vectors, their

Chapter 3 directions must be taken into
account
„ Units must be the same
Vectors and „ Geometric Methods
Two-Dimensional Motion „ Use scale drawings
Part 2 „ Algebraic Methods
„ More convenient

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Graphically Adding Graphically Adding

Vectors, cont. Vectors, cont.
„ Draw the vectors „ When you have
“tip-to-tail” many vectors, just
„ The resultant is keep repeating the
drawn fromr the process until all are
origin of A to the included
end of the last
vector „ The resultant is still
drawn from the
„ Measure
r the length
of R and its angle origin of the first
„ Use the scale factor to vector to the end of
convert length to the last vector
actual magnitude

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More About Components

Components of a Vector of a Vector
„ The x-component of a „ The previous equations are valid
vector is the projection only if θ is measured with
along the x-axis
respect to the x-axis
Ax = A cos θ
„ The y-component of a
„ The components can be positive or
vector is the projection negative and will have the same
along the y-axis units as the original vector
Ay = A sin θ
„ Then, r r r
A = Ax + Ay 5 6

1
More About Components, Adding Vectors
cont. Algebraically
„ The components are the legs of the r „ Find the x- and y-components of
right triangle whose hypotenuse is A all the vectors
 Ay 
A= Ax2 + Ay2 and θ = tan−1  „ Add all the x-components
 Ax 
This gives Rx:
Rx = ∑ v x
„
„ May still have to find θ with respect to the
positive x-axis
„ The value will be correct only if the angle „ Add all the y-components
lies in the first or fourth quadrant
This gives Ry: R =
„ In the second or third quadrant, add 180°
„
y ∑ vy
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Adding Vectors
Algebraically, cont. Motion in Two Dimensions
„ Use the Pythagorean Theorem to „ Vectors can be used to more fully
find the magnitude of the describe motion
resultant: R = R 2x + R 2y „ Vectors r r r
„ Use the inverse tangent function to „ displacement ∆r = r f − ri
r
find the direction of R: velocity r ∆r
„
v=
−1
Ry ∆t
θ = tan „ acceleration r
Rx r ∆v
a=
∆t
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Ways an Object Might

r
Accelerate (a ≠ 0) Projectile Motion
„ The magnitude of the velocity (the „ An object may move in both the x
speed) can change and y directions simultaneously
„ The direction of the velocity can change „ It moves in two dimensions
Even though the magnitude is constant
The form of two dimensional
„
„
„ Both the magnitude and the direction
can change
motion we will deal with is called
projectile motion
r r
r ∆r r ∆v
v= a=
∆t ∆t
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2
 Assumptions of Projectile
Motion Parabola
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We may ignore air friction Equation:

Y
2
„ „ y=2*x -10*x+25
100

„ We may ignore the rotation of the y = ax + bx + c

2
75

earth „ Parameters: 50

„ With these assumptions, an object a>0 up 25

in projectile motion will follow a a<0

0
down -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
parabolic path -25
X
Example:
goes through a=2, b=-10, c=25
c=0
origin
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Rules of Projectile Motion Projectile Motion

„ The x- and y-directions of motion are
completely independent of each other - free-fall acceleration
„ The x-direction is uniform motion
„ ax = 0
„ The y-direction is free fall
„ ay = -g
„ The initial velocity can be broken down - projection angle
into its x- and y-components r
„ vOx = vO cos θ O vOy = vO sin θ O v changes with time
vx remains constant
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Example:
Problem#24 Demonstration
„ Need to find Two balls are released r
„ Time of flight t at the same v0
r moment
„ Final velocity v
Which ball reaches r
Along x:
the table surface g
„ first?
acceleration=0
2h
„ Along y: t=
acceleration=-g g
Answer: simultaneously
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3
 Projectile Motion at Some Details About the
Various Initial Angles Rules
„ Complementary „ x-direction
values of the
„ ax = 0
initial angle result
in the same range „ v xo = v o cos θ o = v x = constant
„ The heights will be „ x = vxot
different „ This is the only operative equation in the
„ The maximum x-direction since there is uniform velocity
range occurs at a in that direction
projection angle
of 45o

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More Details About the

Rules Velocity of the Projectile
„ y-direction „ The velocity of the projectile at
„ v yo = v o sin θ o
any point of its motion is the
„ free fall problem
vector sum of its x and y
components at that point
a = -g
vy
„

„ take the positive direction as upward v = v x2 + v y2 and θ = tan−1

vx
„ uniformly accelerated motion, so the
motion equations all hold „ Remember to be careful about the
angle’s quadrant

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Problem-Solving Strategy,
Problem-Solving Strategy cont
„ Select a coordinate system and „ Follow the techniques for solving
sketch the path of the projectile problems with constant velocity to
„ Include initial and final positions, analyze the horizontal motion of
velocities, and accelerations
the projectile
„ Resolve the initial velocity into x-
and y-components „ Follow the techniques for solving
problems with constant
„ Treat the horizontal and vertical
motions independently acceleration to analyze the vertical
motion of the projectile
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4
 Example:
Non-Symmetrical “monkey and
y

Projectile Motion the hunter”

„ Follow the general „ Target is
rules for projectile dropped at the
motion same instant as
„ Break the y-direction projectile is fired
into parts „ Gun is aimed at
„ up and down the target d x
„ symmetrical back to
initial height and then
the rest of the height „ Show that the
projectile will hit
the target
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Relative Velocity Relative Velocity Notation

„ Relative velocity is about relating the „ The pattern of subscripts can be
measurements of two different
observers
useful in solving relative velocity
„ It may be useful to use a moving frame
problems
of reference instead of a stationary one „ Assume the following notation:
„ It is important to specify the frame of „ E is an observer, stationary with
reference, since the motion may be respect to the earth
different in different frames of reference
„ A and B are two moving cars
„ There are no specific equations to learn
to solve relative velocity problems
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Relative Position Equations Relative Position

r
„ rAE is the position of car A as „ The position of
measured by E car A relative to
r car B is given by
„ rBE is the position of car B as the vector
measured by E subtraction
r
„ rAB is the position of car A as equation
measured by car B
r r r
„ rAB = rAE − rEB

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5
 Problem-Solving Strategy:
Relative Velocity Equations Relative Velocity
„ Displacement „ Label all the objects with a descriptive
r r r letter
rAB = rAE − rEB „ Look for phrases such as “velocity of A
relative to B”
„ The rate of change of the „ Write the velocity variables with appropriate
displacements gives the notation
relationship for the velocities „ If there is something not explicitly noted as
being relative to something else, it is
r r r probably relative to the earth
v AB = v AE − v EB
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Example: Example:
Problem 35 Problem 41
y
„ vaE=300 mi/h „ v1E=60km/h v1E
„ v2E=40km/h
„ vwE=100 mi/h v2E
v’aE d=100 m
θ = 30o
„
„ NE θ vwE
vaE x 0 d x
„ t-?
„ v’aE-?

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